INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CENTRAL HEATING DISTRICT...

INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING

DISTRICT HEATING

MECHANICAL VENTILATION

MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION

ENGINEERING PROFESSION

IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY

COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY

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JOHN EVELYN, PROPOSAL FOR A GREENHOUSE HEATED BY A HOT AIR FURNACE, 1691

CENTRAL HEATING:THE HEATING OF A NUMBER OF ROOMS IN A BUILDING WITH A SINGLE HEAT SOURCE.

THREE TYPES: WARM AIR, STEAM, & HOT WATER.

IN 1691, JOHN EVELYN PROPOSED MOVING THE STOVE OUTSIDE THE ROOMS TO BE HEATED AND ALLOWING AIR WARMED BY THE STOVE TO BE SUPPLIED TO THE ROOMS.



DISTRICT HEATING






2

WILLIAM STRUTT, DERBY MILL & INFIRMARY, 1792

WARM AIR CENTRAL HEATING:WILLIAM STRUT WAS A MILL OWNER FROM THE BRITISH MIDLANDS.

DERBY MILL & INFIRMARY WAS THE FIRST LARGE SCALE APPLICATION OF WARM-AIR CENTRAL HEATING.

AT THE CENTER OF THE INFIRMARY HEATING SYSTEM WAS A LARGE “COCKLE STOVE,” ACTUALLY A FURNACE IN TODAY’S TERMINOLOGY.

AIR WAS BROUGHT TO THIS STOVE THROUGH AN UNDERGROUND PASSAGE 70 YARDS LONG AND FOUR FEET IN SECTION. THIS PASSAGE USED THE NATURALLY MODERATE UNDERGROUND TEMPERATURES TO PREHEAT THE AIR IN WINTER & COOL IT IN SUMMER.

THE AIR WAS FURTHER HEATED IF NECESSARY, AND ALLOWED TO FLOW UP INTO THE BUILDING THROUGH A GREAT MASONRY DUCT NEAR THE CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE.

IN THIS “GRAVITY” SYSTEM, THE AIR MOVED SOLELY BECAUSE OF THE REDUCED DENSITY OF THE WARMER AIR, AND VENTILATION WAS ACHIEVED AT THE SAME TIME AS HEATING.



DISTRICT HEATING






3

NEIL SNODGRASS, DORNOCH MILL, SCOTLAND, 1799

STEAM CENTRAL HEATING:JAMES WATT MADE AN ATTEMPT AT CENTRAL HEATING IN 1784 TO WARM HIS HOUSE AND OFFICE BY STEAM .

MATTHEW BOULTON & JAMES WATT PRODUCED ONE OF THE FIRST LARGE SCALE STEAM HEATING OPERATIONS AT TWIST MILL IN SALFORD FOR GEORGE LEE.

TWIST MILL WAS A SEVEN-STORY STRUCTURE WHICH USED THE HOLLOW IRON BEARING COLUMNS TO CARRY THE STEAM.

NEIL SNODGRASS USED A SIMILAR SCHEME AT THE DORNOCH MILL IN SCOTLAND.

AT DORNOCH THE BOILER IS PLACED OUTSIDE THE MAIN MILL ROOM PRODUCING STEAM WHICH WAS CARRIED BY A PIPE THROUGH AN END WALL INTO THE ROOM, THEN UP VERTICAL TUBES PLACED NEAR THE WALL. CONDENSATION SIMPLY RAN DOWN OUTSIDE THE SAME TUBES.



DISTRICT HEATING






4

BONNEMAIN, CHICKEN INCUBATOR, 1770



DISTRICT HEATING






5

JOSEPH BRAMAH, WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, 1830

HOT WATER CENTRAL HEATING:IN 1830, JOSEPH BRAMAH HEATED WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL USING A HOT WATER SYSTEM.

JACOB PERKINS, AN AMERICAN ENGINEER RESIDING IN LONDON, INVENTED THE HIGH PRESSURE HOT WATER SYSTEM.

THE FIRST PATENTS FOR THIS SYSTEM WERE TAKEN OUT IN 1831, AND THE FIRST INSTALLATIONS WERE MADE IN 1832.

EARLY APPLICATION S WERE THE BRITISH MUSEUM, THE SOANE MUSEUM, AND THE GUILDHALL.

WHEN THE HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM WAS FIRST INTRODUCED, MANY FIRES OCCURRED IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE HOT PIPES.



DISTRICT HEATING






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JACOB PERKINS, SOANE MUSEUM, 1832.



DISTRICT HEATING






7

N. H. BUNDY, CAST IRON RADIATOR

RADIATOR:IN 1858, THOS. F. TASKER OF PHILADELPHIA INVENTED THE FIRST RADIATOR.

WROUGHT IRON TUBES WERE FITTED TOGETHER WITH FLANGED JOINTS, AND HELD IN PLACE BY LONG BOLTS PASSING THROUGH THE SECTIONS.



DISTRICT HEATING






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TASKER, FIRST RADIATOR, 1858



DISTRICT HEATING






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FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, MEYER MAY HOUSE, GRAND RAPIDS, MI, 1909



DISTRICT HEATING






10

WALKER, PROPOSAL FOR DISTRICT HEATING, 1850



DISTRICT HEATING






11

BIRDSILL HOLLY

DISTRICT HEATING:HEATING MULTIPLE BUILDINGS WITH A SINGLE HEAT SOURCE.

IN 1850, WALKER SUGGESTED THE POSSIBILITY OF A DISTRICT PLENUM HEATING SYSTEM FOR A ROW OF COTTAGES NEAR A FACTORY.

FIRST APPLICATION OF DISTRICT HEATING WAS BY BIRDSILL HOLLY IN A DISTRICT HEATING PLANT IN LOCKPORT, NEW YORK IN 1877.



DISTRICT HEATING






12

JOHN DESAGULIERS, PADDLE WHEEL FAN, 1734



DISTRICT HEATING






13

JAMES WATT, STEAM ENGINE, 1765

MECHANICAL VENTILATION:VENTILATION PROVIDED THROUGH MACHINE POWER.

CREATED BY COMBINING TWO EXISTING INVENTIONS: THE PADDLE WHEEL FAN AND THE STEAM ENGINE.



DISTRICT HEATING






14

DR. DAVID BOSWELL REID, ST. GEORGE’S HALL, LIVERPOOL, 1841-1854

ST. GEORGE’S HALL WAS THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF MECHANICALLY POWERED VENTILATION. REID USED FOUR LARGE STEAM-DRIVEN FANS TO FORCE AIR, FILTERED AND WARMED ACCORDING TO NEED, INTO A PLENUM UNDER THE HALL.



DISTRICT HEATING






15

MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION:COOLING A BUILDING BY MEANS OF A MEANS OF A REFRIGERATION MACHINE.

FIRST DEMONSTRATION OF THE MAN-MADE PRODUCTION OF COLD WAS BY WILLIAM CULLEN IN SCOTLAND IN 1748.

DURING THE 18TH & 19TH CENTURIES BUILDINGS WERE COOLED WITH ICE.

IN 1834, JACOB PERKINS OBTAINED A BRITISH PATENT FOR A CLOSED CYCLE VOLATILE LIQUID COMPRESSOR & CONDENSER.

IN 1844, DR. JOHN GORRIE INVENTED AN ICE MAKING MACHINE TO TREAT HIS FEVER PATIENTS.

IN 1902, WILLIS CARRIER USED MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION TO COOL THE SACKET-WILHELMS LITHOGRAPHING & PRINTING PLANT.

BY 1940 MECHANICAL COOLING WAS USED IN THEATERS, DEPARTMENT STORES, RESTAURANTS, HOTELS & HOSPITALS.

BY 1950 MECHANICAL COOLING WAS A COMMON PRACTICE IN OFFICE BUILDINGS & SMALL STORES.



DISTRICT HEATING






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ICE HARVESTING



DISTRICT HEATING






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ICE MAKING MACHINE, JACOB PERKINS



DISTRICT HEATING






18

DR. JOHN GORRIE, ICE MAKING MACHINE, APALACHICOLA, FL, 1844



DISTRICT HEATING






19

BEATH & MARTIN, REFRIGERATION MACHINE, 1870’S



DISTRICT HEATING






20

WILLIS CARRIER, SACKETT-WILHEMS LITHOGRAPHY & PRINTING COMPANY, 1902.



DISTRICT HEATING






21

COOLING OF MOVIE THEATERS, DEPARTMENT STORES, RESTAURANTS, HOTELS, AND HOSPITALS BY 1940



DISTRICT HEATING






22

MECHANICAL COOLING:BY 1950 COOLING OF OFFICE BUILDINGS, SMALL STORES, AND HOMES SOUTH OF THE 40TH PARALLEL WAS COMMON PLACE.


INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION




23

HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON & OPERA HOUSE, PARIS




IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES

LARGER AREAS OF GLASS

LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS

RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY


24

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, MEYER MAY HOUSE, GRAND RAPIDS, MI, 1909









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JOSEPH PAXTON, CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON, ENGLAND, 1851









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WALTER GROPIUS, BAUHAUS BUILDING, DESSAU, GERMANY, 1926









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WALTER GROPIUS, BAUHAUS BUILDING, DESSAU, GERMANY, 1926









28

JEAN-JACQUES-MARIE HUVE, THE MADELEINE, PARIS, 1825-45









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HELMUT JAHN OF C.F. MURPHY ASSOCIATES, BARTLE EXHIBITION HALL, KANSAS CITY CONVENTION CENTER, MISSOURI, 1976









30

LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, SEAGRAM BUILDING, NEW YORK, NY, 1954-58









31

LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950









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RENEWED INTEREST IN PASSIVE SOLUTIONS


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PASSIVE APPROACHES






36

CANNON DESIGN, HOOKER CHEMICAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, 1982






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INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CENTRAL HEATING DISTRICT...

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