Post on 12-Nov-2015
description
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(Electrons) UdJ U bIL YO s ud WMA WU WU WOzUdN WM qL b WHOH ULO w
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uM u UdJ lu n?K UNM dBM q suJ U UNUH UN YO s UNCF s dUMF nK
b w bL b U UNUdJ UNUduO UNUud b w d dBM s dBM
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rK w WU dO WOL RUJ UdJ (Valence Electrons )RUJ UdJ vL bL
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( Free Electons) d( UdJ pK s UNb bF vK bLF c uI WODI WuL uM l WODI WU UdJ jd
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s bF c VJ c r UdJ (6.25 x1018) UM uL U WLO w uuJ
qL UdJ s bF c bIH c r uu(1) U WU WM qL UdJ
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ULNMO WUL ld l UOJ sOMA
b WK
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............... vL UdJ VJ w c ............. vL UdJ bIH w c
UO b w U_ w ................. .................. S WOOdJ qOUL UG w
wzUdNJ UO b w U_ w .................. S WKuL uL w ULMO wzUdNJ
.................................WHKL UMA ................................. WNUAL UMA
dJ (6.25x1018) UM uL U WOzUdNJ WMA UO b u ...............
WHK* UMA U& WNUA* UMA dUM qJA
wzUdNJ bN' UO uF u*
uF u* VK s quM c uJ WHK UUI u s qu WUu WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI r
uL rI UuL UdNJK WU U s U G UdNJK WKu U s U VKIU
w U W v wzUdNJ UOK UNKOu YO s
(Conductors) WKu* u* wzUdNJ UO dL `L w uL w
V ld UNu nKL UFL q Ud
qzU b vK u YO c UNOd v p w
u dOQ X WdK WKUI d UdJ s
`{u ULWUD wzUdN bN bBL WOU
qJA w
WCH b U U sJ ULL uL s w uOML_ Vc UM WCH
eN_ WOKb bbL UJ w bO UM U UNML UH V uL qL w Vc
WOU UdNJ lu qI UJ w uOML_ b sO w WOdJ WOzUdNJ
(Insulators) WUF u* ld p UDL Ue VA q Ud wzUdNJ UO dL `L w uL w
vK u? YO c UNOd v p w V
WdK WKUI d UdJ s b qOK b
qJA w `{u UL wzUdN b?N dOQ X
WOzUdNJ WLE_ w dO WOL WUF uLK
pO b L bFL UNULF dE
WbB s U WUL WOzUdNJ _ WODG w
WOzUdNJ
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Vc
WCH
UM
uOML_
d UdJ s qOK b WdK WKUI d UdJ b qOK b UNO dNE WU U qJA
UDL
Ue
pO
VA
sOKu
(Semiconductos) u* U ? dHB d W bM WOIM UNU w UN WKuL uL WUF uL sO j u w uL U_ UNO VzuA iF WU{ od s UNOKuL rJ r UdNJK WU uJ oKDL
q WOdJ dUMF lOL WUM w b YO Wb WOdJ WbMN U w WU WOL
uJOKO UL c w WbL WKuL t uL r s WKUJL b ued
uOUd r s
(Electrical Current) wzUdNJ UO d wJ qu d d v WDI s d( UdJ WNu Wd s U u wzUdNJ UO
b q???u* d U???dJ c???
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pK w d wzUdN UO UM WU( c w UI
Ud dL WuL Uu_ UNDIK WUDK VuL dD d UdJ qb UbM
Wu Uu d UdJ dLU oKD WUD q wzUOLOJ qUH dL wzUdNJ UO
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UNHK v R UL Wd WUDK ld mdH dO UO d v R p _ dU qJA WUD
wzUdNJ UO U& dD v WUDK VU dD s qu* d d UdJ Q qJA w XE
w 5 u UL Vu* VDI v VU VDI s UdJ UO UO U& uJ wUU Vu*
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qJA U w 5 UL VU VDI v Vu* VDI s UO Ud U& uJ vK `KD bI
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wD U& qLF X VJ ld* s bbF S p l UdNJK Wc WdEM l{
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wdJ UO U& qJA UOK wD U& qJA
(Current Intensity) wzUdNJ UO b w qu d ob d UdJ s qO s U wzUdNJ UO Q WIU dIH w Ud
UdJ s dO b ob U WCHM UO b uJ UdJ s qOK b ob SsOF U
w UMOF UFDI dF w WOzUdNJ WMA WOL UNQ wzUdNJ UO b dF WFHd UO b uJ
wUU WOzUdNJ WMA ob bF WOUse b w quL
uuJUWOzUdNJ WMA WOL
WOUU se UO b
se b vK WuI WMA b w wzUdNJ UO b b WIU WUFL s sO
.dO U Wb rUF v WdO rU bu c dFWOU qJ uu
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b dO (1) U dO wKO(1000) S d dOF mA d_U t ed dO 0,001
WOKLF UO w b WFzUA eN_ iF tOK qLF c UO b `{u wU
UN' UO b
U{ `OUB dO 0.1-0.6
WOzUdNJ UJ* dO (2-5)
WOeM* W dO(1.5-2.5)
WOzUdNJ Wb* dO(5-10)
WOzUdNJ d_ dO(10-15 )
ueHK UN dO (0.4-0.6)
vb U UN WOzUdNJ b w UO b UI
dcU db sAd UNKb dzb t ed dO_
wu vK qu VdO_UO b UO UN
qJA w UL UNO UO b UO dL b w
WOzUdNJ WFb uI bN' d UMA d UdJ d WOU dR u u u wzUdNJ UO Ud UeK r
UB s uI c vK qB pMJL UIU Ud UL quL d sOF U w d vK
WOzUdNJ WFb uIw WHK b ULQ uI c vL buL UUDU WOzUdNJ WUD
bu UI WNUA UdI UN UOLL c l WOuH wzUdNJ bN bN d
d vK UMA UdJ d w uI UNQ UNHdF sJLV dU UN ed XuH
wzUdNJ UO Ud V quL d sOF U w
wzUdNJ bN' d w sODI sO UdJ WOzUdNJ UMA WOL w d u bM wzUdNJ bN d QAM
dO_ UN qOu qJA
UNO hI s wUF w W?IDML v U?dJU WOMG WIDML s UdJ qIM YO WOzUdN
s d UdJU UN dOI Vu d d UdJU wM VU d UNb WUDU
VuL dD u d VU dD bM uuL d UdJ u UMA UF q
quL WUD wd UMK WUDK VU dD VuL dD sO bN d u wMF c
VU dD s d UdJ d WUD wd sO UOK dL qJA tS UM s
bN d dOQ qFH VuL dD v
EMF WOzUdNJ WFb uI d dFL D QI UBwU qLL WKB WOzUdN WUD qJA sO
UO dO wU qL w U VuL VDI v VU VDI s WUD q wzUdNJ UO
WMA d wJ q_ bN VU VDI v vK_ bN VuL VDI s wzUdNJ
vK WUD c p oOIWUDK WOKb WUIL vK qL WUI vK VKG UNOK WKU
UL s WMA sOJL qGA c u WUD qL uJ WOzUdNJ b w UNKIM G WMA
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b uu b UbI WOD Wu WM qIM wzUdNJ bBL s cL qGA bIL
XuH bu UI wzUdNJ bBLK WOzUdNJ WFb uI vLtU bBL qWOKJ
bB wd sO bN d s dOFK U b WOzUdNJ WFb uI `KDB dcU db
WUIL vK bN u U VM pUO d b WU w wU qL b wzUdN
WOMOU d_U WOdF WGKU WOzUdNJ WFb uIK ed wzUdNJ bBLK WOKb
(E.M.F). d_U
XuH dU t ed WOzUdNJ WFb uI wzUdNJ jGC bN d UO b u XuH
(1) tUI qu d dO (1) tb UO pd bN d u Xu (1) S ndFU (V)
w UOdJ U w WbL XuH e UI qOBHU WUIL dAM
Xu wKO* Xu 10-3 U (mV) sOdU t ed
XudJO* Xu 10-6U(V) sOdU t ed
Xu (1000) U (KV) sOdU UN ed XuuKOJ wN XuH UHUC U
vb U UN WOzUdNJ b w bN d UI
dcU db s(V)d UNKb dzb t ed dOLuH
vK qu VdOLuH bN d UO UN
tOd sO bN d UO dL bBL qL l u
()qJA w UL
WOKLF UO( w Wb* uN' dcUUD w WbL uN bOu vK oH bI
(24) Xu (12) q WKzU UUD uN Xu (9) (6) (15) q WU UUD uN UNM
Xu
b UNO UL rUF rEF w WbL uNU d v bK s UF UO UJ uN nK
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Xu(6600 - 380000) sO UbN dO wUF jGC WOzUdNJ WUD qI UJ
dI* bN' UHu Wu vK WLOI c U q UbF V b bN WLO wzUdN UN qJ
wL sMIL dIL bN vL UN
wzUdN bN vK qJA w sOL UBL qLF L
v UO e Xu (400)bN t{dF bMF Xu(220)
t v R?? UL UBL qL lOD UL d
U{ UOU UO uJ s Xu(50) bN t{dF bM
wFO qJA UBL
UUD qOu WFb uI s vK bN vK uB sJL
vK UUD b qub WUD WOzUdNJ
wu vK WuuL UUDK wKJ bN wu
qJA w dHL UUD uN uL U
bN UNM qwu wK UUD l UMK
Xu 6) U wKJ bN S pcXu1.5
dOLuH UN qOu qJA
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bN e???w???u?????? v??K?? U??U??D???? q??? b??M??
UO _ UNU vK UO be WOUJ vI ULMOwKJ
UL UNH w UO b WUD q w dL wKJ b
b WUD w
qJA w ULu vK UUD qOu bM
tH bN vI sO w vK UO be WOUJ e
UUD quvK UO vK bN vK uBK
qJA w UL VdL qOuu wu vK
bN vK qBM wu vK sOUD UMK qJA c w
WuL l u vK WuLL c UMK rXu (3)
UO WHUC bN WKUL d
wU b WK
WUML UFU WOU UdH qL
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..................
................................................................................ WKuL uL s
.........................................?
................................................................??? w uL w UdNJK WUF uL
...............................
....................................... vL d UdJ s qOK b vK u w uL
..................
.......?u?...................................... ...................................... WUF uL s
.........................................
...........................WdG d W bM WOIM UNU w uL UB dF UOzUdN
UUDK VdL qOu qJA
.............................................. `B VzuA iF WKuL nB uL rOFD bM
........................................................................ WKuL nB uL r s
................... q ................................... WUM w WKuL nB uL b
u YO c UNOd v ld UdNJ qOu vK WKuL uL b ................
ld wzUdNJ UO qOu vK WUF uL b b ...................................vK
................................... vK u YO c UNOd v
d??_ b?? bM .........................b vK WUD w?? wzUOLOJ qUH qLF
d dD bM .......................
............................................................................... s U wzUdNJ UO
.....................................
................... VDI s WOzUdNJ b w UO U uJ wD U V
....................... VDI v
. dU t ed ...................... ? UO UI
WOUuu .......................... U bu dO_
b S WOU(1) bI s w uu(3) U qu d WOzUdNJ WMA s WOL XIb
dO U quL w UL UO
.............................................. s dOFK WOzUdNJ WFb uI `KDB b U
wK UL q UO b d
.............bN d .............WOzUdNJ WFb uI
WOMO d_U WOzUdNJ WFb uIK dU UOK dU bNK ed
b???????????????WOzUdNJ WUI* WOzUdNJ b
(Simple Electrical Circuit) WDO WOzUdNJ b WOU WOU_ UuJL s UNUJ j w WOzUdNJ b uJ
Source wzUdNJ bB* wzUdNJ UO Ud wzUdNJ jGC bN' d du c u
(Load) wzUdNJ qL( a dL UBLU WOzUdNJ eN_ b s U u
(Conductors) u* ? wzUdNJ bBL sO UO Ud d qJA w
sJLuOML U s lMB U UU qL
WU{S p WOKU d WOzUdNJ b w rJ qF
tKBH wzUdNJ qLU UO qu SwitchUH
dUM WUL FusedNB WU{ sJL ULWuN
qJA w sO UL dHL UO s b
UNze WU uJ UbM WIKG WOzUdNJ b uJ
s wzUdNJ UOK dL qL YO iF UNCF WKB
UNze b uJ UbM WuH WOzUdNJ b uJ qL d d dD v bBL wd b
wzUdNJ UO d lML YO qB dO uBH UuDF
(Short Circuit ) dB WU w WOzUdNJ b UO ob WCHM WUI d qL b dU qJA wzUdNJ bBL wd qB UbM
WDO WOzUdN b ed duB jD* qJA
iF v R b WFHd d ZM qzU
(Short dB qB tQ uI WOzUdNJ b e
WOzUdNJ b w dBI b b w Circuit)
TU qOu u e u b U s
qJA w sO UL _ w
WDO WOzUdNJ bK ed jD* WUD UB vK u WDO WOzUdN b ed jDL duB jDL qJA sO
WDO b c q r WOUJ s rdU UBL WKO d UL UO b UOI dO UN WU
bIFL b r w WIdD c b b VFB s t dO qJA sOL w WMOL WIdDU
b UuJ qL u b qJA U v WMOLU We UDD ULF r V cN
ed L UNu w WOzUdNJ ud v dF V UDDL c q d q sJ WOzUdNJ
u wU b sOVU VDI v dOA dOB dP VuL VDI v dOA qu j WUDK
WOzUdNJ dUMF iF
wzUdNJ ed wzUdNJ dBMF
qu
jD vK sOKu lUI
qOu uB wzUdN
ULNMO wzUdN
sOKu sO bI u vIK
wKO UB
dOQ UB
WuU WO WOK
WuU WO_ U) s WUD
wzUdN dB b qJA
U qu
( DC )dL UO bB
( AC )UM UO bB
wzUdN d
wzUdN U
dNB
:(Electrical Resistance) WOzUdNJ WUI* w quL U eQ qu d UdO UM bDB wzUdNJ UO qJA w UdJ
UdJ dO U WUI WU b
WOzUdNJ WUIL dF quL c w
wzUdNJ UO dL UL WU bI UNQ
d db s qJA w UL UNO
cN U b v lL WdFL uL q
WOU
UDL U??e?? q WUF uLK
UdJ Wd W{UFL s dO bI
wzUdNJ UO dL `L wUU Ud
b dO WUI uL cN Q UI c UNO
WU u UNQ
U????M?? q?????? W???K???u???L??? u????L???? U?????
b WKOK W{UF b UNS uOML_
Q U??I?? c?? U??d???? U??d????J?? Wd
u UNQ b WCHM WUI uL cN
l WOzUdNJ b w UL UO WLO s b WUIL Q UM sJL d ULWKu
bI l{ UO_ s dOJ w U UM d v U s nK WUI UN WKuL uL q
WOzUdNJ d_ w uuL sO dUM UL qO vKF WOzUdNJ b w WUIL s b
UDDL w UN ed R dU WOzUdNJ WUILK UA UUI s U w U Wb eN
qJA w sO{uL sedU WOzUdNJ
WOzUdNJ WUIL u qJA
WOzUdNJ WUI* dOH qJA
wzUdNJ UO
WOzUdNJ WUIL
wzUdNJ bN
_ (1) UO bN Wb _ dF () UGO wUuO dU t ed WUIL UO b
Xu(1) bN bM dO (1) tb UO dL `L w WUIL bI u
t ed UOL (103 U (K)sOdU t ed uKOJ _ UHUC s
WbL Wd eN_ iF WUI rO `{u wU b (106) U (M) sOdU
WOKLF UO w
1 s q qOu pK
uOK 20s d UD WFD
50 - 0 wzUdN uJ
50 - 15 d_ w 5 dUM
UbM 60 - 0 WMU uJ UbM 600-0 UNd UHS WUI* WLO lHd U uJ
U{ `OUB
:(Conductance) WOKu* b U s d wzUdNJ UOK UL WOKu b V VUML s uJ UO_ iF w
(Conductance).WOKuL vL WOU b cNwzUdNJ UO dL UN{UF
UN e??d??w??zU??d??N??J?? U??O???? ddL vK U??L?? b??? s?? dF W??U??I??L?? fJ w?? WOKuL
b UL r dO_ W wohm WLK uJF w mho u bu UIGdU
WUIL uKI w WOKuL S UO{USdU UN ed WOKuL UOI Siemens eMOLO
G= 1R
WF w UL
:(FUSES) dNB* bze UO s WOzUdNJ b dUM WOzUdNJ eN_ bFLK WUL dBM u uOH dNBL
dNBM dBM w dNBL qL hKeN_ c nK v R c b dB UO s s
()qJA `{u ULsOF b s UO U bM b `H
dNBL qL qJA
b WK
WOU WK_ s V
WOU WOU_ dUMF s WOzUdNJ b uJ
WuH WOzUdNJ b uJ uJ UbM WIKG WOzUdNJ b uJ
uJ UbM
UbM uA dBI b
w WOzUdN WUIL
wUuO dU UN ed UNUO b dU WOzUdNJ WUILK ed
s b vK WOzUdNJ b w WUIL qLF
s U Wd WOzUdNJ eN_ w sO dUM
w WOU dUMF WUIL WOdI WLOI
qOu pK
WU U dH w sO dBM ?
b???????????????udL* UO
b??????????????? WOzUdNJ UUI* bM UNO wzUdNJ UO d oOF w U* WOU w WOzUdNJ WUI* Q oU w X
WUI s U w WOzUdNJ UL_ Q X UL _ bu UI wzUdN bB0 UNK
c w wzUdN bB0 tK WO t U* UO WLO b% w w qL( WUI Q uU s XLKF
d UNu UE UUI* u v U qu WUI b% w quF v dF u b
UNKOu
uL WUI
qu* WUI w qu WF vK qJA w 5 u UL qu* WUI bLF
qu* u tu l Ud VUM qu* WUI tu UU qu* WUI e
qu* WUI vK dR* quF qJA
qu* lDI WU qu* lDI WU ULK t qu* lDI WU l UOJ UUM qu* WUI VUM
uJ dO UNFDI WU w uU*U UO ob YO s U* dOu UdNJ qU9 tUI XK
WFHd U* UO ob UNUI uJ dOG UNFDI WU w uU* U WCHM U* UO ob UNUI
qu* U u ? s WMO WUI w ULK WOuM WUI*U dF U v udU WHK* u* WUI WUI sJ1
UNUO b uOK (20) d W bM 23(1) tFDI WU d(1) tu qu WO vK U*
d(U UN ed d 23
U????????*dr WOuM WUIL WCH0.0149
UM0.0178
Vc0.021
uOM*_0.0241
bb(0.14
bb d qJO dJOM WJO1.9
b'
WO WF bU _U qu* WUI U sJ1
quL UL WOuM WUIL qu* uqu* lDI WU
_U qu* WUI
L
AR=
YO
_U quL WUI
dLUquL u
rKquL lDI WU
quL UL WOuM WUIL
d rK
R
L
A
U?????????????? Q ULK 2r (1.5) tFDI WU d (100) tu UM s pK WUI V
d 2r 0 .0178) UMK WOuM WUIL
q????????????????( 1,81 = 0 8710 (1 5 100 ) quL WUI
d( W dF c U* WUI* d( qUF*U dOG c s dF d( W dOG U* WUI WLO dOG
W (1) UNd W dOG WO (1) UNUI U* pK s WMO WUI WLO w UBIM Ue tQ
Wu W bu tLO s dOF r)wUuO d(U d( qUFLK eduOK
WLO e w uLK (Positive Temperature coefficient) Uu WUILK d( qUF* uJ
UdJ Wd U v UNd W U R w WOIM UF* q UNd W UU UNUI
wzUdNJ UO qOJA b U& w rEM qJA UNF WOKL VFB U2 WOzuAF
WLO qI w uLK (Negative Temperature coefficient) UU WUILK d( qUF* uJ
WO UNUI qI w WOOdJ qOU; uF u* U q UNd W UU UNUI
u* iF d( qUF* WLO wU b' 5d( qFH WOzUdNJ WMA U s be* bu
UdNJ U w Wb*
UL d qUFL
UM+0.0038
uOML_+ 0.004
uH+ 0.0045
XOd- 0.0004
sM 0.0041
WJO UUuJ+0.000005
b'
WOU WF bU(RHOT
) WMU WUI* WLO U sJ1
RHOT
= R20
{1 + (THOT
- 20)}
YO
Wu 20 W bM WUI* WLO R20
ULK d( qUF* ( )
WUILK WOzUNM d( W THOT
U???????????? W u bM 7M s uMB wzUdN UB qOH WOzUdNJ WUI* V
20 WdG d W bM qOH WUI XLK tKOGA UM Wu 2020 v UNd
Wu W qJ 0.005 U 7M d( qUF* 50 U Wu
q????????????????(R
HOT = R
20 {1 + (T
HOT - 20)}
R2020
= 50 {1 + 0.005 (2020 - 20)} = 60
WUOF* UNUUI WOzUdNJ _ WOzUdNJ eN_ WUM w qb UL WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI w WOzUdNJ _ b
pK u vK UNLO w bLF WUI _ cN UdO WOzUdNJ Ud; u; q
V UN_ UNO ud dO WUI* c uJ UU tU u tFDI WU
qUM pK b vK bN' u vK bN' u WLO bLF bB* bM j) Wb w tM q qL( bM j) WUN w bN' uJ
UOd w bN' u U u t tOK UF* s d U* UO WLO pK WUI
.(%5) Ud; w (%3) Wb eN w WJA bN s (%2.5-1.5) t U U{
WuIM* WOzUdNJ WUD w UH _ 5 v R Wd WU v WUD c s e qu% vK _ WUI qLF YO
UQ _ c d9 c UO WLO WOUM WUOF* UUI* iF b' 5
6 4 2.5 2 1.5 1 23 lDI* WU
36 24 18 16 13 11 dO dI* UO
WKL c UO WLO WOUM WUOF* UUI* b'
v R b pK d W lHd Ud0 uL* WLOI pK d U* UO WLO U&
w b U qJA ozd uA wzUdN U9 b v wUU tHKG c UF UNB
bI bbL 2 3(2.5) U{ bbL 2 31.5) WOeM* bbL
UUI* u UOU b hzUB rOI WOzUdN UUI b eK WOdJ WOzUdNJ b qL oOI
WOzUdN UO qL WdF WO rO UN WHK UJQ UUI* lMB c b c qL VUM
WLOI dOG WLOI WU UUI* UL 5Oz 5u v UUI* rI WuKF
Fixed Resistors WLOI WU UUI* dU dO qJA U dU qJA WUI* r vK VJ dOG WU WLO UN w UUI* w
WOzUA WOJK WOud UUI v UNFM U* UI UUI* c rI u
Carbon resistors WOudJ UUI* qJA w `{u UL WOzUdNJ UNb l VUM YO WHK UQ WOudJ UUI* bu
UH pOdO u q WKu dO U u* udJ s Ze s UUI* c lMB
sJ1 v bF0 WUI* Ud d d(U bL& r UOuD uJ U uKD* qJAU U* VB
qJA k WOU) _U UNKOu
WOzUAG WUI* WOudJ WUI* VOd qJA WOzUdNJ UNb l VUM UUI* U qJA
Film resistors WOzUAG UUI* wuD qOJA qO `D u WUI U s fU UA d WOzUAG UUI* rOLB VKD
U* u dOG pc UAG c w wu e lDI WUILK WuKD* WLOI vK uB( r we
w u W UUI* c bu qJA w `{u u UL UNLO wUU WUI* wd 5
tAuOdJ qJOM wbFL UAG dbBI bO wbFL bO_ UA wudJ UAG
UNM WHKJ vK wUU W d UNMJ WOudJ UUIL wU qJA YO s WOzUAG UUIL
Wirewound resistors WOJK UUI* ? pK u lMB qJA w `{u UL eF qOJA qO vK pK s UH b s lMB
d( UNUI qUF WFHd* WOuM UNUI V dJ b w dJ qJOM pzU s
WLOI iHM*
WDK wUe D s WO WID vDG jO; ju dOQ s WUI* UuJ WUu
k d( bb vK UNb 5 uOM*_ s d b0 nKG UNCFXML qd s
WUI* r vK dU uU UNb _U WUI* WLO VJ UUI* s uM c w qJA
UI tAUM rOBS1852 WOUDd WOUOI WHu* w b; eOd UE lWd(
WOJK UUI* qJA WOJK WUI* VOd qJA
Surface Mount Resistors-SM Resistors WOD UUI* `D* UL 5KJA duWUJ WOU WuD* UuK WLz UNKF U2 UNL dGB U9
WOU v_ 5U) UU s uJ eOd UE UeOd w b WD* WUI*wuD_
WUI*qJA dNE UL UH_ bnUC* qL dO_ WU WU) U WUI* WLO 9
WU WOu WIK v WU{_U UI tdAMwUL) wuK eOd UE UeOd w b WOuD_
qJA dNE UL WUILK d( qUF* q9
UeOd d WOD UUI* qJA
Network Resistors WOJA UUI* ? UNHOKG r WNUA* UUI* s WuL s U w
w 5 u ULWKUJ* b WHK tA wU G
WOdJ b w WOJA UUI* bqJA
WNUA* UUI* s dO b u% w
WOJA UUI* qJA
Variable Resistors WLOI dOG UUI* UNLO dOOG sJL dOGL UUILK U UHK ud eN w uBU rJ `OUH dF
uB UMUJS wMF cN (1000) UNLO dOG WUI uI UbM UNOUHdb WuN
(1000) dHB sO d rO vK UNM
dOG* WUI* qL qJA
WUIL WLO vK ULNUu qB WUIL wUN L Ud d W dOGL WUILK
vK sOUNM b l tUu qB UI dBM u d oeM e qB YU dD WOKJ
qJA w `{u UL WOKJ WUIL s WHK rO
vK uHK pK s lMB WOD Wdz udJ s UWJ qJ vK UIL dBMF lMB
U d rOI du WHKJ WKOK w 1 s q WObL bI rz WOudJ u_U VK
du dQ 3 WDuL bI rz wN _ WuHKL u_ U UO 1 uKO1 sO
uKO 100 10 sO U d rOI
wjC Zb q WO{d bF qLF b dOG UQ dOG* UUI* du
oO j{ v WU( bM b c oOb jC u oKG* uM uH* uMUJ W du
qJA k WUI*WLO w dOG b WUI* UH db ZMO YO b
dOG* WUI* qJA
YO rI u bN UOI(Potentiometer) bN UOI r UC dOGL WUIL vK oKD
k udJ U vK oeML Wd pc (VIN
)qbL bN s qJ (VOUT
)d bN WLO b
wK UL qL WU w dL bN WLO b qJA
VOUT
= VIN
x R
2
R
qLFLogWO9Uu nB LinWOD U0 WOudJ bN'UzefOUI du
WOFL eN_ w UN'U rJK Q dO_
bN' UOI qJA
WU) UUI* WOKL UIOD rz WU lM dD WU u s lMB
UUI* qL s UNKL nK WOdJ b w WMOF
UUI* c s WUF
udO qJA udO WUI qJA k UN{UH d( W UHU uLK qJA UNUI dOG w WUI* w
w d( Wb fL UNb sJ1 UL d( W UH s WUL( w b
Uu UNM bu d( W UO eN w bd Wb eN w rJ
d( W UHU UNLO qI w (NTC) VU d qUF WUI d( W UHU UNLO e w (PTC) Vu d qUF WUI
UUI* c u qJA dNE
(VDR) bNK WFU uUH WUI UNd vK dR* bN' U l WUI* c WLO qI
UH s WOzUdNJ bF* WU U w UU b
u vK WUI* c qu wzUdNJ bN' w TUH*
bNK TUH UH b UbM tU d* UN' l
s e h9 UOE( uUH WUI qI UN' wd 5
tb dJM TUH* bN'
WU) UUI* u qJA
dNBL qLF WOud WOJK WUI ? UO U UbMF WOd WOU ULb_ UF UuK Ud UM WOJK WUI* WU w
bM UO d lDI qBHM WKu vK UK dNB b v WUI* c s dI* b
2 s q UNLO dOG WUI b WOudJ WUI* WU w U WKu U( U sJ1 qDF
bF UNb sJ1 WUI* c d% dI* b UO U UbM l s q dOG UNb
qDF
Light Dependent ResistorLDR uC vK bLF* WUI* UU UNLO hUM WUI* c WOzu{dNJ dUMF b s b uC vK bLF* WUI*
2 s d v qB b b WOU E w uC vK bLF* WUI* WLO uJ UNOK jU uC b
_ s U lC v UNUI iHM uCK dF UbM sJ UO
uOUJ bOd q uCK WU( WKu* t u* s uC vK bLF* UUI* lMB
uC vK bLF* WUI* VOd qJA 5 CdSe e uOUJ bOMOKO CdSe
r qOu wdD e pOdO Ue s WU WI vK uCK WU U s WIO WI qJA
uCK WU( U* vK uC uI `L WOU cU t wJO wbF w l{u
qOu d
uCK WU U
WU bU
WOzuC WUI* e ?qJA WOzu{ WUI qJA WOzu{ WUI* lDI qJA
eN w UU qLF U* qO vKF UOdJ w bb UIOD uC vK bLF* WUILK
tUO u{ uu U d_ VKD YO qd* w VNK nU WO u_U rJ c
UUILK WOMH UHu* wU WOzUdN w WHU WUI b U UNUd V w UUILK WOMH UHu*
UOL uKOJ U WuKDL WLOI s dF WUIL WOU WUFL s UN wQ WUIL Ub w uBI bI w bIL bI
P = V2
R = I2 x R
U tM dF bLF* buU d( W w dOG qJ WUI* w dOG u d( W qUF uOK*U e_U
tM dF se s WMOF b vK WMOF d X% qB c WUI* WLO w VKI u dI % Wu WM
UUI* eOd rE UU
UUI* u rE 5UE UM UNUNUH UNLO v dOA WOu ud WLKF WOzUAG WOudJ UUI* uJ
qJA dE wUL) wuK eOd wUd wuK eOd UL wuK eOd w sbLF
qJA
wUd wuK eOd WUILK _ rd UO WN s v_ WIK( b%
WU WIK( b% WUILK wU rd WOU WIK( b%
W b WFd WIK( U UH_ b dAF nUC*
qJA k WdEM WUI* WLO w t uL* UH
wUd wuK eOd qJA
U???????????? cN v_ vK_ sb U UOd oU qJA w WMOL WUIL WLO U
WLOI
q????????????????( sO WUIL r vK WMOL u_ UIK v dEMU
(4) bF qUI dH v_ WIK u
(7)bF qUI wHM WOU WIK u
(100) nUCL qUI dL WU WIK u
5% UH W qUI w WFd WIK u
sO UNCF VU U_ l{u
uKO 4.7 4700 47100 WUIL WLO
WLOIK vK_ b
4700 + 4700 x 5
100 = 4700 + 235 = 4935
WLOIK v_ b uKO
4700 - 4700 x 5
100 = 4700 - 235 = 465
wUL) wuK eOd WOU WIK( b% WUILK _ rd UO WN s v_ WIK( b% wUd UEM w U( u UL
dAF nUC* WFd WIK( b%WUILK YU rd b WU WIK( U WUILK wU rd
`{uWdEM WUI* WLO w t uL* UH W b dO_ WU) WIK( UH_ b
UNUH UUI* WLO bb UEM c b WId qJA w 5* U*
BS1852 ud UE WOU Wb_ d( WDu dAF nUC* WLO pc WdAF WKUH UJ bb% r UEM c w
WLzUI c ULF WId WOU WK_ `{u
0.18 wMF R18
560 wMF 560R
WdA WKU nUCL(K)d( b YO uKO2.7 wMF2K7
uKO39 wMF 39K
UHd1%F
2%G
5%J
10%K
20%M
b'
WdA WKU nUCL(M)d( b YO UO 1.0 wMF1M0
b' k UH v U wU{ d U( r r s
WLzUI c ULF WId WOU WK_ `{u
5% UH 0.18 wMF R18J
10% UH 560 wMF 560RK
UUILK WKCH* rOI uu* rOI b uJ tUHUC dA r WdAF rOI s K bF UUI* du
%10UNUH mK w UUI* w WUI* rOI b* qLAO b; UHU UuJ WKK q w
E6 WKKU UC dF WOU WOU_ WOb WdAF rOI WKK UMeK
1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8
UHUC* UF* b* u U* qO vKF rOI cN WdAF UHUC* du wKLF oOD w
WOU rOI 2.2 WLOI WUI*
2.2,22,220.2.2K,22K,220K,2.2M
w 10% UNUH mK w UUILK E12 WKKK WOU_ rOI
1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2
w 5% UNUH mK w UUILK E24 WKKK WOU_ rOI1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0
3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.5, 8.2, 9.1
UUI* qOu UFw W dD UUI* qOu sJ1
wu vK qOu dDU uu v_ WUI* wd b YO UNCF WKB UUI W qJA 5
k WU WUI* s _ dD l qB WOU WUI* s wU dD WOU WUI* s _
lOL w tH UO d YO UOK jI b U wu w bu t qJA s
b e lOL s UO lDI UUI* b Xd UUI*
UL WOKJ WUJ* WUI* w jI b WUI0 UUI* bS p b c jO sJ1
uL* (Total) WLKJ UBU wQ(T)d( YO(RTd(U( UN ed qJA w `{u u
UO b dOG UUI* WuL s b b w UNF{ sJ1 w WUI*WUJ* WUI*U bBIwKJ
WOzUdNJ b WUJ* b
wu vK UUI* qOu qJA
w UL UNLO V q d VUM UUIL vK VT bBL bN u wu w
qJA
(V1 = I
T x R
1) v_ WUIL vK bN d bN u
(V2 = I
T x R
2) WOU WUIL vK bN u
(V3 = I
T x R
3) WU WUIL vK bN u
wUU V
T =V
1 + V
2 + V
3 UL bN dH d uLLK UU(V
T) bBL bN uJ
IT R
T = I
T R
1 + I
T R
2 + I
T R
3
RT = R
1 + R
2 + R
3
VOd w WKb UUILK d' uL* U wu b WUJ* WUI* WLO 5 cJ
qJA k b c
wu vK UUI* qOu qJA
bK (RT) WUJ* WUI* (VT)bB* bN vK wu w wzUdNJ UO WLO bLF
wU uM vK uU vK UM (ITb UO V (
WUJ* WUI* bB* bN UO
IT =
VT
RT
U???????????? V qJA w 5 UL wu vK (30) (20) (10) UUI* XK
WOKJ WUI*
q????????????????( R
T = R
1 + R
2 + R
3
= 10 + 20 + 30
= 60
U???????????? (6) UNLO WU (4) UNLO WOU (2) UNLO v_ UUI XK
Xu (6) UbN WUD wD sO wu vK
WOKJ WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r wKJ UO V WUJL b r ?
q????????????????(
2 4 6 12
6V 6V
qJA
2 + 4 + 6 = 12 WOKJ WUI* w jI b WUI0 UUI* bU WOzUdNJ b j WUJ* b ?
WD* b c vL qJA w `{u UL WOKJ WUJ* WUI*
dO 0.5 = 12 6 WOKJ WUI* wKJ bN' (IT) wKJUO
U???????????? Xu (220) dIL UNKOGA bN (100) UNM q b WNUA U{ `OUB WL
UB q vK bN u V Xu(220) bB wd sO wu vK XK
q????????????????(UU UNOK u u bBL bN S wu vK Wuu WNUA `OUBL UL
Xu 44 = 5220 UB q vK bN u
dIL UNKOGA bN vK qB r UN_ b WCHM uJ u `OUBL c U{ b
Xu (220)
u vK qOu UL u b U w lUB* UM* w WOzUdNJ WUDU WOzUdNJ UL_ WcG
WUDK wOzd bB* wd 5 u vK WOzUdNJ UL_ qu YO qJA w `{u
UF* j) UH j UL 5D WUu bB*U wzUdN qL q qu Xu (220) WOzUdNJ
Xu (220) fOzd bB* bN vK wzUdN qL q qB cN duOM
lUB* UM* w WOzUdNJ WUDU UL_ WcG qJA
(V T) WOzUdNJ WUDK wOz bB wd 5 u vK Wuu UUI W qJA 5
uJO bB* bN vK WUI q qB% cJ
WU WUIL bN WOU WUIL bN v_ WUIL bN bBL bN
qJA
UNLO V wJ VUM bK WuJ* UUI* vK u w bB* UO u UL
uJ uU bU qJA w UL
v_ WUI* wKJ bN' (I1) _ WUI* UO
I1 =
VT
R1
WOU WUI* wKJ bN' (I2) WOU WUI* UO
I2 =
VT
R2
WU WUI* wKJ bN' (I3) WU WUI* UO
I3 =
VT
R3
WFd WUI* wKJ bN' (I4) WFd WUI* UO
I4 =
VT
R4
WOKJ WUJ* WUI* (VT) bB* bN vK u w wKJ bB* UO WLO bLF
WOdH UO uL U (IT) bB* UO bK
IT = I
1 + I
2 + I
3 + I
4
VT
RT
= V
1
R1
+ V
2
R2
+ V
3
R3
+ ...
1
RT
= 1
R1
+ 1
R2
+ 1
R3
+ ...
UUI* UuJF lL qU l u b WUJ* WUI* uKI WLO U d vMF0
UUI* c s _ WLO dG s u b WUJ* WUI* WLO qI p s ZM Wuu*
5U 5U UM
S (R) b q WUI u vK (N) Ub WNUA* UUI* s WuL qOu bM WUJ* WUI*
RT =
R
N
UU UNOK bB* UO u
S qJA w UL u vK 5UI qOu bM qU 5UI* rO d{ qU WUJ* WUI*
5UI* rO lL qJA
RT =
R1 x R
2
R1 + R
2
U????????????WOzUdNJ WUI* V u vK (40) (60) 5UI* XK
q????????????????(WUF* b sJ1 jI 5UI vK u% b U0
RT =
R1 x R
2
R1 + R
2
= 60 x 40
60 + 40 = 24
U???????????? w UL u vK 60 (R
3) 200 (R
2) 300 (R
1) UUI* XK
V qJA
WOKJ WUI* Xu (20) bN bB wd 5 WuL* XK WUI q d UO wKJ UO
300 200 6020V 20V
40
qJA
q????????????????(
1
RT
1
R1
+ 1
R2
+ 1
R3
1
300 +
1
200 +
1
60 WOKJ WUIL
WU( c w dG_ dA* nUC* UNUUI bOu uJ c lL WOKL VKD
S (600) U
1
RT
2
600 +
3
600 +
10
600
15
600
vK qB WUFL c wI VKI
RT =
600
15 = 40
wKJ UO I
T =
VT
RT
= 220
40 = 5.5A
WOdH UO ?
I1 =
VT
R1
= 220
300 = 0.73A
I2 =
VT
R2
= 220
200 = 1.1A
I3 =
VT
R3
= 220
60 = 3.67A
U????????????WOKJWUIL V u vK Wuu (200) UNM q bI WU UUI l
q????????????????(WUF* b sJ1 WU UUI* U0
RT =
R
N =
200
4 = 50
Vd* qOu UUI* tO qJA w `{u UL u vK qOu wu vK qOu 5 lL' sJ1
WU w (R1) WUI* l wu vK Wuu WuL* c u vK Wuu (R
4) (R
3) (R
2)
Vd* qOuU dF p S U w u wu qOu 5 e*
K
WLO dO_ dI V WUI* h bM qJA
UNL vK WK* WLOIK UdI WUVdL qOu qJA
UUI* UD UU UNd W UH v R U2 t uL* b( s Ud U* UO U WO U WUI* qDF
WUI* qDF s ZM WOudJ WUI* XH WOJK WUILK uJ* pK tF lDIM c b( v
WcG bB qB bF dO_ bU UNLO UOI WUI* qD UA r UNUJ w WuH
YO dJ* ULF WO WLOI dOG vL d qD UM WUI* d b qB b s
WLOI YO s UHu* fH UN dQ WHU WUI* b Vd% WUI* WLO lHd
uU uB_ bI _U
U?????????? qJA w WMOL WOzUdNJ bK WOKJ WUIL V
6 4
5 2.4 5
7.4
qJA
q????????????????(qd vK qLF b cN WOKJ WUIL U VKD
WUI w ULN sJL u vK Uuu R3
R
2 sOUIL UL v_ uD
(RT1
) WUJ
RT1
= R
1 x R
2
R1 + R
2
= 6 x 4
6 + 4 = 2.4
w UFL sJL wu vK Uuu R1
R
T1 sOUUIL UL WOU uD
(RT) WUJ WUI
RT = R
1 + R
T1
= 5 + 2.4
= 7.4
b WK ...................... bu UI ...................................................................... w WOzUdNJ WUI* ..................................................................................w qu WF vK U qu WUI bLF ....................................................................................................................w ULK WOuM WUI* ........................................................................................................... bu WOuM WUI* UI ................................. w tU u UF Wb qu* WUI U w b w WF
XU pK WUI V d (0.0178) UMK WOuM WUI* d (80) tu UM s pK 23 (2,5) tFDI WU 23 (1,5) tFDI WU
pUE V 5U U
................................................................................................................ tQ dF d( qUF* V UN_ UNO ud dO WOzUdNJ _ WUI
.................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................... v R p S dI* UO s d UO qu w d
:w WU UUI* u ........................................ ? ........................................ ........................................
WOU UUI* u VOd r dOG* ? WOJK WOudJ
:WOU UBU wMF U .................................................................................. (PTC) .................................................................................. (NTC) .................................................................................. (VDR) ?
: WOU UUI* Ub d .................................................................................. (PTC) .................................................................................. (NTC) .................................................................................. (VDR) ?...................................................... dNBL WOudJ WUI*
(1000) v dH s dOG WUI vK uBK UNKOu WOHO r 1000 dOG WUI U* WOdH WOzd uD) w WOzUdNJ bbL w pL d b s
WLO U wC dL wHM dH VOd vK w WOu UIK l UNOK WOud WUI UNO UL WLO U WUI* c
c WLO U w w dL dL VOd vK w WOu UIK l UNOK WOud WUI UNO UL WLO U WUI*
bK WOKJ WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r wu vK (35) (25) (20) UUI* XK uKD* R3=15 R2=18 R1=12 Xu (220) bB wd 5 wu vK XK UU W
WOKJ WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r b w U* UO V WUJ* b r ?
U q vK bN' u V ?WCHM UNU{ b uJ Xu (220) bB wd 5 wu vK Wuu* `OUB* qK
wu vK XK (484) UNM q WUI 100Xu220 WNUA U{ `OUB WF uKD* Xu (220) bB wd 5
WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r UB q vK bN' u `OUB* d U* UO V ?UB* vK bN' u UB* w U* UO UB qJ WOIOI( bI ?
WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r u vK (120)(60)(30) UUI* XK WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r u vK (8) (12) 5UI* XK
uKD* (100) UNM q WUI WNUA uK UB sdA vK u WM q WUJ* WUI* V
Xu (220) bB* bN U UB q w U* UO WLO wKJ UO WLO V wOzd bB* wd 5 u vK WOzUdNJ eN_ qu lUB* UM* w qK
WUJ* WUI* V qJA w WMO* b w
25
5050
qJA
WUI (120) UNM q WLO UUI WuL du (50) UNLO WUI eN& nO (10) UNLO d
b??????????????? uU
c uUI u uU iF UNCF vK WOzUdNJ b w WUIL UO bN rO bLF
v W r cN wL bI ucL W WOzUdNJ bu jd w WF `{u
w UL UO b VUM wK U vK hM WF c nA c u wUL_ rUF
tUI l UOJ quL wd sO bN d l Ud UUM qu
UO Ud V w uI u bN WOzUdNJ b w bN bB u buL WUD
WU WUIL WLO dH UO q bN q ULK UO bN ULK tOK UM wzUdNJ
WUI u S fJFU iHM UO d v R WOU WUI u S XU bN dS
lHd UO d v R WCHM
uU U w uUI WOU UJ W UM
UO I V
R WUIL bN UO
UO WLO vK WF c hM WUIL bN Wb UO WLO U WF c b
WUIL WLO vK WuI bN WLO U
WUI* R V
I UO bN WUIL
WLO vK WF c hM UO bN Wb WUIL WLO U WF c b
UO WLO vK WuI bN WLO U WUIL
bN' ?V = R I UO WUIL bN
wd sO bN WLO vK hM WUIL UO Wb bN WLO U WF c b
WUIL WLO w WUIL d UL UO WLO d{ qU U WUI
uU dz
UO bN sO WF dc WId qN
w WMOL uU dz b w WUIL
qJA
WLO pF j uU dz b
U WuKDL WF dNE WuNL bu
qJA w `{u u UL WuNL WLOI
U
(6)UBL WUI XU S Xu (12) WOzUdNJ WFb UNu WUD qLF UO UBUBL c w UL UO b V
qUNUODF q WOzUdNJ b rd
(V=12) Xu (12) bN (R= 6) ( 6 ) WUIL
(I = ?) dO () U?O
R=6
I=?
12V e uU dzb WUFU WuKDL WF VJ
I VR
I 12
6 2A
uU qJA
U
dO (3) bI UO V Xu(220) bN bB s qLF ZK W U
U WUI b
q
UNUODF q WOzUdNJ b rd
(V=220) Xu (220) bN(I = 3 A) d?O(3) U?O
(R = ?) ( ) WUILR=?
I=3A
V=220V
e uU dz WUFU WuKDL WF VJ
R VI
R 2203 = 73
ld b WK
uU h d
UL dIL bN s vK bN wzUdN UB idF bM b U
UL dIL bN s q bN wzUdN UB idF bM b U
b V WOzUdNJ b r Xu (12) WUD s qLF (4)tUI UO UB
UBL w UL UO
WOzUdNJ b r Xu (220) d bN bB s qLF (80) tUI ZK W U
U w UL UO b V
bN d V WOzUdNJ b r dO tb UO Ud d (6) UNLO WUI
WUIL wd sO
WOzUdNJ bI WUD
s u UL b vMH WUD S dF u UL WUD UJ b w UdNJ
WOzuC WOzUOLOJ WOJOUJOL WUD UJ nK qu WOzUdNJ WUD U sJL d v qJ
s d UJ v WOzUdNJ WUD qu WOzUdNJ eN_ b UL WOzUdN WU v Wd
WOzUOLOJ WOJOUJOL WOzuC Wd WUD q bOHL WUD
WOzUdNJ WUD bOu WUD U??B?? r??? s?? WOzUdNJ b??u??L?? dF
d??O??Q???? d???U??? v??K?? U??N??K??L?? w??? b??L????F?? W??O??zU??d??N??J??
buL UHK uL b YO wOUMGdNJ
WOzUdN WF u dOQU UNO buO wOUMG U q
qJA w `{u UL
b Wd WOzUdNJ WUD bOu UD w
U U WOLA WuM WUD d rH
U c??w??U?? j??G??{ U???
WU UMOu qOGA w qLF
bu qOGA Ub uI WL{
b??u??L?? b???? U??L?? WOzUdN
W??U??u?? W??D??u????L?? d??O??G??B??
UD w U eb Ud
WOd WOzUdNJ W??U??D?? bOu
UL uN b
WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI oKD u uD WUu pKNL v WOzUdNJ WUD bOu WD s WOzUdNJ WUD qIM
b w UJA c b UduB UL qJA sO WOzUdNJ lu qIM UJ UNOK
pKNLU wNM WOzUdNJ bI bOu WD s
WOzUdNJ WUD UB s bB WOOUMGdNJ qJA
WOzUdNJ WUD bOu UD; WOU_ e_qJA
b???????????????
vK WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI UJ u%
qOGA vK qLF WU WOzU UMOu
bu*
5?? d b??N Z??M W?OzUdN bu
Xu uKO 10-6
Xu uKO 33 v bN' ld u ?
l rd Xu uKO 132
bI iOH p UO iH bN'
od s WHKJ qOKI _ w bN' u qOKI v WU{U qIM uD w uIH*
dG lDI WU b
ed* b* v WOHd oUM* d WOzUdNJ WUD qIM w WOzuN wUF jGC uD
WOUMB
Xu uKO 15-6 s d ju bN v lHd* bN' iH u vK u% WOd UD ?
WOUMB ed* b* u d WOzUdNJ WUD qIM ju bN uD
Xu 380 Xu 220 v iHM bN v ju* bN' iH u
iHM* bN'U pKN* e WOzu WO{ O ?
Electical Power) WOzUdNJ bI w qG qIM e d cqJA w
j b vK d?? v WDI s bMB qI
r pd w cL qGA WLO vDF qIM
dsuOM bu qGA UI WOU WFU U
WbL bu fH w u UC vL
WUD UOIqGA
se bI
bu WOU w cL qGA bI qGA c t r c bFL wN bI U
d fLO rUFK ULdJ u UC vL WOU w u w bI UO b
(W) dU uK ed WU W
WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI qJA
qJA
bI WUD se
UdJ pd w WU G bN bB c WOzUdNJ b w
UO l w WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD bF vL b e d UO
UI P dU UN edWOzUdNJ bI b?? e d wzUdNJ
WOzUdNJ bI Q Wd qL UO uI qL bN ULu bu
bNU UO d{ qU U
bN' x UO bI
P = I x V
YO
uU bI :P
dO_U UO b : I
XuHU bN' :V
WOKL bu uKOJ b pc WOKLF UIOD WU rz UNS dOG b u U0
(KW) 5d(U t ed 1000 U u bI UOI
U uU sL b V dO 5 bI UO V Xu 220 bN wzUdN s
uKOJ
q
bN UO bI 1100 = 220 5 = uU bI
uKO 1.1 = 1000 1100 = uKOJU bI
s uJ b UN dI* qOGA bN bI WOzUdNJ eN_ UHu Wu vK U q
qOu UI dbI U* qO vK UM vMO UN' t c UO WLO WdF tO ud*
bN' bI Wb UO WLO U sJ1 UN' c WUL( wzUIK lUI dNBM* UO
WOU WFU WOzUdNJ UUU WO_ UL
bI
bN
UO
qJA
U
dH t c UO b V Xu 220 bN qLF uKO 5 tb wzUdN d
q
Xu 220 bN
5000 uKO 5 bI
UO
bN bI UO
dO 22.7 = 220 5000 UO
iF w d_ WOdJ dUMF UUI* u* w d qJA WOzUdNJ bI b
s bbF w bOH dO uJ b UNMJ WOzUdNJ d_ UM* w UL bOH d( c uJ UO_
WOdJ dUMF u; Ud; u* w UL U{ uJ U0 q d_ eN_
w b* bI s dF W U P = IVwU_ bI uU V = IR uU Z sJ1
UL WF cN 5KJ UM dU qJA WUI*
WUI* UO Wb bI
WUI* UO ld bI P = I
2 V
WUI* bN' Wb bI
WUI* bN' ld bI
P V2
R
U
tb V Xu 220 bN 484 tUI wzUdN UB
484 WUI* q(
Xu 220 bN'
bI
WUI* bN' ld bI
100 = 484 (220 220) bI
WUI* w b* bI qJA
(Horse Power) UB( bI
UF w wJOUJO* UB( bu UO_ iF w WOzUdNJ UC* Ud; b vDF
c fLO q s bI UOI bu c XF{ bHP 5d(U UN ed 746
ULz UWU Ud; lOMB U w qLF U
dOJ tU WOd; c TUJ UB r Q
qI ld u i UB( UNO ZM w
746 UbI b s eM U bFLse s WUM b*
4\3 U bu UB( Q dc VUM* s
UdI uKO
(Electical Energy) WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD YO UNb s WOzUdNJ eN_ b WdF0 WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD V%
se bI WUD WUU se uKOJU bI (KWh) WU uKOJU WUD bI YO
UOI b vK lUB* UM* w WOzd lu Wu u%
kpKN* UNOK UM VU w WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD
w WOzUdNJ WUD N d_ WOzUdNJ eN_qJA
uN nOJ Wb 5 eN q WOUF bI eN_
UO( w b WFzUA eN_ iF b `{u wU b'
WOKLF
UNbI
U{ `OUB100 v 10s d WHK bI du
WOzUdNJ UJL 2000-1000
WOeML W300
WOzUdNJ WbL 2200
WOzUdNJ d_ 3000
ueHK UN 80
WOzUdNJ WUD UO UN qJA
U w WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD V UU (8) bL qLF uKO (2) UNb WOzUdN Qb
UK (30)WU uKOJ dF U UNHOUJ dH c
q
uKO (2) QbL b
UU(8) qLF s
UK (30) WU uKOJ dF
WU uKO WJKNL WUD
UK N nOUJ
se bI WUuKO WJKNL WUDWU uKO 16 = 8 2 = WU uKO WJKNL WUD
WUuKOJ dF WJKNL WUD WJKNL WUD nOUJUK 480 =16 30 WJKNL WUD nOUJ
b WKWUML UF WLKJU dH
w WOzUdNJ bI
w bI UO b
vK uU bI bI rI uKO v uU bI qu ?
? uKOJU bI bI dC v uKOJU bI qu
UF wJOUJO* UB( ?
? UB(U bI bI dC v UB(U bI qu
wU_ bI uUI mOB V
(220) bN U S dO (3) bI UO V WOeM W `D s bOK W s
uU tb V Xu
uU QbL b V dO (11)bI UO V Xu (220) bN qLF WOzUdN Qb
uKOJ
c t c UO b V Xu(220) bN qLF uKO (4) tb wzUdN U
qL
WUIL UO Wb bI wDF w WF V
uU sL b V dO(5) bI UO tO d (50) tUI wzUdN s
uKOJ
WUIL bN Wb bI wDF w WF V
UBL b V Xu (220) bN (806) tUI wzUdN UB
WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD wDF w WF V
Ue WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD UOI WOKLF bu d
WOzUdNJ WUD V UOu WU (12 bL qLF uKO (1,5) UNb WU W
UK (30) WU uKOJ dF U UNHOUJ WJKNL
b??????????????? udO uU b bN UO UqOK w uU b sJL t oU b w XE bI
UM sJu wu vK Wuu UUI b b WUI vK u w WDO WOzUdNJ
dHL uU bU UNKOK sJL w bIFL WOzUdNJ b s dOJ
UuO Ud qFbIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK WOKL dO w dD sOuI s bbF UM
bIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK udO wuU
uU rU _ uUI dF bIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK ULN UuU udO Uu rUF l{
qOBH s wA sOuUI sc dAM bNK udO uU wU uUI vL ULMOUOK udO
UOK _ udO uU w qOu dH WDI bI w WOzUdNJ UOK d uLL vK uUI c hM
d uLL uI sJL YO j uB uUI c WUO sJL dH U WOzUdNJ b
bIF fH s WU UO uL U bI WMOF WDI v WUI UOK
wuU w u??? d `KDB tuM V
UN lL w WODI uM U WOL v dOA udO
WUML U UNzUDS pwzUdN bN UO q
WU uJ Wu uJ UUN
kqJA v dE _ udO uU rNH
W pUM ULMO bIF v tL bOu u 1 UO UM
bIF fH UG 4UO 3 UO 2 UO UO
d od t bu tS bIF v 1 UO qb UbM t
d_ UH od s UGL u u
wK UL UUMJ WUF v c UMLd u
_ UO
wU UOYU UO
ld UO
_ udO uU qJA
4UO 3UO 2UO 1UO
I1 = I
2+ I
3 + I
4
I1
_ I2
_ I3_ I
4 = 0
VU bIFK UGL UO Vu bIF v qb UO Ud UM UM k
U??????????????qJA w I
3UO U WLO b
q????????????????( v UN (I
3) (I
1) UO dH
bIF UG I4 I
2 UO ULMObIF
uL UOK udO uU UMI
U bI WMOF WDI v WUI UO
bIF fH s WU UO uL
I1 = 6A I
3 = ?
I2 = 3A
I4 = 5A
qJA
I1 + I
3 = I
2 + I
4
6 + I3 = 3 + 5
I3 = 8 - 6 = 2A
bNK wU udO uU WOzUdNJ b w WIKG WIK vK wzUdNJ bN rO lOL d uLL vK uUI c hM
dH U
UUIL d{ qU d uLL uI sJL YO j uB uUI c WUO sJL
UNO WOzUdNJ WFb uIK d uLL U WOzUdNJ b w WIKG WIK w WU UO
b VOd w uQ
emf = I x R
bFuUI c oOD UM Wd U v U V
VDI v VU VDI s WUDK WOzUdNJ WFb uI U
d U UWUD w UO U s dEM iG UN VuL
UNO UO U fH uN WUIL wd sO bN
R1
V1
E1
E2
V2
R2
wU udO uU qJA
wzUdN UO WOzUdN WF u q S Vu* wb U& uWU UI U& Uc S
UU uJ p nU U q Uu uJ WU UI U& w
qJA w WMO* WIK( vK bNK udO uU oD UM
E1 - E
2 = V
1+ V
2
E1 - E
2 = I (R
1 + R
2)
U????????????qJA w WMO* b w WUI q w U* UO WLO V
R1
68
E1
12V 9VE2
R2
33
R3
22
I1
I2
I3
I3
bIF
qJA
q????????????????(bIF vK UOK udO uU oOD
I1 + I
2 = I
3
dHBdO WIK( vK bNK udO uU oOD
E1 = I
1 x R
1+ I
3 x R
3
E1 = I
1 x R
1+ (I
1 + I2) x R
3
12 =68 I
1 + 22 (I
1 +
I2)
12 =90 I
1 + 22
I2
........ (1)
dC)dHBWOU) dJ WIK( vK bNK udO uU oOD
12 - 9 = 68 I1 - 33 I
2
3 = 68 I1 - 33 I
2 ........ (2)
d{3 ? v_ WUF* dC uIM2 1 5O 5UF* q UMOK V
vK qBM 2 ? WOU WUF*
36 = 270 I1 + 66 I
2
6 = 136 - 6 I2
vK qBM 5UF* 5U lL$ r
42 = 406 I1
I1 = 0.103A
v_ WUF* w (I1) WLO s uF r
12 = 90 x 0.103 + 22 I2
I2 = 0.124A
I3 = I
1 +
I
2 = 0.103 + 0.124 = 0.227A
WK
UOK _ udO uU h d qJA w ld UO U& WLO V
bNK wU udO uU h d qJA w WMO* b w UO WLO V qJA w WMO* b w UO WLO V
I1 = 4A I
3 = 3A
I2 = 2A
I4 = ?
qJA
R1
8
12V 6V
R2
6
R3
4
R1
9V
R2
8
612V
qJA qJA
UFu*
b dUM b UNHu WOzUdNJ WUI* oU w X
WOzUdNJ b dUM s d dBM vK dF WOzUdNJ
uI wzUdN dBM u lu*U (Capacitor). wzUdNJ lu* u
wzUdN U qJ vK sA WOKL UM w WOzUdNJ WUD eU
UFu* dAM b c w mdH WOKL UM w UN
WHK* UNBzUB UNuUFu qJ
lu* VOd uN q WU U ULNMO qBH 5u 5ObF 5u s tUJ j w lu* uJ
lu* wu s u qJ qu pOdO s u UJO* pO s u XeU lA* u
tUJ j w lu* VOd WId qJA 5 qOu d
lu* VOd qJA
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b?????????????????????
w sOL S UHL bMF
V WUD uI qJA
uK vK uuL d UdJ
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s UdJ s WU WOL lb uI
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tLO b b w UO dL pc WO
bI R WOU WUIL WUu
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vK d UdJ U UL Wu
c R WU WM tODF wKH uK
luL wu sO bN d bOu v
qJA V WUD wD sO bNK UU tOu sO bN d `B v luL s dL
bN `B UbM Xu 10 luL wd vK bN `B v b w UO d dL
WUD bN luL bN sO d bu bF r t_ UO d nu WUD bN UU luL
luL kUO UHL ` sJL UuA luL tO `B c Xu w t ? qJA sO
uK s tuD t wzUdN U qJA uJ w luL wu sO uuL tM vK p bF
r bNK bBL dOB dH tb sJL b s luL qB bM VU uK v VuL
sA UO pc k d d UF v tu uF YO wzUdN qL tK bM tM mdH
luL wu sO WUF UL uu dE tH luL d dL WOU b w dL mdH
WOzUdNJ WF b tOK 5F bN oOD bM lu UNe lOD w WMA bI* UO w (Capacitance) WF
bI (F) d(U UHK ed U rUF v W UH vL bu UI (C) d(U UN ed
:WOU WFU lu* WF
uuJ We* WMA
XuH u_ 5 bN' d = UH WF
C = Q
V
lu* mdH s WOKL qJA
nF UuUM F UdJO* b qLF c b UL{ uJ U (1) tF UFu ULK WOKLF UIOD w pF UuJO
U1 10-6 F UdJO*
U 1 10-9 nF UuUM
U 1 10-12 pF UuJO
lu* w We* WUD uK v Vu* uK s tuD t wzUdN U qJ vK WOzUdNJ WUD lu* e
5 bN' d WLO ld WF WLO d{ qU l Ud lu* w We* WUD VUMVU
WOU WUF*U vDFlu* wdE = 0.5 CV2
YO
u'U WUI WUD WLO =E
UHU WUI WF =C
lu* wd 5 bN' =V
UFu* u 5OU 5L v UFu* rOI sJ1
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WLOI WU UFu* WdA q s WF b; lu* u WLOI XU lu*
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b w Wb* WLOI WU UFuLK WFzUA UJ_
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kH% WOzUOLO U0 nKG r UF WuL* nKWO UFu qJA
WOU U q s p XeU uK2 wbF U w rJ dOG wbF U w
WOu UFu* WF d bze Wu s lu* kH vK bU* u w eF
UFu* bXu 600 bF U U UNKOGA Uu UdJO 4 UuJO 3000 5
lu* Ud; w qOGA UFuL WOu
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w lu* vL WObF* u_ q q WCH s
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qOu Ud
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uK q WUM WOzUOLO U0 WFA u s WI uOMu_ bO s WU WI wKH
uK qJA dL WcG bN l lu* qOu bMF uK uOMu_ s u uOu_
U tu UF ju u tOK Vd* uOM*_ bO `B luLK Vu* VDI wKH
luLK VU VDI uKF uK u WI qJA ULMO bO
s uM c q bMF wzUOLOJ luLK Vu* VDI vK b WOHO qJA 5
d db' WOU d_ bN' WDI l Vu* dD qu WOdJ b w UFu*
WDI* WOzUOLOJ UFu* b sJ1 UL tHK UH v R wzUOLOJ lu* WOD fJ
d* UO w
sJ1 lu* wu wD u bO_ UI VOd WDI* dO WOzUOLOJ UFu* lMB
d* bN' dL* bN' UB l UFu* c b
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tHK UF UH'
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wbF u
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w lu* vL uOMu_ s b uOUM b sJ1 WOOdJ uOUM UFu U9 UN WOOdJ uOMu_ UFu s WHKJ d w uOUM lu WU( c
d( W dOG l UNF U UNL dGB uOMu_ UFu s UNdOE vK
se bM UNO d u
:(Variable capacitors) WLOI dOG* UFu* dz qJ vK UM uOMu_ s Wu `zUH s UFu* s uM c uJ
`zUH s WuL l qbU `zUHB cN `L WIdD bK qU u vK WUCO
qJA w 5 UL uN w UFu* s uM c w WUF U* uJ WU* w UN WU d
l{ V UNM WHK UF vK uB( sJ1 ud eN w UU UFu* c b
lu* WF uJ WU `zUHB l UOK b `zUHB qb UbMF iF l UNCF UNKb u_
dGB UNLO bM WF uJ UOK uH* l{u v `zUHB b UbM U vLEF UNLO bM
Ue dOG UFu qJA
b (Trimmer Capacitor) oOb jC lu rU dF dOG* UFu* s U u UM
od s U p rWuKD* WLOI j{ dG WF w WHOH dOOG b w WU( uJ UbM
jC wd WDu 5uK 5 WU* dOG
UFuLK WOMH UHu* hzUB) c r uKD* ULF rz* lu* UO UNu0 r WMOF WOM hzUB UFuLK
WF r vK WuJ UuJO UuUM UdJO*U UNM dF* luLK WOL WLOI w
lu*
dI* WOKOGA WOuH WID UON v R WLOI c U& lu* vK dLU UNDOK uL* uBI WOuH w
r UF WI pL l Ud WLOI c VUM tHK v R U2 lu* wu 5 uu* WUF
lu* r vK UNLO qO s d* dL* bNK WMU dI* WOKOGA WOuH s dOF
Wb UH ?Wu* WMU tM dF WOL WLOI s t uL* vB_ d u
d( W qUF b Wu W d( W dOG l lu* WF bI dOG u
d* UO ? W bM tM dF dI* WOKOGA WOuH jOK bM wzUdNJ UF w U dL* UO u
WMOF d
eF WUI WMOF d W bM tM dF dI* WOKOGA WOuH jOK bM wzUdNJ eF WUI w
dI se s WMOF b vK b d w qB c Wu* WMUlu* WF WLO dOG u
UFu* qOu wK UL u vK wu vK UUI* UL UFu* qu
c UF WUL WHUC TUJ wu vK 5Fu q wu vK UFu* qOu uL TUJ UF WUL tO b luL LF wu vK 5uu* 5Fu* wMF
5uK 5 WKUH WU* l UOJ UUM VUM WF U0 5Fu* w UF wUL
WOKJ WF WLO iOH v R UF WUL U S
wu vK UFu* qOu qJA
5Fu* vK WOzUdNJ WMA uJqJA w 5 u UL wu vK UFu q
5HJ* wu 5 bN' d uL UO (VT)wKJ bN' d UWU
VT = V
1 + V
2
Q
CT
= Q
C1
+ Q
C2
1
CT
= 1
C1
+ 1
C2
uKI U W&UM WUJ* WF uKI SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0
WuL* w lu dG WF s q WUJ* WF uJdHM* UFuLK WHK* UF s q
WOU WFU vDF WUJ* WF WLO uKI Swu vK UFu* s n b q
1
CT
= 1
C1
+ 1
C2
+ 1
C3
+ ...... + 1
Cn
u vK UUI* U WUF* U c t qJA WUF* cN k
U?????????????? uKD* wu vK Wuu (C
3 = 2 F) (C
2=3 F) (C
1=4 F) UFu W
WuL* cN WOKJ WF U
q????????????????(1
CT
= 1
C1
+ 1
C2
+ 1
C3
1
CT
= 1
4 +
1
3 +
1
2 =
13
12 = 0.92 F
lu* u WU WHUC TUJ u vK 5Fu qOu u vK UFu* qOu uL TUJ Wu WU tO b luL LF u vK 5uu* 5Fu* wMF c
U S lu* u WU l Ud UUM VUM WF U0 5Fu* wu wU
WOKJ WF U v R lu* u WU
u vK UFu* qJA
q wd 5 bN' d uJ WU( c wqJA w 5 u UL u vK UFu q
5Fu* wM uL* WU uJ WOKJ WOzUdNJ WMA U(VT) bB* bN' UU ULNM
QT =Q
1 + Q
2
CTV
T =C
1V
T + C
2V
T
C
T =C
1+ C
2
uL* U W&UM WUJ* WF SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0
vDF WUJ* WF WLO Su vK UFu* s n b q dH* UFu* UF d'
WFU
C
T = C
1+ C
2 + C
3 + ...... + C
n
vK Wuu* UUI* rO lL q lL& u vK Wuu* UFu* UF rO k
WH bN' WLO UNOK oD u vK Wuu* UFu* UL wu
U???????????? WOKJ WF V u vK Wuu UdJO UNM q WF UFu W
WuLLK
q????????????????(C
T = C
1+ C
2 + C
3
CT = 5 + 5 + 5 = 15F
sAK wMe XU U_ RC rU dF w UUI UFu s WuJ* WOzUdNJ b q9 U tu
Ucc* WOdJ Uu* U UCM qOJA XOu s bbFK WMU
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sA WOKL b UH* bMF qJA w UL WUI wzUdN bB WUu U lu* sA
UdI dH `B v hUM YK UO dO UO b w d1 wzUdNJ bB* s sA lu*
`B v UOb be r dH sA b bM lu* wd 5 bN' d uJ sA UN bM
sA WUN bM wzUdNJ bB* bN' UdI UU
R
Vs
Vc
Vs -V
c
C
I
se1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC
W
sA
bN vMM
UO vMM
lu* mdH s vMM qJA
sAK wMe XU bB* WOu WLO s 63.2% v WOd 5 bN' d qB v lu* sA se dF
WO WUF*U tLO vDF lu* sA wMe XUU
= RC
YO WOUU wMe XU
R_U WUI* CUHU lu* WF
WLO s 63.2% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB YOlu* s vMM qJA 5
wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WU WOM d w bB* WOu
s 63.2% v qB WM lu* wd 5 WOuH WLO be u (2RC) U iIM s bF (5) U WOM d d bF sJb U lu* s r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e'
U2bB* WOu WLO s 99.3% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB(5RC) sAK wMe XU UF{
tKLQ UuA lu* U s UMMJ1
v UOb hUMU cQ r sA WOKL b bM UO dO uJO lu* s UO WMU U
WOM d w wzb* UO s 37% v qB WM UO qI usA UN bM UdI dH `B
U iIM s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WUcJ wI* e' s d 37% v qB WM UO qI u (2RC)
U???????????? uKO(200) WUI* WLO UdJO lu* WF d qJA w
WKU uB lu* sA se lu* sA wMe XU V
q????????????????( = RC
= 200 x 10+3 x 2 x 10-6
= 0.4 S
WOU wKO 2 5 0.4 5 wMe XU sA s
mdH WOKL ? o lu s WMA mdH bM b U vK dFMUFu* s WOHO vK UMdF bF
5 sA U lu qOu r UbM tM
tM mdH lu* b WUI wd
lu* wd 5 bN' d cQ WUI*
5 u UL w vMM o UOb hUMU
wd 5 WOuH qB YOqJA w
WLO s37% UdI 36.8% v lu*
XU WLOI WU WOM d w wzb* bN'
5 bN' WLO qI u 2RC U s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN wwMe
U qJA lu* mdH r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e' s 37% v qB WM lu* wd
lu* wd 5 bN' qB 5RCsAK wMe XU UF{ 5 U WOM d d bF sJb
U qJA UdH lu* U s UMMJ1 U2 wzb* bN' WLO s 1% v
UFu* eOd WbtF w UL WLO qOGA bN WF q t WOMH UHu* lu* r vK lD
UHu* c WUJ d b U r uBI qOGA d W
UNM d( U_ tO b wL u U UNM lu* r vK
wu u U
qLA rOI c tOK WuD tUuKF uJ UFu* rEF
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cN ned b UdJO*U ULz WF uJ WF UuUMU WF wMF
VJ UO_ s dO w V d( tF rd vDF bN' V d(
b' w WMO* d( WUu lu* WF w UHWb WLO bb% r WbwU qJAU W{u d U vK WK_
p bF d r U W s uJ ed 5LO v UO s Uuu uJ lu* k
w u ud c dOH W 5L
pc 2 U S dC qUF u YU rd UuJOU WF w UO s 5L
cJ 1000 w WdC WF wMFO 3 U 100 w WdC WF wMF
se1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC
W
mdH
bN vMM
CR
lu* mdH s vMM qJA
UFu* eOd qJA
d( U 10% wMF K d(U Wb b U_ l c d(
20%wMFO M
bM qLF c bN' b% d( l w U W ULd
lu*
U???????????? p wMF UL 474K63 wU edU dR lu
q????????????????(
w lu* WF 10000 dC qUF uJO 4 u YU rd UM
UdJO 0.47 U c UuJO 47 x 10000 = 470000
10 % w WF W K u W U_ bF c d(
63 bN' U* c w bN' b K d( bF 63 ULd
UuJO 47 47 UO s 5L b$ Xu
UFu* UD WO UD_ U/ b v WOdJ WOzUdNJ b w Wb* UFu* dF b
u dBI lu* idF s b ZM b c UF UON WO UF lu* wu UB s qDF c ZM
c t uL* b( s td W UNO lHd d w tKOGA t UON WOu s vK WOuH
qB b b WCHM WUI tUI UO bM lu* wDF YO UuO UFu* UD d s qDF
dH v
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WUI tQ dBO
WuH ?wzUOLOJ luLK b UL UH td b UBH s U qDF c ZM
d( UHF 1%
G 2%
J 5%
K 10%
M 20%
N 30%
WF dOG s d WF WU( c w lu* wDF
s p ZM uK qJA q dI* tF
WOB dE s qOGA d
lu* WUI UOI qDF c UA sJ1
WF UO UN b s WU( c w b
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u_ w du X WOLd WF UO
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WK
WOU qL' qL ................................................................ UNb WOzUdN dUM UFu*
.............................................................. s tUJ j w lu* uJ w UFu* w wzUdN UF Wb* WUF u* ?
................ ................ ................ ................ ............... ................
................................................................................. WOzUdNJ WF pc b dO b UNMJ ........................... w WOzUdNJ WF UO b ?
WOU WF UO b WOKLF UIOD w b
............................ Ue ............................ ............................ Ue ............................ ............................ Ue ............................
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......................................................................... s wu lu* uJ ..................................
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luLK UF VOd `{u UODOD UL r wOdJ lu* VOd `{u UODOD UL r
dOG lu VDI* wOdJ lu* U e lu WOU UFu* u r U e
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u vK r s wu vK UdJO
V (2000) WUI d sA UdJO (7.4) tF lu sA wMe XU V WKU uB tMA se
WOU UFu* WUI UO bM UNOK uB( lu* dO_ UN d d ................................................ UdJO (40) tLO UD_ s U lu
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....................................................................................................
lu* r q lu* u s uBH td b UdJO tLO w lu ....................................................................................................
..................................................
WOU UFuLK UH W WF WLO V ............................................................... (2n2k) tL vK uJ lu .......................................................... (22M1KV) tL vK uJ lu ................................................................. (104) tL vK uJ lu ?
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WO{_ WOOUMG* vK u qO1 r{ fOUMG s U w WO{_ dJ
(N)wULA tD lI 11 UbI We _ u
lI ULWO{_ dJK wdG' wuM' VDI s dIU
dJK wdG' wULA VDI s dIU (S) wuM' tD
U* ULKF uI qJA w `{u u UL WO{_
Ud UNH u _ v uF wOUMG*
dNBM* wbF* _ VK w WOzUdN UOWO{_ WOOUMG* qJA
WKu t tS UOI dO d wOUMG VOC oK
c vK UL UdI _ u U&U UuM UL
UU& 5F w WKu XKLF WIOI(
uH s WFO WFD s U w Wb( WKu
Wd( d uJ YO dOG u vK edL jMGL*
WOOUMG* WO{_ UD_ v U dOA w UOI
WKu qJA
wOUMG* U* ?WOOUMG* U UNO dNE w fOUMG*U WDO; WIDM* u wOUMG* qI( U*
WOOUMG* uI uD w WOOUMG* uI uD wOUMG* U* qL
u ULO dOG wUL VD c c U* 5 WOL uD
fOUMGLK wOUMG* qI( WIDM w Wd( d dwOUMG* U* qJA
l{ - sJ UN sJ1 wOUMG* qI( U* qJA w WOOUMG* uI uD
tu qJA w `{u u UL UNu bb d d Ue udJ s WFD X% fOUMG
WOOUMG* uI uD d pMJ1 p bM WOOUMG* uI uD V bb( d
WOOUMG* uI uD eO2 r s WU) WOOUMG* uI uD t wuM' VDI v wULA VDI s wOUMG
VDI s UNU qLJ wOUMG* r' q U
qJA w 5 u UL wULA VDI v wuM'
w WOOUMG* uI uD Q wMF c
qHI U t UNO j q WKB uD
jMG2 VOCI WOOUMG* uI uD qJA
5 u UL UIKD lUI WOOUMG* uI uD fOUMG* r XOH - u v qJA w
lUI UH bN tKJ tuAlUI WOOUMG* uI uD qJA
WOOUMG* UD_ 5 dUM U u ZM WOOUMG* UD WOOUMG* uI uD qUH s
qJA w `{u u UL
UD WOOUMG* uI uD qUH qJA
WOOUMG* WUJ b wwOUMG U w U WDI bM wOUMG* U* u b s dF WOOUMG* WUJ
vL bu UI (B) d(U UN edld* d* WU* b d WIb* WOOUMG* uI uD
Tesla
wOUMG* iOH vL WDMG2 bb WFD w wOUMG* U* uD) wKJ uL* U
(B) WOOUMG* WUJ d{ qU u(Weber) du bu UI d(U t ed (FLUX)UNOK uL qJA wOUMG* iOH UNODG c (A) `D WU0
= B X A
U* WU vK wKJ wOUMG* iOH WL qU UFWOOUMG* WUJ U
B = A
U dF ld dd w WOOUMG* WUJ b
U?????????????? iOH WLO b 2r 20 WU wDG wK 2.5 tU dH w wOUMG U
wKJ wOUMG*
q????????????????( 2.510-3 wK 2.5 = B
A = 20cm2 = 20
10000 =2010-4m
? =
= B A
= 2.5 x 10-3 x 20 x 10-4
= 50 x 10-7 = 5 x 10-6
= 5Wb
(Permeability) WOOUMG* WUH uI uD eOd dd9 vK U* b s dF w
WUH qUF uH bb(U WOOUMG* uLK WOOUMG*
u* U WCHM WOOUMG* uI uD) UN{UF lHd
WOOUMG WUH qUF UNK pO uNU WOOUMG* dO
uNKK lHd WOOUMG* uI uD) UN{UF iHM
qUF ULMO ddM 12.57 10-7 U WUH qUF
d ddM 2400 u; bb WUH
WOOUMG* uI uD d9 qJA
UN qN_ dL* w
bb WFD XF{ S UN qN_ U* w d* qCH UN WOOUMG* uI uD hzUB s
d t lL WOOUMG* uI uD S qJA w 5 u UL fOUMG* wOUMG* qI( w
uN s qN d2 UN qJA bb( _ bb( WFD
qUF UddM12.5710-7 4 10-7 tLO 0 edU UH eO( WUH qUF* ed
WOM WUH qUF 0 UH eO( WUH qUF d{ qU WDMGL* ULK WIKD* WUH
r)wOUMG* juK
=r
0
qUF UNK WOOUMG* u* U dH WUH qUF UdI UF WUH qUF UN WOOUMG* dO u*
w b' w 5 u UL lHd WUH
WOOUMG* U*WOOUMG* ULK WOM WUH qUF0.002W/m2 U U WU bM
wOUMG* bb(200
qJOM100
78.5%s WuJ WJO
bb +21.5%qJO8000
+2%qJO 75%s WuJ WJObb +18% U +5% d
20000
WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM duE dOH WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM b
fOUMG* bI pbU WDMG* q WHK* WOOUMG*
s p dO dDK t{dF bM WOOUMG* tuI rzb
s q vK WdEM c hM WOOUMG* duE
U* w t b dOG fOUMG w WOOUMG* U*
uJ qJA w `{u UL WDMGL* dO WOOUMG*
UF YO UNMO ULO WU wzuA qJA WN c
WDMG bM UOU UOOUMG d UN dNE UOOUMG
Ud o w dD bS WOOUMG U s VOC
w UL tOd w WOOUMG* UNKB dNE t Vd
qJA
fOUMG
Wd( U&
jMG2 dO VOC
jMG2 VOC
WOOUMG* U* VOd qJA
WDMGL* dO WDMGL*
WOOUMGdNJ nA WOOUMG* UdNJ 5 bO W bu
UO d UbM t U w bO wU*_ rUF
UOOUMG U qu* c u bu qu w wzUdN
TUM ULK UO{u wK ULO qu* p qJ U ULN
u* w wzUdNJ UO d s
rOI qu w wzUdNJ UO d u bu rOI qu w wzUdN UO d UbM
tH qu* Ued dz qJA UOOUMG U qu* c
uL u w uu uJ qu* c u vK b9
UbF ULK bUqu* s UMd ULK UI qu* vK
U* uD U& Q ULK qJA w 5 u ULtM
qON q squ* w U* UO U& vK bLF qu* u
bOF U&U qu w qb UOK ed `KD rd WOKL
U) UOK ed UL U UNKb dOG b dUM s U UNKb dOG b dUM U&U qu* s
qu u U* uD qJA
wzUdN UO tO d1
dM qu w U* UOK wOUMG* U* jOD sJ1
qJA qu* c UNd udJ s WFD vK bb( d
qJA w 5 u UL uL VUM qu* s dIU U WDI bM (B) U* WU
WU* l UOJqu* c w U* (I) U?O b l Ud
u ju UM{d (r)qu* 5 UNMO WuLF
qu* s dIU U WDI bM WOOUMG* WUJ vDFdH
WFU
UOK wOUMG* U* jOD qJA
rOI qu U* wzUdNJ
B =
0I
2r
U???????????? tb UO t d1 rOI pK s 350 Ub WU vK "UM wOUMG* U* WU b
dO 20
q????????????????(
B = 12.5 x 10-7 x20
2 x 3.14 x 50 x 10-3
B = 800 x 10-6 = 800T
vMLO bO bU WOOUMG* uI uD U& bb WdF bUI c
c qJA `{u rOI qu u bu*
b9 qu* vK vMLO bO iI pQ qO YO bUI
WOI U& pbO qu* w U* UO d U&U pUN l
qu* u wOUMG* U* U& v lU_ U& bb vMLO bO bU qJA
rOI qu u wOUMG* U*
weK nK s "UM wOUMG* U* ? nK qJ vK qu w wzUdN UO d UbM
qu* c u bu qJA w 5 u UL weK
fOUMG* tM c wOUMG* U* tA UOOUMG U
U* UHK UNM w U* uD b YO rzb
s "UM wOUMG* U* tu w tA bu U uJ
rzb fOUMG*
wOUMG* U* qJA
weK nK s "UM
nK u wOUMG* U* u Ue d UMUO Ue r v_ WIdD
UHK b U WOU WIdD ed w bb VOC US r WU WIdD v R U2 qJA w 5 u UL nK*
WUHM V dO qJA wOUMG* U* u U
uD eOd v UD* bbK WFHd* WOOUMG*
wOUMG* U*
wOUMG* U* b U qJA
nK* ed w bb VK UU
WO WFU qu weK nK ed bM (B)wOUMG* U* WU vDF
UO d qJ UHK b nK* VK U* WIKD* WUH (B)wOUMG* U* WU
B = x N x I
L
YOnK* VK U* WIKD* WUH
nKLK wKJ UHK b N
d*U nK* u L
dO_U nK* UO I
U???????????? WU bdO1 nK* w U* UO WLOWH 100 tUH b d 0.1 tu weK nK
U nK* VK U* wM WUH qUF rK nK* ed bM wOUMG* U*
79.577
q????????????????(
B = x N x I
L
B =
r
0 x N x I
L
B = 79.577x12.57 x 10-7 x 100 x 1
0.1 B = 0.1 T
nKLK dO bO bU UO tO d nK WOD 5OF WdF bU UM
qJA `{u nKLK dO bO bUI dF wzUdN
vK dO bO iI pQ qO YO bUI c
U* UO Ud U&U b lU t YO nK* u
VDI vK UN l b uJ czbM nK* w
wuM' VDI u d dD uJ wULA
nK WOD 5OF vMLO bO bU qJA
wzUdN UO tO d1
wOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI ? l{ sJ wOUMG U qu* c u QAM qu w wzUdN UO d t pF d
u d qu* pd% v R 5U* 5 qUH qB d wOUMG U w qu* c
s bOF U&U wzUdN UO qu* w d qJA w `{u u UL 5OOUMG 5D 5 l{
U t% WOOUMG* uI uD nUJ U WO vK_ v d qu* S qb v dUM
nUJ U WO qH_ v qu* c d U) v dUM U&U qu* w UO U& fJ
tu WOOUMG* uI uD
wOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI qJA
dLK vMLO dO bO bU w qu vK dR* uI U& bb WdF bU UM
`{u dLK dO bO bUI dF wOUMG U
U& v vDu l dOA YO bUI c qJA
v vDu vK bUF WU l dOA qu* w UO
WU vDu vK bUF UN l U* uD U&
qu* vK dR* uI U& v
U& bb dO bO bU qJA
wOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI
qu* vK dR* uI WLO wKU vK wOUMG U w UO qL qu vK dR* uI WLO bLF
Iqu* w U* UO WLO Bqu* tO uu* wOUMG* U* WU
Lqu* u wOUMG* U* qu* 5 We
WOU WFU qu vK dR* uI WLO vDF
suOMU dR* uI
wOUMG* U* qu* 5 We VOd*Uqu* uUwOUMG* U* WUdO_U UO
F= I x B x L x Sin
dHB UNLO U900U* vK uL qu* U UN WLO vB mK uI k00wOUMG* U* uD) Uu qu* uJ UbM
U???????????? tU wOUMG U w qu* l{dO 15 bI UO qL d 0.2 tu qu
U* uD qu* s We XU qu* vK dR* uI V 0.8
300wOUMG*
q????????????????( F = I x B x L x Sin
F = 15 x 0.8 x 0.2 x Sin30
F = 15 x 0.8 x 0.2 x 0.5
F = 1.2 suO
wOUMGdNJ dOQ ed w (Electro Motive Force) WOzUdNJ WFb uI bOu b (1831) U U rUF nA UO UOI dOuUHK UN qB nK qJ vK qu0 rUF c UF bI (EMF) d_U UNO
qJA w `{u UL rz fOUMG s "U wOUMG U w nK* c d wzUdNJ
WOzUdNJ WFb uI bOu b qJA
dOuUHK' dR d wOUMG* U* uD lDI qu* d UbM t U rUF k
dR uF nK* Wd nu UbM dOQU "U qu* c w WOE( WOzUdN WF u bOu vK
fOUMG b WOM fH vK uB( sJ1 uI c vK dHB WDI v dOuUHK'
fOUMG* pd% qu* XO sJ1 UL qJA w 5 u UL rzb fOUMG* s b wzUdN
d wOUMG U vK uBK UH WDu wzUdNJ fOUMG* nK w U* UO lODI
qu* w wzUdN bN bOu wOUMGdNJ id Y( dOQU dUE c dF
5F wOUMG U 5 UNMO WO Wd u s "U
dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO vK dR* quF WO quF vKqu w dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO bLF
Bqr tO d c wOUMG* U* WU vwOm* U* uD qu* UN lDI w Wd
L qu u q wOsG* U* uD qu* UN lDI w We
uUwOUMG* U* WU WOUd*UWdXuHUWdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uIwOUMG* U* qu* 5 We VOd*Uqu*
E= V x L x B x Sin
dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& dOQU qu* w bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WOD
WOM Wd( U& vK bLF UNM "UM UO U& wUU
t lDI c U& wOUMG* U* uD qu* 5
wOUMG* U* uD qu* buLK dO vMLO bO bU qJA
WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& bb
l U w vK hM w buLK vMLO bO bU oD WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& 5OF
Q wOUMG* U* U& v dOA UN vK bUF* WU l qu* Wd U& v dOA UN
UL qu* w bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& v dOAO WU UN vK bUF j_ l
qJA w `{u u
b WK WOOUMG* w WOU_ U*
WOU UdH qL ............................................................................................................ u* w WOOUMG* u* ................................. ................................. ................................. WOOUMG* u* dN s ..................................................................................................... u* w WOOUMG* dO u* ......................... ........................... ............................. WOOUMG* dO u* vK WK_ s ......................................................................................................... b u wFOD fOUMG*
w d W WOOUMG* u* WDMG r ............................. ? ............................. ............................. ......................................................................................................... s rzb fOUMG* lMB
UL 5OOUMG 5D fOUMG qJ ............. d(U t ed ..................................... VDI ............. d(U t ed ..................................... VDI
................................... WHK* UD_ ................................ WNUA* UD_ .................................................................................. WIDM* u wOUMG* qI( U* .............................................................................................. w WOOUMG* uI uD ?
WOOUMG* uI uD eO2 r ............................................................... ............................................................... .................................. bu UI ..................................................... w WOOUMG* WUJ ............................................................................... vK u* b s dF WOOUMG* WUHM .............................................................................................. WUH qUF UN WOOUMG* u* ....................................................................................... WUH qUF UN WOOUMG* dO u*
rz fOUMGLK wOUMG* U* uD r WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM rd l d
WOOUMGdNJ UOUWOU UdH qL
................................................................................. bu qu w wzUdN UO d UbM
....................................... qJ vK rOI qu u bu* wOUMG* U* qJ uJ
.................................................................................... tA nK* tM c wOUMG* U* w W nK* tM c wOUMG* U* b U sJ1
............................. ? ............................. ............................. WOU u* u wOUMG* U* uD r wzUdNJ fOUMGLK wOUMG* U* uD r
WOU u* vK dR* uI U& b dLK vMLO bO bU bU wOUMGdNJ qd* VOd 5 UD UOO{u UL r
wOUMGdNJ dOQ UUWOU UdH qL
........................................................................................................ u wOUMGdNJ dOQ WOU quF vK dOQ bN' WLO bLF
............................. ? ............................. ............................. ............................................................. vMM l dOG* UO bu tM c UO bN' WKU r UbM U qJA w 5* dOG* UO bu nK UNM w bN' Wu vMM r ...................................................................................................................... u U* dOQ
WOKLF UIOD w U* dOQ Ub d ...................................................................................................................... u wc dOQ .................................................... YO uJ U nK w bu* wJF dOQ bN' WOD .................................................................................................................................... w WO(
UNUe Ue WO( UO b d nK* WO WLO b% w quF d
............................. ? ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ? .............................
WOzUdN UHK d U* wzUdNJ UO lD bM bu* wJF dOQ bN' UC d wJF dOQ bN' Ub b d
bI s w dO 0 v 10 s nK* c w U* UO UN dM 3 tO mK nK nK* w bu* dOQ bN' WLO V WOU 0.005 WOU wKO 5
UM* UOK WOU_ U*
UM* UO dAM b c w (DC) dL* UO l wOz qJA UMKUF WIU b w
UM* UO bu s WOOz uB tOK qB clUB* uO w ULF lzUA (AC)
tBzUB UdL* UO s UO c eO1 c ULUdNJ Wd WDK bzUF
gUMUM* UO bOu WOHO eO2 hzUB 5M U c vK b c w VO$
uD d d q t WIKF* WOU_ rOUH*
dL* UO s UM* UO eO1 c U
WOU UIM w dL* UO s UM* UO nK
dLL bN bB WOD U V p se dL U WLOI XU dLL UO
qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO U U XU dLL UO qJA
jI b U& w d dL* UO qJA
fJFM UML bN bB wd WOD qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO U
dLU dOG UML bN UOK WOEK WLOI UL VU VuL sO qJA
d sOL tUd U fJF UdNJ Wd WDK t Ue c UML UO se l
bu WOU w
b?????????????????????
qJA tUd U& fJF UM* UO qJA
uI w WOdJ bOu dLL UO bu UUD s dLL UO vK qB
bu s WOOz uB tOK qBM UML UO U dL UO v UF UML UO qu
UML UO bOu WOHO UI dAM UdNJ Wd WDK bzUF UML UO
b WuN p UML bN iH ld WOOUMGdNJ uL b sJL
v dF d v u s dLL UO qu eN bF U bI w dzU
U WLE w UML UO UL v c wOzd V u c UHJ WCHM bIF
rUF U lOL w WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI
( Waveforms ) WOu* UJ_ wu* qJA se d0 UO bN' WLO w dOG j/ 5 wUO r s U wu* qJA
b WDu dL* bN' UOK wu* qJA UM sJ1 rOI j s U dL* bN' UOK
bM Wd d UNH rOI bM bN' UO UUO qO UML S qJA w WMO* WDO
qJA w 5 u UL rOI j vK qB u se l bN' UO 5 WF vMM r
dL* bN' UOK wu* qJA qJA
WUI* d UO lODI UH UMb U
dL UO Wu vK qB u rEM qJA
qJA w 5 u UL WOC
w Ub$ w Uu* UJ s bbF UM
Wu* u_ pK 5 sWOzUdNJ b
s uJ w bIF* Uu* UC UM UCM UAM* s Wu WK* Wu* WFd* Wu*WOO'
WHK d bM UuJ* s bbF
UuLK WFzUA UJ_ qJA
UM* UO bOu
bOu dU vK tKL b w UM* UO bu bLF
w d qu w W&UM WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI
w 5* jO UM* UO bu uJ wOUMG U
5D 5 u u WU Wd b nK s qJA
ULNOK 5OU e wIK tOUN XK 5OOUMG
U YO 5IK( 5U vK UIeM udJ s UUd
qL 5UdH l WOU WUI XK ULbK WU
tHB d WU UI U&U U b UbMF bK
ULMO wuM' VDI s dIU U* w qH_ v _
5HBM b w dOQU bu* bN' S cN wULA VDI s dIU vK_ v d tHB d
v R bN' c wu vK 5UD XK u UL UU9 d nBM w dOQU bu* bN' rb
WOudJ dH e wIK d qL( WUI w wzUdN UO ob
sewC dL UOwCM dL* UO qJA
jO UM* UO bu qJA
tU{ w WKU eM u U nK* Wd lU pOK bN' c bOu r nO d wJ
WHK*
90-0 l{u U* uD nK* u 5 dH We uJ UbM
wOUMG* U* uD) Wu nK* d Wd uJ
WEK c w dOQ bN UM uJ UNFDI
wOUMG* U* uD lDI b v nK* b U
v qB v UHU bN' c b dOQ bN tO buO
s b d nK* lDI YO W (90) We bM vLEF tLO
qJA w `{u u UL uL qJA U* uD
180 - 90 l{u bN' b W (90)s b W be UbM
UbM U* uD s q b lDI nK* _ UHU
d dH bu* dOQ bN' `B W (180) We qB
5 UL wOUMG* U* uD) Uu d nK* _ WOU
qJA w
270-180 l{u ? bN' b W(180) s b W be UbM
c w sJ WOU d U* uD lDI t_ UHU
WMU tOd U& UJF V nK* tOD fJFM WEK
bM rE_ VU bN' qJA wOUMG* U* uD)
U* uD lDI WDIM c w nK* _ W (270) We
uL qJA
360 - 270 l{u ? b b UNO b w WDIM u nK* t UbM
5* bN' vMM vb dHB u WOU UHU bN'
WOO Wu qJA YO WOO Wu rU (36) qJA w
nKLK WKU q bM b
qJA
qJA
qJA
qJA
bOu uI dOG UO u UdNJ Wd s lUB* U?M* qB c UF wzUdNJ UO
WOU q w WOO Wu (50) bu wUU bu WOU w d (50) bF0 b dO WOzUdN bu
WMe U W bu WDu WOzUdNJ WUD UD w UM* UO bOu r
td - U2 bOIF d WIOI( w bu* c uJ Generator Three-Phase Synchronous w 5D s d b UL wzUdN fOUMG0 rzb fOUMG* b UHK* s d b b
WOO Wu qJ UNK b UM* UO bu bB* ed db c d; Wd V bu*
UOE( dOG tOD WOD t b% Ud UNM d
Frequency d mK v dHB s beU b YO WOEK UNLOI U dOG qLA UO bNK WKUJ Wu*
mK v fUF* U& w beU b p bF dHB v uF v hUM r Vu* vK_ b(
d l WLEM uB jLM c dJ d d dHB v qB v hUM r VU vK_ Ub
UI(f) d(U dK ed( Frequency ) d b WOU w bu* Uu* b vL se
( Hz) .d(U UN ed edO vL bu
nB w 25 qLJ qJA w WMO* WOO' Wu*
U Ud S wUU bu WOU w 50 WOU
rEF U w qLF* UM* UO d edO 50
d qLF b* Uu U edO 50 U rUF
tU t q UOzuA d c q UO sJ r edO
uI dO d bF t b; WLOI s d UH
UbM 5FK WuK uB UFDI u{ wDF wKOH UB*
UO qI w Wb* _ WUI UH v R d UH UL edO 40 v d iHM
UM*
Wu 25
WOU nB
qJA
0 90 180 270 360
WOO WuL
WKU b
WOO' Wu* qJA
edON UHUC b c b WOU d b UB ueHK ud U w
WO
edO 1000 (KHz) edO uKO
edO 1000,000 = (MHz) edO UGO
edO 1000,000,000 (GHz) edO UO
d(U UN ed b se r