471D.E. Walter and H.C. Proctor, Mites: Ecology, Evolution & Behaviour: Life at a Microscale, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7164-2, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

A Abacarus hystrix , 323 Aboveground , 161, 163, 167, 183, 209,

320, 321 Åbro, A. , 364, 395 Abyssal habitat , 231 Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris , 296 Acaridae , 110, 118–120, 130, 133, 136, 233,

234, 236, 244, 254, 315, 354 Acariformes , 2, 5, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 39,

41–43, 50–55, 57, 65, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 97, 98, 116, 150, 187, 284, 353–355, 382, 439, 455

Acarinaria , 343, 370–373 Acarinomorpha , 32 Acarodomatium, Acarodomatia , 304–306, 308 Acarology Summer Program , 39 Acaromorpha , 32 Acaronemus , 316 Acarophagy , 199, 202–206 Acarophenacidae , 367, 454, 455 Acarophenax , 82, 407

A. mahunkai , 88 Acarophobia , 423 Acarus , 170, 351, 374

A. siro , 120 Accumulation curves , 450, 451 Aceria

A. chondrillae , 324 A. lantanae , 324

Acevedo, H.A. , 374 Achipteriidae , 317 Aclerogamasus stenocornis , 27 Acremonium zonatum , 293 Actinopilin , 52 Actinotrichida , 27, 32, 39, 40, 52

Aculops allotrichus , 123 Aculus fockeui , 123 Adactylidium , 367, 407 Adamystidae , 59, 123, 187, 200, 298 Adanal suckers , 119, 130 Adaptationist explanation , 305 Adar, E. , 303 Addington, R.N. , 170 Adelges tsugae , 318 Adelomyrmex , 204 Adhaesozetes polyphyllos , 313, 314 Adlerocystis , 126 Adoxaceae , 307 Aedeagus , 43, 108, 118–120, 141, 150, 256 Aeschlimann, A. , 395 Africa , 32, 43, 46, 83, 87, 204, 236, 292,

297, 317 Afrocypholaelaps , 297 Afrolinotus , 292 Agaonidae , 295 Agistemus

A. exsertus , 299 A. longisetus , 311 A. olivi , 300

Alasaad, S. , 405 Alaskozetes antarcticus , 171 Alberta , 28, 162, 170, 210, 242, 268, 285,

294, 450, 456, 457 Alberti, G. , 40, 110–112, 114, 116 Alces alces , 204 Algae , 27, 52, 84, 105, 171, 172, 174–176,

178, 180, 182–185, 232–234, 236, 239, 243, 253, 283, 284, 287, 288, 298, 309, 315, 317, 318, 387

Algophagidae , 233, 234, 236, 244, 254 Algophagus pennsylvanicus , 244

Index

472

Alicorhagia fragilis , 59, 78 Alicorhagiidae , 59 Alismobates inexpectatus , 234 Allergens , 375, 424 Allochaetophora , 292 Allochaetophoridae , 292 Allodynerus delphinalis , 373 Allometry , 91 Allothrombium

A. lerouxi , 120 A. pulvinum , 357, 397

Allothyridae , 45, 46, 48, 198 Allothyrus , 45, 144, 198, 199 Alycosmesis corallium , 87 Alycus roseus , 77 Amber , 8, 27, 28, 118, 282, 283, 299, 355 Amblypygida , 23, 80 Amblyseius , 114, 302

A. swirskii , 303 Ambush predator , 25, 41, 63, 188, 193, 194,

200, 298, 299 Amensalism , 342, 345 Ameronothridae , 233, 234, 236, 317 Ameroseiidae , 128, 139, 296, 297, 318, 319 Amphibia , 108 Amphipoda , 22, 24, 180, 353 Amphitoky , 144 Amplifying host , 426 Amrine, J.W. Jr. , 285 Anactinotrichida , 27, 32, 39, 40 Analges , 383, 405, 406 Analgidae , 383, 386, 405 Analgoidea , 439 Anamorphosis , 80 Ancistrocerus antilope , 371, 393 André, H.M. , 81 Androlaelaps

A. casalis , 429 Androlaelaps ( =Gromphadorholaelaps )

schaeferi , 360 Andropolymorphism , 133 Anecic Group , 210 Anisitsiellidae , 236, 248 Anisogamy , 105 Anobium punctatum , 432 Anoplocephalid tapeworm , 204 Anoplopalpus , 292 Antarctica , 87, 164, 170–177, 288, 365 Antarcticola , 172 Antarctic Peninsula , 171, 172, 176 Antarctozetes , 172 Antennolaelaps , 51

A. aremenae , 115 Antennophorina , 42, 112, 113

Antennophorus , 360 Antennoseius , 358

A. janus , 194, 197, 357, 359 Anthocoridae , 141, 440 Antricola

A. delacruzi , 349 A. marginatus , 71

Antrodiaetus pacifi cus , 19, 22 Anystidae , 59, 133, 187, 190, 193, 282, 298,

431, 439 Anystides , 41 Anystina , 59, 78, 122, 187, 259 Apoderm , 77, 80, 81 Apoidea , 405, 454 Apomorphies , 15 Aporrectodea , 210 Aposematism, Aposematic , 206, 258 Apotriophtydeus , 172 Arachnid , 6, 11, 21–35, 40, 47, 61, 69, 79, 89,

110, 230, 241, 243 origin of , 22–25

Arachnida , 5, 11, 20–22, 24, 29, 34, 39, 40, 110

Archaeacarus dubinini , 26 Archegozetes longisetosus , 71, 79 Archispermy , 111 Arctic , 164 Argasidae , 43, 44, 76, 110, 111, 126, 343,

349, 439 Argyroneta aquatica , 230, 256 Aribates javensis , 353, 361 Aribatidae , 353, 361 Arlian, L.G. , 375, 379, 395 Armascirus , 191 Armoured mite , 62, 201–204, 206, 283 Army ants , 343, 361 Arnold, E.N. , 388, 389 Arnold, S.J. , 137 Arrenuroidea , 235, 363 Arrenurus

A. angustilimbatus , 350 A. fi ssicornis , 363 A. manubriator , 139, 149, 270 A. rufopyriformis , 350

Arrhenotokous parthenogenesis , 74 Arrhenotoky , 144, 147, 148, 151, 180 Arthropod-borne disease , 424, 426 Arthropod-caused disease , 424 Asca

A. aphidioides , 146 A. foliata , 300

Ascidae , 49, 79, 90, 186, 187, 233, 241, 300, 344, 357

Ascouracaridae , 385

Index

473

Asia , 46, 297, 434 Astacopsiphagus parasiticus , 237, 253 Asteraeceae , 323 Astigmata , 41, 52, 53, 74, 80, 81, 89, 91, 94,

95, 97, 110, 118–120, 129, 130, 133, 136, 141, 144, 149–151, 170, 178, 180, 199, 202, 230, 233, 234, 236, 241, 243–244, 260, 263, 315, 318, 320, 346, 348, 352, 354, 357–359, 371, 374–376, 378, 381, 382, 387, 405, 439, 455, 456, 466

Asymmetry , 120, 133, 395, 400, 401, 408 Athias-Binche, F. , 348, 349, 355, 359, 360,

372, 406, 407 Athiasella dentata , 115 Athiasiella , 50 Aturidae , 54, 251 Atyeo, W.T. , 133, 343, 381, 382, 384, 385,

395, 404 Audycoptidae , 377, 404 Australia , 7, 22, 45, 46, 87, 88, 97, 236, 237,

253, 271, 287, 291, 297, 300, 304, 308, 310, 311, 314, 318, 323, 324, 431, 433, 434, 437, 438, 451–453, 458

Australian Corroboree Frog , 205 Austromesocypris , 24 Autapomorphy , 17, 118 Autotomy , 199–202 Axtell, R.C. , 359

B Babesiosis , 437 Bader, C. , 83 Bagge, P. , 270 Baker, G.T. , 233 Baker, R.A. , 242, 252, 344 Baker, R.L. , 396, 397 Baker’s itch , 439 Balaustium , 144, 299, 349

B. medicagoense , 284 Bark beetles , 96, 147, 368 Barklouse , 194 Barr, D.W. , 110, 264, 265 Bartlett, J. , 1 Bartsch, I. , 233, 237, 253, 343 Bathyhalacarus quadricornis , 240 Batrachoceps attenuates , 205 Bats , 43, 71, 91, 297, 343, 344, 349, 365, 366,

373, 374, 376, 377 Bauer, A.M. , 388, 389 Bdellidae , 54, 58, 59, 70, 122, 187, 193,

231, 298 Bedbugs , 108, 141, 381

Bee , 54, 297, 344, 345, 349, 367, 368, 370, 390, 402, 407, 408, 450, 454, 455

Beetle , 6, 27, 41, 70, 147, 164, 229, 281, 342, 431, 448, 461

Behan-Pelletier, M. , 232 Beklemishevia , 200 Belgica antarctica , 171 Belier, R. , 246 Belowground , 161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 182,

183, 321 Benson, W.W. , 308 Bergman, D. , 391, 402 Berlese funnel , 162, 168 Biesiadka, E. , 250 Big bud mite , 285 Bimorph , 133, 134 Binns, E.S. , 358, 359 Bioindicator , 209, 266, 447, 464 Biomonitoring , 271, 464 Biramous , 18 Birds , 5, 41, 83, 108, 170, 260, 296, 343, 424,

447, 465 Birefringent setae , 40 Birobates hepaticolus , 317 Bitumen paint , 309, 311 Bivalve , 22, 82, 132, 251 Black fl ies , 356, 363, 365, 395, 396, 439 Blanco, G. , 384 Blattisociidae , 58, 79, 128, 186, 232, 237, 296,

300, 318, 319, 348, 353, 359 Blattisocius tarsalis , 348, 359 Blister mite , 285 Blue oat mite , 287, 288 Bochkov, A.V. , 346, 405 Body size , 72, 73, 84, 87, 88, 91–92, 97, 98,

107, 130, 136, 137, 165, 177, 205–208, 250, 392, 447, 452, 453, 467

Bohonak, A.J. , 351 Bolus, Boli , 61, 62, 179 Bonn, A. , 395, 401 Bonomoia opuntiae , 77 Book lungs , 19, 21, 25, 26, 29–31, 241 Booth, J.P. , 365 Borrelia

B. burgdorferi , 436 B. miyamotoi , 436

Böttger, K. , 260, 264, 265, 351, 396 Boulton, A. , 269 Bovidromus , 124 Boyt, A.D. , 396 Brachychthoniidae , 87 Bracket fungi , 318, 319 Brackish water habitat , 237 Braddy, S.J. , 107

Index

474

Bradyagaue , 240, 253 Brenddandania lambi , 359 Brevipalpus phoenicis , 144 Brevisterna utahensis , 377 Bright colour (of mites) , 206 Brightness (of host colouration) , 258 Broadcast spawning , 107 Broad mite , 41, 88, 130, 303, 316 Brooding , 71, 107 Brooks, D.R. , 402 Brossard, M. , 391 Brown, W.L. , 230, 233 Bruce, W.A. , 367 Bruguiera gymnorhiza , 296 Bruyndonckx, N. , 405 Bryobia , 183 Bryophyte , 172, 184, 284, 287, 317, 463 Bryosphere , 184, 463 Bryum argenteum , 184 Bud mite , 55, 285 Bulmer, M.G. , 147 Buphagus , 204 Burgess Shale , 15 Burley, N. , 399 Bursa copulatrix , 118 Burtt, E.H. Jr. , 379, 392 Burying beetles , 369, 395, 467 Butterfl ies , 7, 297, 299, 365 Butterwort , 313

C Cactoblastis , 323 Caeculidae , 187, 191, 200, 248 Caenorhabditis elegans , 91, 145 Calcium compounds , 52 California , 177, 205, 207, 292, 321, 322 Callaghan, C. , 233 Calyptostase , 77, 82, 84 Cambrian , 20 Cambrian explosion , 11–15 Camel spider , 23, 34 Camerobiidae , 28, 59 Cameron, E.K. , 210 Caminella peraphora , 111, 232, 237 Camin, J.H. , 343 Camisia biverrucata , 53 Camisiidae , 231, 233, 238, 283, 317 Campbell, K.U. , 390 Campodeid , 202 Canestriniidae , 354 Canis latrans , 426 Capitulum , 3, 4, 27, 29, 32, 48, 66

Capsicum annuum , 307 Carabodidae , 317 Carapace , 5, 6, 18, 19, 25, 42, 200, 247 Carbonifereous , 25, 26, 28, 34, 179 Cardinium , 146, 466 Carinozetes bermudensis , 234 Carotenoid(s) , 62, 259, 260, 287, 298, 301 Carotenoid pigments , 259, 287, 298 Carpenter bees , 370 Carpoglyphidae , 354 Carpoglyphus , 374 Carrier , 70, 94–98, 197, 345, 355, 369,

394, 424 phoretic , 94, 197, 297

Cassis, G. , 142 Celaenopsoidea , 58, 111, 113 Centipedes , 42, 202, 229, 253 Central America , 46 Cephalothorax , 19 Ceratopogoindae , 264, 396, 437, 439 Ceratotarsonemus , 317 Cercomegistidae , 318, 353 Cercomegistina , 42 Cerotegument , 62–64, 200, 203, 313 Chaetodactylidae , 354, 405 Chant, D.A. , 85 Chapman, B.R. , 395, 396 Chapman, R.F. , 141 Character state , 17, 29, 30, 50, 63 Charletonia , 282, 299 Chasmataspidida , 20 Chaussieria venustissima , 78 Cheese mite , 439, 442, 456 Cheiroseius , 232, 236, 243 Chelate-dentate , 55–57, 64–66, 283, 302, 378 Chelate palps , 244 Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum , 380 Chelicera, Chelicerae , 3, 5, 19, 20, 22, 25,

27–29, 32–34, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, 55–57, 59–61, 64–66, 71, 72, 77, 78, 111–113, 115, 126, 131, 132, 134, 142, 180–182, 186, 188, 191–194, 202, 203, 243, 244, 247–249, 253, 283, 284, 290, 302, 303, 347, 353, 358, 363, 364, 373, 377, 378, 380, 386, 449, 465

Chelicerata , 3, 5, 11, 15–19, 24, 30, 80 Cheyletidae , 54, 59, 71, 123, 130, 133, 282,

293, 298, 299, 312, 343, 354, 380, 432 Cheyletiella

C. blakei , 432 C. parasitivorax , 432 C.yasguri , 432

Cheyletiellosis , 432, 433

Index

475

Cheyletinae , 187 Cheyletus eruditus , 71 Chigger , 41, 54, 55, 75, 260, 362, 364, 381,

387–389, 402, 433–436, 442, 443, 456, 465

Chigger-borne Rickettsiosis , 434 Chihuahuan desert , 187 Chile , 323 Chilean Predatory Mite , 301–304, 323 Chilli Pepper , 307 Chilli Thrips , 303 Chilochorus , 96 Chipmunk , 426, 427 Chirodiscidae , 129, 378 Chironomidae , 403 Chiroptera , 405 Chirorhynchobiidae , 376 Chitons , 253 Chloride epithelia , 254 Choe, J.C. , 386 Chondrilla juncea , 323 Chromotydaeus , 185 Chrysomelobia labidomerae , 402 Cianciolo, B. , 146 Cicolani, B. , 270 Cimicidae , 141, 439 Cinnamomum camphora , 308 Cladocera, Cladocerans , 245, 247, 248, 250,

251, 262, 269 Cladogram , 16, 17, 406, 407 Claparède’s organs , 42 Clark, L. , 392, 395, 396 Clausiadinychus , 49 Clayton, D.H. , 387, 392, 396, 402 Cleptotoxin , 206 Cloacaridae , 343, 381, 388 Cloacas , 381, 448 Clutch-coat (of water mite eggs) , 249 Coadaptation , 401–403, 408 Cocaine bugs , 442 Coccinellid beetle , 320, 323, 355 Coccoidea , 308 Coccorhagidia , 172 Cockroaches , 354, 369, 404, 456 Coevolution , 341, 389, 401–403 Coffea arabica , 308 Coleoptera , 262, 271, 362, 405, 449 Coleoscirus simplex , 190, 196 Collembola , 109, 117, 139, 170 Collins, N. C. , 350 Collohmannia gigantea , 117, 150 Collohmanniidae , 117 Colobocerasides , 240

Colwell, R.K. , 135, 147, 344, 396 Commensalism , 342, 345, 360–361 Comminution , 61, 179, 180 Competition , 106, 120, 128–138, 143, 147,

149–151, 163, 177, 178, 194, 207, 252, 342, 345, 372, 394, 396, 466

Complementarity , 450–452 Complete dissociation , 109, 150 Compton, G.L. , 111 Coniopterygidae , 202 Conroy, J.C. , 268 Convergence , 17, 20, 32, 236 Cook, D.R. , 233, 237–239, 268, 362, 363 Cook, W.J. , 72 Copepod , 23, 24, 121, 139, 182, 245–248,

250, 253, 259, 263, 346 Copepoda , 23 Cope’s rule , 26 Copidognathus , 253

C. alvinus , 240 Coprophagy , 179, 349 Copulation , 107, 108, 116, 119, 122, 126, 130,

136, 138, 140–142, 150, 252, 256, 295, 394, 395, 400

Copulatory pore , 109, 115, 118, 466 Coqui , 206 Corniculus, Corniculi , 45, 51, 56–58, 303 Correa , 296 Cosmochthonius , 200, 201, 375 Cospeciation , 402–409 Costa Rica , 308, 310 Costa Rican Strawberry Poison Frog , 205 Couplet , 63 Cowan, D.P. , 343, 371, 393 Coxa, Coxae , 18, 29, 40, 42, 43, 47, 48, 50,

61, 64–66, 72, 111, 115, 118, 254, 437 Coyote , 426 Crabs , 3, 20, 21, 23, 25, 30, 32, 56, 61, 107,

231, 240, 353, 355 Crayfi sh , 24, 233, 237, 251, 253, 254,

354, 363 Cretaceous , 8, 27, 28, 35, 283 Creutzeria , 130, 263 Cronberg, N. , 184 Cross, E.A. , 358 Crotoniidae , 283, 317 Crotonioidea , 315 Crowell, R.M. , 351 Crustacean , 3, 5, 15, 22–24, 82, 118, 164, 180,

242, 244–248, 263, 408 Crustose lichen , 317 Crustose scabies , 428, 429 Cryptic female choice , 138, 140

Index

476

Cryptobiosis , 187 Cryptocarya , 307 Cryptocellus , 23, 47 Cryptognathidae , 54, 293 Cryptopygus antarcticus , 173, 174 Cryptostigmata , 52, 241 Cryptozoic , 168 Cuckoos , 384 Cucullus , 32 Culicidae , 393 Cummins, K.W. , 178 Cunaxa , 188, 191 Cunaxidae , 54, 58, 59, 187, 188, 193, 245,

298, 299, 312 Cunaxinae , 191, 298, 299 Cunliffe, F. , 393 Cupania vernalis , 308 Cupp, J.K. , 257 Currier, R.W. , 426 Cybaeidae , 230 Cymbaeremaeoidea , 315 Cyphophthalmi , 31 Cyr, H. , 268 Cyta latirostris , 193, 202 Czenspinskia , 315

C. transversostriata , 315

D Dabert, M. , 150 Dactyloscirus , 191 Daidalotarsonemus , 317 Damaeidae , 71, 317 Damaeus verticillipes , 71 Damselfl ies , 72, 391, 393, 395–397, 400,

401, 404 Daphnia , 245–249 Darolova, A. , 399 Darwin, C. , 106, 128 Dauer larva , 186, 197 Davids, C. , 132, 246–250, 260, 363, 365 Davies, D.M. , 397 Davis, M.D.P. , 322 Dead-end host , 424, 431 Decapoda , 24 Deer , 136, 169, 426, 427, 437 Deer mice , 424, 427 Deer Tick Virus , 437 de Jong, D. , 396 Delfi nado-Baker, M. , 402 Del Giudice, P. , 432 Delusions of parasitosis , 438 Delusory parasitosis (DP) , 440, 442, 443

Demodex D. brevis , 343, 377, 443 D. follicularis , 377 D. folliculorum , 343, 377, 443

Demodicidae , 87, 343, 376, 377, 406, 409, 443

Dendrobates pumilio , 205 Dendrobatidae , 206 Dendrolaelaps

D. fossilis , 27 D. neodisetus , 368

Dendroptus , 316 Dermacentor

D. albipictus , 204 D. andersoni , 436

Dermanyssiae , 27, 42, 50, 57, 58, 73, 94, 98, 111–113, 115, 142, 357, 455

Dermanyssidae , 133, 343, 360, 379, 380, 392, 406, 429, 430, 439

Dermanyssoidea , 48, 73, 429–431, 439, 465 Dermanyssus

D. gallinae , 379, 380, 396, 430 D. hirundinis , 379, 380, 399

Dermatitis , 343, 425, 427, 430, 432, 433, 443 Dermatophagoides

D. evansi , 290, 322, 380 D. farinae , 53, 375, 424 D. pteronyssinus , 375

Dermicoles , 382 Desmonomata , 150 Desmonomatides , 41 Detritivore , 8, 27, 52, 162, 163, 169, 178–181,

211, 320, 463 Detritus , 24, 48, 62, 63, 70, 162, 164,

171–173, 176, 179, 182, 184, 200, 243, 244, 282, 290, 315, 316, 375, 377, 380, 387

Deuterocerebrum , 15 Deuteroky , 144 Deutonymph , 27, 30, 41, 42, 59, 64, 74–76,

81–83, 94–98, 129, 131, 136, 182, 239, 251, 252, 292, 301, 320, 347, 348, 351, 352, 354–359, 369, 371, 372, 380, 390, 394, 450

Developmental rate , 84–86, 88–92, 98, 467 Devonacarus sellnicki , 26 Devonian , 20, 25–27, 33, 34, 41, 56, 199 Dew-worm , 210 Diabetes mellitus , 442 Diapterobates , 318

D. humeralis , 318 Dicamaralges dasybrachius , 135 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) , 300

Index

477

Dichotomous key , 39, 62, 63 Dichotomy , 15–18, 186, 196, 423 Dicrocheles

D. phalaenodectes , 365, 366 D. scedastes , 366

Digamasellidae , 79, 94, 133, 282, 318, 357 Digestion , 3, 61–62, 66, 179, 205, 243,

247, 253 Dimock, R.V. , 132, 252 Dinogamasus braunsi , 370, 371 Dinothrombium

D. magnifi cum , 259 D. tinctorium , 86

Diphyletic , 30, 288 Diplodiploid , 144, 149, 180, 197 Diplodontus , 239

D. semiperforatus , 254 Dipluran , 202 Diptilomiopidae , 284 Direct sperm transfer , 50, 108, 110, 116,

118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 128, 150, 252, 256, 257

Di Sabatino, A. , 270 Discozerconidae , 113, 353 Disease , 3, 35, 44, 143, 176, 185, 244, 286,

292, 295–297, 312, 317, 320, 324, 341, 368, 378, 395, 423–443, 461, 465, 466

Dispersal , 59, 60, 62, 81, 92–98, 147, 169, 182, 210, 269, 350–352, 354–360, 367, 385, 394, 436, 449, 450, 463

Dissociation (sperm transfer) , 108–109 Dockovdia cookarum , 251 Dolichocybe , 82 Domatia blocking , 309 Dometorina , 317 Domrow, R. , 343, 395 Donnelly, M.A. , 206, 260 Downing, J.A. , 268 Drosophila nigrospiracula , 465 Dubinin, V.B. , 120, 384 Dubininia melopsittaci , 383 Duckweed , 293, 294 Duffy, D.C. , 395 Dufour, K.W. , 401 Dunlop, J.A. , 33, 40, 107 Durden, L.A. , 380, 426 Dust mite , 53, 375, 380

E Eamer, B. , 232 Earth mite , 287, 288 Earthworm , 210

Eastern spinebills , 296 Ebbert, M.A. , 148 Eberhard, W.G. , 124, 138–140 Ecdysis , 11, 363 Echinolaelaps echidninus , 377 Eciton , 361

E.burchellii , 361 Ectoparasite , 124, 253, 392 Ectospermatophore , 115, 125, 126 Ectosymbiosis , 96 Edwards, D.D. , 132, 139 Edwardzetes , 172 Eggs , 16, 69, 105, 171, 230, 282, 344, 426,

456, 466 Egg size , 72–74 Ehrlich, P.R. , 401 Ehrlichiosis , 437 Eichhornia crassipes , 293 Eickwort, G.C. , 360, 367, 368, 395, 402,

403, 408 Ejaculatory complex , 110, 116 Ekbom’s Syndrome , 441, 443 Elaeocarpaceae , 309 Elaeocarpus angustifolius , 306, 309 Eleutherengonides , 41 Eleutherodactylus coqui , 206 Ellatostase , 78, 79 Ellis-Adam, A.C. , 246–248, 365 Elton, C.S. , 249, 257, 260 Elzinga, R.J. , 343 Emerging disease , 426 Enarthronota , 26 Enarthronotides , 41, 199 Encentridophorus similis , 250 Enchytraeid , 183 Endeostigmata , 27, 41, 52, 53, 59, 77, 79–81,

144, 172, 182, 187, 198, 450, 455, 456 Endofollicular hypopi/hypopodes , 348 Endogeic Group , 210 Endogynum , 112 Endospermatophore , 115, 116, 120, 125, 126 Engorgement , 43, 44, 350, 351, 397, 398 Enicocephalidae , 202 Enigma of soil biodiversity , 161–163 Entomogenous nematode , 197 Entomophilous hypopi/hypopodes , 358 Environmental indicators , 208–211, 266–271 Environmental irritants , 423, 432, 440, 442 Eotarbus jerami , 25 Eotetranychus , 93

E. willamettei , 322 Ephemeroptera , 271, 362 Epicorticolous , 317

Index

478

Epicriidae , 60, 111 Epicroseius , 50, 319 Epidermoptidae , 135, 385, 405 Epigeic Group , 210 Epimyodicidae , 381 Epiphyll , 309, 317 Epiphyte , 165, 282, 315, 317, 382 Epistome , 61 Eremaeidae , 317 Ereynetes , 172, 357, 395

E. macquariensis , 172, 176 Erginulus clavotibialis , 77 Eriksson, M.O.G. , 257, 262, 270 Erineum, Erinea , 283 Erinose mite , 55, 281, 284–287 Eriophyidae , 54, 59, 123, 130, 131, 284, 294 Eriophyioidea , 282 Eriorhynchidae , 185, 287, 288 Eriorhynchus , 185, 288

E.walteri , 287, 288, 319 Ernst, H. , 230 Erogalumna zeucta , 117 Erwin, T. , 6, 281 Erythraeoidea , 187, 193 Eschar , 434, 435 Estimates , 451 Euchelicerata , 15, 20, 31 Euepicrius fi lamentosus , 115 Eueremaeus , 317 Eumeninae (Vespidae) , 371 Eupalopsellidae , 188 Eupelops , 181 Eupodes , 172, 198, 287 Eupodidae , 59, 181, 199, 287 Eupodides , 41 Eupodina , 59, 79, 122, 456 Eupodoidea , 284, 287 Euproops danae , 20 Euroglyphus maynei , 375 Europe , 46, 317, 323, 324, 362, 387, 433, 441 Eurypterid , 20, 24, 25, 32, 107, 240 Eurypterida , 4, 12, 20–24 Euseius , 303

E. elinae , 311 Eustigmaeus frigida , 294 Eutrombicula , 433 Evans, G.O. , 109, 120 Eviphididae , 187, 353 Excretion , 61–62, 66, 394 Exoskeleton , 11, 41, 62, 234 External fertilisation , 106, 107 Extraguild predation , 178

Exuviae , 12, 74, 176, 182, 200, 364, 375, 397 Eylaidae , 121, 236, 239, 245, 246, 249, 254,

264, 265, 350, 351 Eylaioidea , 235, 363 Eylais

E.euryhalina , 391 E.infundibulifera , 264

F Facilitation , 178, 342 Fahrenholz’s Rule , 402 Fain, A. , 343, 344, 346, 378, 395, 404 Falcolichus , 404 Falculiferidae , 134 Falculifer rostratus , 134 Farish, D.J. , 359 Fashing, N.J. , 130, 233, 244, 263 Fatal fl atulence , 192 Feather(s) , 84, 120, 148, 172, 381–387, 392,

393, 400, 408, 449, 454 Feather mite , 53, 55, 73, 106, 118–120, 129,

133–135, 381–387, 400, 403, 404, 406, 409, 439, 454

Feeding guild , 177–190 Felso, B. , 404 Female choice , 128, 138, 140, 150, 401 Feynman, R.P. , 1 Fig(s) , 294–295, 316, 319, 402, 437 Fig mite , 294–295 Filter-feeding microbivore , 182, 211 Fish , 5, 6, 12, 106, 107, 138, 140, 233, 234,

244, 249–251, 257–260, 262, 270, 272, 363, 387, 397, 398, 452

Fisher, D. , 20 Fisher, G.R. , 252 Fisher, J. R. , 184, 193 Flat mites , 55 Florida , 196, 309 Flowers, M.A. , 260 Fluctuating asymmetry , 400 Fluid-feeding , 33, 48, 56 Foliose lichen , 317 Follicle mite , 439, 443 Food chain , 173, 175 Food web , 171–176, 180, 194, 211, 212, 250,

379, 463 Footballer mite , 298 Foraging , 93, 205, 290, 299, 321, 390 Forbes, M.R. , 392, 396 Forelia , 268 Formicaria , 304

Index

479

Formication , 423 Formicidae , 353 Fortey, R. , 463 Fortuynia atlantica , 234 Fortuyniidae , 234 Fossil , 4, 8, 11–35, 41, 42, 46, 50, 52, 56, 118,

199, 211, 282, 283, 286, 299, 355 Fowl mite , 35, 49, 380, 391, 400, 429, 430 Free-spawning , 106 Freshwater sponges , 82, 267 Freundlieb, U. , 269 Functional group , 162, 175, 177–190, 210,

212, 283, 456 Fungi , 24, 27, 46, 48, 52, 57, 162, 163, 166,

167, 171, 172, 175, 176, 179–185, 187, 189, 198, 204, 211, 283, 287, 288, 293, 298, 309, 312, 313, 315–320, 344, 345, 356, 375, 384, 387, 457, 467

Fungitarsonemus , 316 Fur mite , 55, 377, 378, 439 Furniture mite , 439 Fürstenberg, M.H.F. , 28 Fuscouropoda marginata , 397

G Gabucinia delibata , 384 Gabuciniidae , 384 Gaeolaelaps aculeifer , 183 Galendromus occidentalis , 87, 149, 303,

311, 312 Gall mite , 54, 55, 122, 127, 286, 316, 324,

325, 451, 463 Galumnidae , 117, 150, 203, 317 Gamasellodes , 79, 196

G. vermivorax , 89 Gamasellus

G. racovitzai , 172–174, 195 G. traghardi , 115

Gamasina , 42, 50, 51, 57 Gamete(s) , 3, 60, 105–107, 295 Gannon, J.E. , 257, 267 Garga, N. , 130, 258 Garrett , 426 Gas exchange , 3, 18, 20, 30, 50, 232, 234,

240–243 Gastronyssidae , 343, 344, 376, 377 Gastropods , 253 Gaud, J. , 133, 381, 382, 384, 385, 404 Gaudiellidae , 354 Geckos , 389 Geholaspis , 166

Gehypochthonius , 53 Generation time , 8, 69, 74, 85, 86, 88–91, 98,

171, 172, 180, 182, 283, 289, 300, 310, 318, 324, 430, 435, 461, 463, 464, 467

Genital acetabulum/acetabula , 235, 240, 254, 255

Genital opening , 43, 50, 60, 65, 72, 108–115, 117, 118, 121–127, 136, 141, 142, 151, 230

Genital papillae , 19, 30, 42, 47, 50, 51, 74, 254, 255

George, J.E. , 395, 936 Gerecke, R. , 233, 237, 248, 254, 266, 270 Gil, M.J. , 267 Gilboa Shales , 26 Glacier , 8, 164, 202, 210 Glandularium, Glandularia , 235, 257, 260, 261 Gledhill, T. , 363, 365 Gliwicz, Z.M. , 250 Glomus mosseae , 167 Glycyphagidae , 118, 354 Glycyphagoidea , 439 Glyptholaspis , 166 Gnathobase , 23, 61 Gnathosoma , 3, 27, 32, 40, 45, 48, 51, 55–59,

64–66, 72, 77, 87, 111, 112, 120, 194, 203, 249, 289, 293, 303

Gnathosomal tectum , 48 Gondwana , 45, 455 Gonyleptoidea , 69 Gonzalez, A. , 463 Good genes hypothesis , 399 Gordialycus , 168 Gorse , 323 Gotwald, W.H. Jr. , 344, 361 Gould, S.J. , 84, 147, 305, 389 Grandjean, François , 30, 34, 78, 79 Grant, J.W.A. , 257 Grape , 110, 308, 309, 311, 321, 322 Grape Powdery Mildew , 309 Grasses , 183, 204, 285, 288, 292, 295, 323 Gratz, N.G. , 426 Graves, B.M. , 260 Greenhouse Whitefl y , 303 Greenland , 211 Green Mountains , 87, 88, 452, 453 Grocer’s itch , 439 Grooming by hosts , 43, 436 Gross, M.R. , 465 Grostal, P. , 311, 312 Grylloblatta campodeiformis , 202 Grylloblattodea , 202

Index

480

Guano, bat , 71, 164, 349 Guglielmone, A.A , 43 Guild , 88, 173, 177, 178, 194

H Haemaphysalis longicornis , 144 Haemocoelic insemination , 141 Haemogamasus , 374

H. ambulans , 377 Haemolaelaps glasgowi , 377 Hagvår, E.B. , 170 Hagvår, S. , 170 Halacarellus basteri , 122, 237 Halacaridae , 122, 253–255, 343 Halacaroidea , 233, 234, 237, 252, 263,

271, 354 Halik, R.N. , 264 Halixodes chitonis , 253 Haller’s organ , 43, 44, 49 Halliday, R.B. , 7 Halotydeus , 288

H. destructor , 70, 288 Hamilton, W.D. , 147, 148, 399 Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis , 399 Hammen, L. , 30, 32 Hammeriellidae , 317 Haplodiploid , 144, 149, 372, 466 Haplozetidae , 297 Harems , 128, 131, 139 Harpirhynchidae , 59 Harvest mite , 433 Harvey, M.S. , 233, 253 Hattena , 296

H. fl oricola , 296 H. panopla , 296 H. rhizophorae , 296

Haug, J.T. , 15 Hauswirth, J.W. , 377 Hawaii , 310, 323 Hay-itch mites , 367 Head, arthropod , 3, 18, 26–27 Heavy metal , 209 Hedlund, K. , 139 Hemicheyletia morii , 71 Hemipterans , 262, 360, 366, 456 Hemisarcoptes

H. cooremani , 96, 348, 355, 380 H. malus , 320

Hemisarcoptidae , 320, 348, 355 Hermanniidae , 150 Heteromorph , 41, 42, 74, 75, 81, 95, 120, 133,

134, 182, 348, 358

Heteroptera , 254, 308 Heterostigmata , 73, 74, 81, 82, 95, 98, 182 Heterozerconidae , 42, 58, 73, 113, 141, 353 Hexapod , 15, 28, 32, 40, 45, 60, 66, 74, 75,

77, 80–82, 84, 97, 108 Hibbertopteroidea , 20 Hinton, H.E. , 241, 242 Hippoboscid fl ies , 385 Hirstia , 375 Hirstiella pyriformis , 388, 395 Histiostoma

H. laboratorium , 358 H. polypori , 359

Histiostomatidae , 95, 128, 129, 233, 234, 236, 244, 263, 352, 354, 355, 358, 359, 368

Hodgkin, L.A. , 96 Hoffmann, D. , 167 Holland, B. , 466 Holocelaeno , 166 Holocentric chromosomes , 145 Holokinetic chromosomes , 466 Holostaspella , 166 Holothyran , 41, 45, 48, 81, 85, 87, 111,

200, 232 Holothyrida , 41, 43, 45, 46, 57, 65, 74, 76, 77,

81, 110, 144, 150, 198, 241, 352, 455 Holothyridae , 45, 46 Holotrichy , 85 Homeomorph , 42, 74, 120, 133, 134, 358 Homocaligidae , 54, 231, 293 Homology , 16, 32, 74, 307 Homoptera , 320 Honeydew , 298, 303, 312, 315, 316 Hoogstraal, H. , 233, 388 Hoploseius tenuis , 319 Horlick Mountains , 87 Hormosianoetus mallotae , 244 Horseshoe crab , 3, 19–21, 23, 30, 32, 56, 61,

69, 107, 240 Host , 8, 41, 72, 111, 178, 231, 281, 341, 424,

454, 465 Host-fi nding, host-seeking , 350 Hosts, choice of by mites , 389–390 Host-switching , 404, 405, 407, 409 Houck, M.A. , 96, 348, 355, 368 House Mouse Mite , 425, 430 Hrbacek, J. , 262 Huck, K. , 389, 390 Huffaker, C.B. , 462 Huitfeldtia , 268 Human follicle mite , 429, 443 Human itch mite , 378, 428–429, 439, 443 Humerobates , 318

Index

481

Humerobatidae , 317 Hummingbird fl ower mite , 296 Hummingbirds , 135, 296, 297, 344, 365,

394, 396 Hunter, P.E. , 353, 357, 367, 395 Hurst, G.D.D. , 395 Hutchinson, G.E. , 55, 206, 207 Hutchinsonian size differences , 207 Hybalicus , 78 Hydracarina , 60, 82, 116, 120–125, 149,

233–237, 244, 259, 263, 268, 271, 349, 362

Hydrachna , 61, 127, 239, 242, 245, 246, 249, 260, 268, 364

H. conjecta , 246, 250, 391, 398 H. virella , 398

Hydrachnellae , 235 Hydrachnidiae , 234 Hydrachnoidea , 235, 268 Hydrodroma despiciens , 127, 246, 250, 264,

350, 393 Hydrodromidae , 127, 230, 244–246, 250 Hydrogamasellus antarcticus , 172, 176 Hydrogamasus salinus , 195 Hydrovolzioidea , 235, 363 Hydrozetes , 183, 242, 243, 265, 266, 293, 294 Hydrozetidae , 232, 233, 236, 265, 293 Hydrozoans , 240, 253 Hydryphantes tenuabilis , 242 Hydryphantidae , 236, 242, 244, 245, 254, 259,

265, 351, 364 Hydryphantoidea , 235, 363 Hygrobates

H. aloisii , 252 H. fl uviatilis , 250, 270 H. longipalpis , 250 H. nigromaculatus , 249, 264 H. trigonicus , 249

Hygrobatidae , 249, 250, 252, 264, 270, 351, 364

Hygrobatoidea , 235, 363 Hyland, K.W. Jr. , 343, 346, 378, 395, 404 Hylocomium splendens , 184 Hymenoptera , 109, 290, 295, 353, 354,

371–373, 405 Hyperdiversity , 456 Hyperkeratosis , 379 Hypertrichy , 48 Hypertrophied setae , 46, 78, 120, 200 Hypoaspis , 188, 190 Hypoaspis (= Gaeolaelaps ) aculeifer , 139, 183 Hypodectes propus , 343, 380 Hypoderatidae , 380

Hypodermic insemination , 108, 141 Hypopode , 74 Hypopus, Hypopi , 62, 74, 81, 87, 94–96, 178,

198, 343, 348, 354, 357–360 Hypostomal process , 43, 65 Hypotrichous , 85 Hysterosoma , 52 Hystrichonyssidae , 376

I Idiosoma , 3, 40, 45, 49, 52, 65, 66, 73, 87,

293, 453 Illusions of parasitosis , 440 Immune system , 391, 399, 423, 424, 428, 432,

433, 436, 443 Incomplete dissociation (sperm transfer) , 108 Indirect sperm transfer , 127, 146 Indotritia , 198 Infochemicals , 321 Infracapitulum , 32 Inquilines , 361 Instar , 28, 29, 74–79, 81, 89, 94, 171, 189,

292, 362, 380, 434 Intermediate host , 180, 201, 204, 381, 439 Internal fertilisation , 107 Intersexual confl ict , 108, 128, 140–142,

151, 466 Intersexual selection , 128, 138–142 Interstitial , 31, 231, 233, 235, 238–239, 254,

264, 265, 268, 269, 377 Intertidal , 41, 48, 55, 171, 195, 229, 230, 234,

235, 239, 242, 315 Intraguild predation , 178, 194–196, 303, 312, 426 Intrasexual competition , 106, 120, 128–138 Intrinsic rate (of population growth) , 74 Invertebrates as hosts , 362, 408 Iphieus , 303 Iphiseius degenerans , 297, 312 Iponemus , 368 Ips grandicollis , 97 Isobactrus uniscutatus , 237 Isogamy , 105 Isopoda , 22, 24, 180, 229, 264 Itch-scratch cycle , 440–442 Iteroparity , 72, 180 Itu, F. , 361 Iverson, K. , 394, 395 Ixodes , 111, 390, 399, 426, 427, 453

I. dammini , 136 I. holocyclus , 44 I. ricinus , 399 I. scapularis , 436

Index

482

Ixodida , 41, 43, 44, 46, 65, 74, 110, 111, 115, 142, 233, 352, 388, 406, 439, 442, 453, 455

Ixodidae , 44, 76, 111, 232, 233, 390, 426, 434, 439

J J1 larva , 76–79 Johnstoniana

J. errans , 127 J. rapax , 349

Johnstonianidae , 127, 349, 356 Jujeremus foveolatus , 283

K Kairomone , 321 Kaliszewski, M. , 148, 344, 358, 360, 367 Kampimodromus , 303

K. aberrans , 303, 304 Kano, Y. , 107 Karban, R. , 321 Keeley, E.R. , 257 Kennethiella trisetosa , 343, 371, 393 Kerfoot, W.C. , 258 Kethley, J. , 79, 148, 386 Kim, K.C. , 344, 373, 376, 386, 388, 395,

403, 406 King, P.E. , 195 Kirchner, W.P. , 122 Kitching, R.L. , 233 Kiwialges , 386 Kleptobionts , 447 Kleptoparasite , 360, 362 Klimov, P.B. , 347, 349, 402, 405 Klompen, J.S.H. , 388 Knee, W. , 405, 406 Knemidokoptidae , 380 Knollenberg,W.G. , 369, 373 Knülle, W. , 360 Krantz, G.W. , 109, 111, 233, 237, 242,

343, 344

L Labidostomma lutea , 110 Labidostommatidae , 79, 122, 187, 200,

202, 284 Labidostommatidae , 79, 122, 187, 200,

202, 284 Labium , 22, 42, 47 Labrzycka, A. , 378

Laelapidae , 49, 79, 115, 128, 133, 187, 188, 231, 318, 320, 343, 360, 365–366, 369, 374, 429, 430, 439

Laelaps echidninus , 430 Laird, M. , 250 Lamington national park , 87, 88, 452, 453 Laminisoptidae , 380 Lanciani, C.A. , 396, 397 Land, colonisation of , 25–26, 30 Lantana , 49, 324 Lardoglyphidae , 394 Lardoglyphus

L. konoi , 120 L. zacheri , 394, 395

Larvacarus , 60 Larva, Larvae , 28, 40, 70, 130, 173, 229, 285,

342, 426, 450, 467 Larvamimidae , 343, 353 Larviparity , 73, 240 Larviposition , 73 Lasioseius

L. dentatus , 196 L. porulosus , 300 L. subterraneus , 196, 197

Lasius , 360 Lauraceae , 307, 308 Lead (in key) , 63, 93, 111, 116, 151, 199, 211,

289, 349, 350, 403, 466 Leaf domatia , 304–312, 316, 325 Leaf hair , 299, 304, 315, 316, 321 Leaf structure , 231, 293, 305–307 Lebertia

L. porosa , 250 L. quinquemaculosa , 242

Lebertiidae , 242 Lebertioidea , 235, 363 Ledermuelleria , 293 Leeches , 108, 118, 141, 233, 234, 244, 346,

355, 387 Lee, D.C. , 115 Leeuwenhoekiidae , 354, 387, 431 Lemna , 183, 293, 294 Lentic , 242, 257, 265, 266, 269 Lenticulus , 236, 314 Lepidoglyphus destructor , 360 Lepidoptera , 348, 353, 354, 365 Lepidosaphes ulmi , 320 Leptokoenenia , 30 Leptotrombidium , 432, 433

L. akamushi , 432 L. deliense , 432

Lesna, I. , 139, 380, 431 Levitation , 263, 265–266

Index

483

Lewontin, R.C. , 305, 346, 387 Liacaridae , 317 Lice , 191, 346, 375, 383–385, 392, 399, 402,

404, 426, 428, 437 Lichenivore , 184 Lichens , 52, 163, 167, 171, 172, 174, 183,

184, 209, 283, 287, 288, 309, 314, 315, 317–318, 448, 465

Lifespan , 84, 91, 141, 149, 250, 345, 350, 396, 397

Light , 15, 40, 42, 52, 93, 107, 168, 193, 211, 236, 253, 260, 265, 266, 286, 287, 294, 298, 313, 348, 366, 429

Limbs, jointed , 3, 12, 55 Limnesia

L. fulgida , 249 L. jamurensis , 250 L. maculata , 242, 269

Limnesiidae , 118, 127, 242, 245, 249, 250, 261, 265, 269, 351

Limnochares , 83, 84, 127, 248, 249, 258, 264, 265, 270, 396

L. aquatica , 83, 84, 248, 249, 270, 396 Limnocharidae , 248, 259, 270 Limnohalacarus wackeri , 253 Limnozetidae , 234 Lindo, Z. , 463 Lindquist, E.E. , 27, 32, 39, 368 Linopenthaleus , 185 Linopenthalodes , 185 Linotetranidae , 167, 292 Liochthonius , 172 Liodidae , 317 Liponyssoides sanguineus , 428 Litter layer , 145, 164–166, 198, 206, 210,

211, 462 Liverwort , 163, 171, 184, 309, 317, 461 Lizard , 41–43, 124, 205, 233, 260, 388, 389,

391, 394, 395, 399, 404–406, 427, 431 Lobster , 253 Local mate competition (LMC) , 147–149,

151, 464 Locomotion , 3, 60, 110, 262–265, 362 Lombert, H.A.P.M. , 406 Lorryia formosa , 308 Loss of parasitism , 349–351, 363 Loss of phoresy , 351–352, 360 Lotic , 238, 242, 249, 265, 266, 269 Luciaphorus hauseri , 148 Lumbricus

L. rubellus , 210 L. terrestris , 210

Lundström, A.N. , 304, 305, 307

Lycosidae , 230 Lyme disease , 341, 426, 427, 436, 437, 465

M MacArthur, R. , 206 MacQuitty, M. , 253 Macrocheles

M. muscaedomesticae , 89, 136, 359, 394 M. rettenmeyeri , 344, 353 M. schaeferi , 71, 360 M. subbadius , 395, 401, 463 M. superbus , 191

Macrochelidae , 79, 89, 113, 129, 133, 136, 166, 187, 191, 318, 344, 353, 359, 394

Macrolaspis , 166 Macronyssidae , 49, 58, 349, 376, 380, 388,

392, 393, 399, 401, 429, 439 Macrophytes , 233, 236, 264, 268 Magellozetes , 172 Maiorana, V.C. , 205 Malaconothridae , 234, 387 Malacostraca , 22, 24 Malpighian tubules , 42 Mammals , 5–7, 41–43, 48, 69, 83, 87, 108,

131, 142, 161, 170, 180, 182, 204, 341, 346, 354, 358, 373–380, 382, 388, 392–395, 402–409, 424, 426, 427, 429–431, 433–435, 442, 456, 465, 467

Mandibulata , 3, 15–18 Mange , 55, 378, 432, 439, 456 Mangrove , 296, 297 Manter’s fi rst rule , 402, 407 Marine iguana , 231, 232, 388 Marine scorpions , 12, 20, 23, 240 Markow, T.A. , 395 Marquardt, W. , 426 Martin, P. , 249, 250 Masan, P. , 379 Mate-guarding , 128–136, 140 Maternal care , 69, 70, 461 Maudheimia , 172 Mayr, E. , 206 May, R.M. , 206, 207, 452, 567 McIver, S.B. , 363, 365, 390 McLachlan, A. , 397 McLennan, D.A. , 402 McMartney, M.A. , 106 Mediolata , 299 Megacheira , 15, 18 Megachilidae , 370 Megadiverse , 450

Index

484

Megafauna , 177 Megaloptera , 362, 363 Megapodiidae , 385 Megaselia halterata , 190 Megeremaeidae , 317 Megisthanidae , 73, 88 Megisthanus , 50, 88, 449, 453 Megninia , 383 Melicharidae , 49, 58, 135, 296, 297, 319, 394 Mentum , 42, 50, 51, 56, 65 Meriläinen, J.J. , 270 Mesofauna , 161, 177 Metacheyletia , 84 Metamerism , 12, 18–19 Metaseiulus , 322 Metasoma , 18, 20, 21 Meth mites , 442 Meyer, E. , 350 Michalska, K. , 122, 123, 127 Michener, C.D. , 84 Micreremidae , 317 Microbivore , 35, 52, 89, 175, 179, 181–182,

211, 283, 320 Microbivore-detritivore , 162, 169,

178–181, 211 Microcosms , 184, 189, 205, 209, 462–463 Microdipsidae , 181 Microdispus lambi , 182 Microfauna , 161, 177, 463 Microhabitat , 8, 62, 94, 163, 179, 211, 315,

321, 386, 448–450, 454, 458 Microlichus , 135 Micromegistus , 198 Microtrombidiidae , 84, 356 Microtrombidium maculatum , 84 Mideopsidae , 255, 264 Mideopsis orbicularis , 264 Midges , 72, 127, 132, 229, 351, 396, 397, 404,

430, 437 Migration , 92–94, 98, 169, 197, 198, 208, 211,

285, 318, 356, 357, 359 Millipede , 25, 42, 126, 164, 165, 180, 206,

229, 353 Mineral soil , 87, 93, 164–166, 169, 171,

179, 210 Minute Pirate Bug , 440 Mironov, S.V. , 346, 405 Mitchell, R. , 247, 357, 363, 365, 396 Mite(s)

on bark , 283, 293, 315, 317, 320, 322 load , 97, 384, 397, 399–401 origin of , 11–35 as plant virus vectors , 286, 289 word origin , 1, 2, 5, 25

Mite-caused disease , 427–431 Mite-pockets , 343, 372, 387–389 Mite-vectored disease , 324 Mixonomatides , 41 Mixopterus , 20 Mochlozetidae , 297, 317 Modlin, R.F. , 257, 267 Møller, A.P. , 399–401 Molluscs , 94, 251, 397, 408 Monogynaspida , 42, 455 Monophyletic , 15, 17, 21, 29, 30, 52 Monoxeny , 406 Montaigne, Michel de , 1, 2 Mooring, M.S. , 392 Mor , 164–166 Morelli, M. , 405 Mosquitoes , 7, 35, 72, 236, 250, 347, 351,

363, 365, 390, 394, 396, 397, 402, 404, 436, 439

Moss , 41, 121, 138, 174, 184–185, 209, 211, 231, 233, 234, 237, 268, 287, 293, 317–318, 346, 439, 450, 463

Moss mats , 184 Moss mites , 41, 184, 287, 317 Moss, W.W. , 346 Moths , 42, 180, 297, 343, 348, 365, 366,

395, 432 Moulting , 11, 43, 44, 59, 76–79, 84, 131, 171,

299, 309, 312, 316, 371, 382, 383, 390, 396, 397, 401

Mounsey, K.E. , 428 Mouse-to-elephant curve , 86, 91 Moya Borja, G.E. , 394, 395 Mt. St. Helens , 169 Mucronothrus nasalis , 237, 238, 243 Mull , 165 Mullen, B.A. , 426 Müllerian mimicry , 258, 259 Mussels (Mollusca) , 61, 122, 128, 131, 132,

139, 233, 234, 251–253, 347, 354, 363, 397

Mutualism , 296, 325, 341, 342, 345, 353, 360, 368–370, 373

Mwango, J. , 250 Mycangial pouch , 182 Mycetophagidae , 457 Mycetophile , 318 Mycobatidae , 231, 371 Mycolaelaps maxinae , 319 Mycorrhizae , 166, 167, 185 Myialges macdonaldi , 355 Myobiidae , 376, 378, 406, 407, 409 Myocoptidae , 378 Myrmecina , 204, 361

Index

485

N Naeem, S. , 233, 344, 462 Nagelkerke, K. , 148 Najadicola ingens , 251, 397 Nanelli, R. , 317 Nanhermanniidae , 317 Nanorchestes

N. antarcticus , 87 N. memelensis , 87

Nanorchestidae , 52, 78, 87, 122 Naso , 42, 52 Necromenic , 359 Necrophage/Necrophagy , 52, 178 Nectariniidae , 297 Needham, G. R. , 343 Nematalycidae , 52, 168 Nematode , 8, 52, 56, 57, 89–92, 94, 108, 141,

166, 172, 174–176, 179–182, 184–187, 189, 190, 193–197, 200, 204, 245, 271, 318, 320, 344, 356, 359, 368–370, 447, 449, 463, 464, 467

Nematophagy , 187 Nemertea , 253, 354 Neocaeculus , 191, 192 Neochitina eichhorniae , 293 Neocypholaelaps , 297 Neomolgus littoralis , 231 Neonidulus , 289–291 Neonidulus tereotus , 289–291 Neopodocinum , 166 Neoschongastia americana , 381 Neoscirula , 191, 193, 196 Neoseiulus , 58, 302, 303

N. fallacies , 303 Neoseius novus , 406 Neosomy , 44, 75 Neospermy , 111 Neotenogyniidae , 353 Neoteny , 84–86 Neothyridae , 45, 46 Neotrombicula autumnalis , 433 Neotropacarus , 303, 315 Neotropics , 45, 204, 296, 297 Nepenthes , 352 Nests , 48, 55, 71, 72, 132, 166, 171, 187, 230,

260, 290, 342, 345, 346, 348, 351, 354, 359–361, 370–372, 374–375, 379–380, 390, 392, 393, 399, 400, 408, 425, 429–431, 434, 439, 441, 448, 456

Nest sanitation hypothesis , 392 Neumania , 121, 139, 149, 247, 248, 253, 261,

264, 268 Neuroptera , 202, 363

Neutralism , 342, 345 Newell, I.M. , 265, 266, 395 New Guinea , 310, 314, 390, 399 Newt , 108, 205, 252 New Zealand , 45, 243, 310, 323, 366,

379, 384 Nicolai, V. , 317 Nicrophorus , 359, 369 Nidicole , 345, 346, 360, 361, 374, 380,

394, 396 Nilotonia longipora , 248 Nishida, S. , 308, 310 Nitidulid beetle , 297 Node , 17 North America , 83, 89, 165, 188, 210, 231,

236, 251, 257, 266, 268, 310, 317, 318, 324, 362, 426, 427, 433, 437, 457

Norton, R.A. , 116, 143–146, 149, 150, 207, 233, 243, 260

No-see-um , 437, 439 Nothrus silvestris , 209 Notogaster , 41, 64, 199, 201 Notophthalmus viridescens , 205 Notostigmata , 46 Nutalliellidae , 43 Nuttalliella namaqua , 43, 44 Nutting, W.B. , 377, 381, 393, 402, 403

O Oak gall , 432 Oak leaf itch mite , 432 Ocellus, Ocelli , 13, 41, 52, 65 OConnor, B. , 402, 405 OConnor, B.M. , 233, 347–349, 351, 352, 355,

368, 374, 395 Octopod , 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 97 Ocular segment , 15, 19, 25 Odonata , 246, 271, 404 Odontacarus australiensis , 433 O’Dowd, D.J. , 310–312 Oldfi eld, G.N. , 122 Oligonychus , 93, 183, 290

O. perseae , 290 Oligoxeny , 406 Oliver, D.R. , 362, 387 Ologamasidae , 58, 63, 113, 187, 200, 300 Olomski, R. , 254 Omnivory , 175 Operculum, Opercula , 26 Ophiomegistus , 388 Ophionyssus , 388, 391 Opilioacaran , 5, 31, 41, 46–48, 62, 77, 199

Index

486

Opilioacaridae , 31, 46 Opiliones , 30–32, 80, 108, 110, 243 Opisthonotal gland , 199 Opisthosoma , 3, 5, 6, 18–21, 25, 30, 31,

41, 46, 72, 80, 111, 117, 118, 120, 123, 200

Oppia , 59, 172 Oppia nitens , 59 Oppiella nova , 59, 145 Oppiidae , 317 Opuntia inermis , 323 Ordovician , 20–22, 24, 25, 41 Oribatei , 52 Oribatida , 27, 28, 41, 50–53, 56, 59, 63, 71,

79, 89, 98, 110, 116–118, 145, 149, 163, 167, 178, 181, 183, 199, 200, 202, 210, 211, 230, 232–234, 236, 237, 241, 243–244, 254, 260, 263, 271, 297, 314, 353, 354, 439, 450, 453, 455

Oribatula tibialis , 313 Oribatulidae , 283, 317 Orientia tsutsugamushi , 434, 435 Orifl ammella lutulenta , 62, 63, 200 Oripodidae , 317 Oripodoidea , 314, 315, 439 Orlettes , 305 Ornithodoros

O. moubata , 110 O. transverses , 388

Ornithodorus tholozani , 110 Ornithonyssus

O. bacoti , 58, 430 O. bursa , 49, 392, 399, 400, 429 O. sylviarum , 380, 391, 393, 395,

396, 399, 401, 429 Orthogalumna terebrantis , 293, 294 Orthotydeus lambi , 309 Orthotydeus nr. Lindquisti , 309 Osmoregulation , 30, 240, 254–255 Ostracoda , 22 Otopheidomenidae , 360, 366 Oudemansicheyla coprosomae , 71 Ovaries , 109, 110, 112–114, 136, 137, 142 Oviger , 16, 29 Oviposit , 126, 299, 359, 363, 365, 370, 379,

390, 394 Oviposition , 61, 69, 70, 72, 109, 111, 126,

128, 141, 171, 267, 293, 301, 303, 304, 312, 359, 365, 367, 370, 372, 380, 395

Ovipositor , 56, 61, 69, 72, 110, 295, 361 Ovolarviparity , 70 Ovoviviparity , 73 Owls , 381, 405

Oxpecker , 204 Oxygen , 241, 242, 251, 265, 266

P Pacifi c spider mite , 322 Paedogenesis , 84, 86, 293 Paedomorphosis , 84–86 Paine, R.T. , 163, 176 Palaeoacarology , 211 Palaeosomata , 81 Palaeozoic , 21, 27, 35, 286 Paleofantasy , 21 Palm , 297 Palmer, S.C. , 143, 145, 146, 149 Palpal thumb-claw complex , 244 Palpcoxal seta , 47, 48 Palpigrade , 4, 29–31, 230, 241 Palpigradi , 29–31, 80, 110 Panigrahi, A. , 395 Panonychus , 93 Pap, P.L. , 384 Parahaploidy , 144, 301 Paraisotoma , 194 Paramegistidae , 353, 388 Parantennulidae , 353 Paraphagy , 349, 360 Paraphyletic , 17, 52, 89, 149 Parapygmephorus costaricanus , 368 Parasitalbia sumatrensis , 251 Parasitellus , 368, 390

P. fucorum , 390 Parasitengonina (= Parasitengona) , 41, 55, 74,

79, 81–83, 89, 98, 116, 120, 122, 144, 231, 234, 235, 244, 347, 349, 354, 357, 358, 362–365, 456

Parasitiae , 42, 357 Parasitidae , 96, 111, 112, 114, 133, 166, 187,

356, 357, 359, 368, 369, 390, 406 Parasitiformes , 2, 5, 27–28, 30, 32–34, 39–51,

57, 59, 64, 80, 97, 98, 111–116, 232, 263, 352–353, 376, 439, 450, 455

Parasitism , 88, 96, 98, 182, 244, 247, 251–252, 254, 284, 286, 287, 342, 345–354, 361–368, 380, 389–393, 397, 399–401, 403, 408

Parasitoidism , 342, 345, 347, 353, 354, 361–368

Parasitus , 96, 190, 357 P. coleoptratorum , 96 P. consanguineous , 190

Parastacidae , 24 Paratydeidae , 187

Index

487

Paredes-León, R. , 405 Parhalixodes travei , 253 Parhypochthonius aphidinus , 51 Parhypsomatides , 41 Parker, G.A. , 106, 136, 137 Parrots , 84, 395, 454 Parthenogenesis , 60, 74, 105, 116, 142–146,

150, 196, 288, 466 Partitioning (of hosts) , 386 Passalidae , 353, 408, 449 Passalid beetle , 97, 198, 360, 449 Passive female choice , 139 Paternal care , 69 Paterson, C.G. , 249 Pathogen , 313, 315, 317, 325, 402, 403,

423–427, 434–437, 440, 442 Pathogen pollution , 437 Paulus, H.F. , 32 Peacock mite , 292 Pediculaster fl echtmanni , 358, 359 Pediculaster - Siteroptes dyad , 358 Pedipalp , 3, 19, 22, 25, 32–34, 40, 42, 50, 56,

61, 64–66, 397 Pedofossa, Pedofossae , 200 Pedrocortesellidae , 317 Peloppiidae , 317 Pengilley, R.K. , 205 Pennak, R.W. , 260, 270 Pentachlorophenol (PCP) , 209 Penthaleidae , 70, 185, 287–288 Penthaleus , 185, 288

P. major , 288 Penthalodes , 185, 288 Penthalodidae , 185, 200, 287, 288 Pérez, T.M. , 395 Peritreme , 45, 64–66, 241, 242, 289 Peromyscus , 426 Pesticide contamination , 209 Peza , 237, 253 Peza daps , 237, 253 Pezidae , 237, 253 pH , 209, 270 Pharate , 81, 85, 123, 128, 130, 131 Pharynx , 42, 48, 58, 61, 303, 364 Phasomkusolsil, S. , 435 Phaulodinychus

P. miti , 232, 242 P. repleta , 242

Pheidole , 204 Phenopelopidae , 317 Pheromones , 111, 116, 127, 131, 138,

198, 199 Philip, C.B. , 267

Phoresy , 92–98, 166, 180, 182, 236, 345, 346, 348–349, 351–353, 355–360, 380, 394, 403, 408

Phoretic , 24, 27, 41, 42, 57, 60, 64, 84, 94–98, 166, 169, 180, 197, 294–297, 316, 318, 320, 345, 348, 349, 351–361, 365, 367–369, 371, 390, 394–397, 406, 449, 465

Phoretomorph , 95, 357, 358, 360 Phoriont , 95, 96 Photoprotection , 259, 260 Phototaxis , 265 Phthiracaridae , 317 Phthiracarus borealis , 53 Phyllocoptes fructiphilus , 324 Phylogentic tracking , 403, 404, 406, 407 Physical gill , 241, 242 Physogastry , 73, 85, 367, 368, 456 Physolimnesia australis , 118 Phytotelmata , 41, 55, 231, 234–236 Phytonemus pallidus , 144 Phytoptidae , 284 Phytoscutus , 303 Phytoseiidae , 27, 48, 49, 58, 73, 85, 89, 114,

128, 144, 148, 196, 232, 282, 299–303, 312, 455

Phytoseiulus P. longipes , 89, 290 P. persimilis , 167, 301, 302, 321, 323

Phytoseius oreillyi , 49, 302 Phytotelm, Phytotelmata , 41, 55, 231,

234–236 Pica hudsonia , 204 Pieczynski, E. , 257, 264, 266 Piercing-sucking microbivore , 181–182,

211, 283 Pilicolous hypopi/hypopodes , 357, 358 Pilogalumna , 117, 118 Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus , 393 Pinguicula , 313 Pinus radiata , 207, 208 Piona

P. alpicola , 246, 247, 365 P. coccinea , 249 P. conglobata , 264 P. constricta , 247, 250, 258, 264, 265 P. longipalpis , 249 P. nodata , 260, 264, 265, 351

Pionidae , 122, 236, 245, 246, 249–251, 260, 262–265, 267, 351

Pisauridae , 230 Pitcher plants , 55, 130, 231–233, 235, 236,

263, 352

Index

488

Phylloplane , 297, 298, 300, 304, 313, 315, 316, 325

Plankton , 8, 77, 97, 233, 246, 250, 263, 267, 268, 350

Planodiscus , 353 Plant mites, origin of , 236, 298 Plant-paraasitic , 8, 27, 41, 55, 57, 81, 84, 87,

88, 98, 148, 167, 182–185, 211, 284–287, 292, 293, 298–300, 304, 308–310, 312, 315, 316, 324, 325, 440, 448, 453, 456

Plant virus , 286, 289, 325 Plastron , 232, 242 Plateremaeidae , 283 Platyglyphidae , 354 Platynothrus peltifer , 238 Platyseius italicus , 232, 237, 241, 242 Plecoptera , 271 Pleioxeny , 406 Pleomorph , 133, 134 Plethodon cinereus , 205 Plethodontidae , 205 Plumicoles , 382 Pneumophagus bubonis , 381 Podapolipidae , 130, 400, 402 Podocinum , 192 Podopolipidae , 60 Podospermy , 114 Poecilochirus

P. carabi , 356, 359, 406 P. necrophori , 368, 370

Poison dart frogs , 206 Polak, M. , 395, 401 Pollen , 46, 48, 57, 66, 283, 295–298, 301–304,

308, 312, 316, 324, 349, 366–368, 370, 384, 447

Pollination , 295, 296, 402 Pollinator , 140, 295–297, 317, 345, 463 Pollution , 209, 266, 270–272, 437 Polyaspis , 193 Polygyny , 132 Polyphagotarsonemus latus , 88, 130, 308, 316 Polyphagous , 93, 291, 303, 323, 377 Polyphyletic , 17, 235 Polyxeny , 406 Pomerantziidae , 168, 187 Pontarachnidae , 239, 240, 254 Porospermy , 114 Post-displacement , 86 Postembryonic , 30, 74–76 Potter, D.A. , 131 Poultry , 142, 380, 383, 429–431, 443 Poultry red mite , 430, 431

Powassan virus , 437 Prasad, R.S. , 250 Prasiola crispa , 171, 173, 174 Pre-copulatory guarding , 114, 128, 136 Predation , 48, 56, 93, 163, 167, 171, 174, 176,

178, 180, 187, 189–202, 212, 244–251, 257–262, 264, 272, 293, 299, 303, 309, 312, 342, 345, 349, 367, 383, 397, 404, 426, 427

Prelarva , 34, 60, 71, 74–83, 97 Preston-Mafham, K.G. , 243 Preston-Mafham, R.A. , 243 Prey capture , 59, 176, 247–249 Prickly pear , 323 Primary genital opening , 109–113, 115,

141, 142 Primary production , 166, 173 Prince Charmings , 169 Pritchard, G. , 248, 250 Proarctacarus oregonensis , 50 Proctolaelaps , 49, 58, 62, 189, 296, 297, 396

P. lobatus , 49 Proctor, H.C. , 39, 108, 116, 120, 122, 134,

139, 149, 233, 248, 256–259, 261, 264, 265, 271, 387, 452, 455

Proctor, H.J. , 173 Progenesis , 84–86 Prokoenenia wheeleri , 30 Pronematulus pyrrohippeus , 360 Prosoma , 3, 5, 6, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31, 32, 61,

71, 79 Prospermia , 125 Protacaris crani , 26 Protelean parasite , 41, 83, 187, 354, 380 Protocerebrum , 15 Protochthonius gilboa , 26 Protococcus , 183 Protogamasellus , 79, 87, 146, 189

P. mica , 87 Protomyobia claparedei , 407 Protonymph , 74–76, 81–83, 97, 251, 347,

349, 372 Protonymphon , 28, 29 Protzia eximia , 403 Pruett-Jones, M. , 390, 391, 399 Pruett-Jones, S. , 390, 391, 399 Pselaphinae , 203 Pseudoarrhenotoky , 144, 301 Pseudocheylidae , 187 Pseudophryne corroboree , 205 Pseudoscorpion , 3, 4, 33–34, 69, 80, 94,

108, 109, 126, 137, 139, 202, 230, 355, 356, 375

Index

489

Pseudoscorpionida , 33–34, 80 Psoroptidia , 55, 347, 352, 378, 405, 406 Psoroptoididae , 135 Psychotria horizontalis , 309, 312 Pterolichidae , 106, 382, 385, 386 Pterolichoidea , 439 Pteromorph , 75, 201 Pterygosoma mutabilis , 124, 388 Pterygosomatidae , 123, 124, 354, 388, 393,

405, 433 Pterygotidae , 20 Ptyalophagy , 360 Ptychoid , 200, 201 Pugh, P.J.A. , 195, 242 Pulmonate , 21, 25, 79 Pulvillus , 353 Puncochar, P. , 262, 268 Pycnogonid , 28, 29 Pycnogonida , 5, 15, 28 Pyemotes

P. herfsi , 432 P. tritici , 148, 367 P. ventricosus , 403, 406, 431, 432

Pyemotidae , 148, 357, 358, 367, 431, 439 Pygidium , 26 Pygmephoridae , 54, 148, 151, 181, 357, 358,

367, 368 Pyramica mazu , 202 Pyroglyphidae , 346, 347, 349, 375, 379,

380, 439

Q Quadripedal , 60 Queensland , 22, 24, 87, 88, 117, 200, 271,

287, 288, 296, 299, 304, 309, 314, 317, 323, 433, 451–453

Questing behaviour , 436 Quills , 73, 148, 385, 386, 405, 449 Quintero, M. T. , 374

R Radovsky, F.J. , 344, 347, 349, 403 Radwan, J. , 110, 130, 133, 136, 137 Rajendran, R. , 250 Raphignathina , 59, 456 Raphignathoidea , 116, 188, 293 Rath, W. , 115 Raut, S.K. , 395 Raven, P.H. , 401 Red colour , 257–259 Red-legged earth mite , 70, 287, 288

Red velvet mite , 3, 41, 86, 89, 187, 193, 282, 299, 433

Reinhardt,K. , 395 Relative humidity , 301, 312, 375 Rensch’s rule , 135 Repka, J. , 465 Reptilia , 388, 405, 408 Reservoir , 123, 199, 262, 263, 268, 424–427,

430, 435–437 Resource-tracking , 403, 404, 406 Resurging disease , 426 Retrorse teeth , 43, 44 Reversal , 17, 347 Rhagidia

R. arenaria , 122 R. clavicrinita , 122 R. gerlachei , 172, 175 R. halophila , 122

Rhagidiidae , 34, 54, 79, 122, 172, 187, 188, 284, 287

Rhinodromus , 124 Rhinonyssidae , 380, 405 Rhinoseius , 296, 344 Rhizoglyphus robini , 110, 128, 130, 133, 135,

137, 183 Rhizophora mangle , 296 Rhizosphere , 165–168, 185, 208 Rhodacarellus , 79 Rhodacaridae , 79, 113, 187 Rhodacarus roseus , 87 Rhodes, A.C. , 242 Rhynie Chert , 26 Rhysotritia duplicata , 209 Rhytidelasma , 53, 386

R. punctata , 53 Ribbon sperm , 112–114 Rice, W.R. , 141, 466 Ricinulei , 4, 23, 26, 27, 32–33, 47, 61, 80, 108 Rickettsia

R. akari , 430 R. rickettsii , 436

Rickettsial pox , 424, 425, 430 Rieradevall, M. , 267 Riessen, H.P. , 247, 248, 250, 258, 264, 268 Ring segment , 18, 25, 26 Robinson, J.V. , 365 Rocky mountain

spotted fever , 436 wood tick , 436

Rolff, J. , 365 Romero, G.Q. , 308 Rootknot nematode , 195, 196 Root, R.B. , 176

Index

490

Rosa multifl ora , 324 Rosario, R.M.T. , 353, 357, 367, 395 Rosella , 53 Rosentsteiniidae , 376 Ross, C. , 201 Rostrozetes , 181 Roth, V.D. , 230, 233 Rotifers , 24, 52, 143, 145, 172, 176, 180, 243,

245, 260 Rousch, J.M. , 270 Rozario, S. , 311 Rózsa, L. , 404 Rubiaceae , 308, 309 Rubriscirus , 191 Rush skeleton weed , 323 Rust mite , 41, 81, 281, 285, 286, 294,

308, 456 Rutellum, Rutella , 46–48, 51, 52, 56, 57, 61,

65, 66 Ryckman, R.E. , 395

S Sabelis, M.W. , 139, 148 Saino, N. , 392 Saito, Y. , 132 Salamander , 108, 137, 205, 206, 260, 354,

363, 387, 388 Salamandridae , 205, 252 Saltatory search , 192–193 Saltiseius , 198 Salvador, A. , 391 Sammataro, D. , 343 Sancassania , 119, 133, 136, 170, 356

S. berlesei , 119, 133, 136 Sancassania (= Caloglyphus ) rodionovi , 356 Sanderson, J.P. , 395 San Marco Cathedral , 305 Saproglyphidae , 315 Saprophagy , 179 Sarcoptes scabiei , 378, 379, 403, 405, 428,

432, 443 Sarcoptidae , 378, 405, 428, 443 Sarcoptiformes , 41, 52, 53, 55, 56, 66, 75, 80,

116, 243, 450 Sarcoptoidea , 439 Sarraceniopus , 352 Saxidromidae , 123 Saxidromus delamarei , 78, 123, 124 Scabies , 341, 378, 379, 428–430, 438, 439,

443, 456 Scaly leg , 380, 439 Scapheremaeus , 283, 314, 315

Schalk, G. , 392 Schatz, H. , 233 Scheloribates , 181, 208, 317

S. latipes , 317 Scheloribatidae , 297, 314 Schizotetranychus

S. longus , 132 S. miscanthi , 132

Schroder, R.F.W. , 396 Schwiebea , 387 Schwoerbel, J. , 266, 270 Scissuralaelaps , 369 Scorpionida , 5, 20–24, 30, 80 Scorpions , 1, 3, 5, 12, 18–21, 23, 24, 34, 69,

76, 79, 107, 108, 196, 229, 240, 354 Scrub itch , 55, 362, 433, 439 Scrub typhus , 55, 433–435, 442 Scutacaridae , 52, 54, 70, 87, 181, 198, 200,

354, 357–359 Scutacarus acarorum , 359 Scutum , 44 Scydmaeninae , 203 Seastedt, T.R. , 170 Sea urchins , 253, 343, 354 Sebaceous gland mite , 429, 443 Secondarily aquatic arthropods , 229–231 Secondary genital opening , 109, 113, 114,

118, 142, 151 Segments , 3, 12–16, 18–21, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32,

40–43, 46–48, 50, 52, 56, 57, 64, 65, 77–80, 84, 141, 200, 245, 343

Seius bdelloides , 27 Sejida , 41, 58, 112, 357, 455 Sejidae , 27, 49, 318 Sejina , 41, 94 Sejugal furrow , 42 Selenoribatidae , 234 Sellnickia caudata , 314 Sellnickiidae , 314 Semelparity , 72 Seminal receptacle , 109, 120, 126, 136, 141 Sengbusch, H.G. , 377 Sensillus, Sensilli , 50, 56, 313, 314, 366 Sensu lato , 15, 188 Sequential progenesis , 85, 86 Sex , 8, 9, 55–59, 74, 95, 105–151, 197, 199,

252, 263, 357, 365, 377, 466, 467 Sex ratio , 74, 131, 132, 143, 144, 146–149,

151, 197, 252, 357, 466, 467 Sexual dimorphism , 116, 142, 314, 315 Sexual selection , 9, 106, 128–142, 315, 379,

400, 401, 408, 465–466 Shaw, M. , 428

Index

491

Shrew , 381, 406, 407, 426, 427 Shultz, J.W. , 32 Sick Building Syndrome , 440 Siemer, F. , 237 Sieve plate , 64 Silk , 5, 19, 29, 55–59, 69–72, 93, 131, 193,

194, 230, 249, 286, 288–290, 299, 302, 303, 432, 433, 461

Silphidae , 353, 369, 405 Silurian , 20–22, 25, 34 Simmons, T.W. , 251 Simuliidae , 356, 403 Sinha, R.N. , 374 Sister group , 15, 20, 29–34, 40, 43, 46, 291 Sister taxon , 17, 150 Sit-and-wait predator , 191–192, 245 Siteroptes , 82, 84, 85, 356, 358

S. graminum , 84, 85 Siteroptidae , 358 Siva-Jothy, M.T. , 137 Skaife, S.H. , 367 Sleeping Beauty Paradox , 169 Slugs , 5, 41, 264, 344, 354, 395, 397 Smallegange, I.M. , 135 Sminthuridae , 117 Smith, B.P. , 251, 264, 265, 349, 350, 362–365,

390, 393, 396, 397 Smith, I.M. , 233, 237, 238, 248, 268, 362,

363, 387 Snails , 233, 251, 354, 363 Snakes , 42, 79, 231–233, 343, 344, 383,

388, 429 Snout mite , 70, 187, 188, 193, 195, 196 Soil

organisms , 164, 178 profi le , 164, 168, 169, 208

Solenidion, Solenidia , 42, 52, 321 Soler, J.J. , 384 Solfugida , 23, 80 Somites , 12 Sonenshine, D.E. , 43, 125, 126 Sooty mould , 315 Sorci, G. , 391 Southern Pine Beetle , 96, 368 Spadiseius , 297 Spanandry , 150 Spandrel , 305, 389 Speleorchestes poduroides , 79 Sperchon

S. glandulosus , 269 S. setiger , 245, 363, 395, 396

Sperchonopsis verrucosa , 245 Sperchontidae , 245, 269, 363

Sperm access system , 113 Spermaduct , 118, 119 Spermatheca , 109, 115, 116, 120, 123, 137 Spermatodactyl , 42, 57, 58, 60, 113,

115, 142 Spermatophore , 21, 43, 107, 252, 286, 361 Spermatophoric organ , 116, 117 Spermatotreme , 42, 57, 112, 113 Spermatozoa , 43, 105, 110, 114, 122, 123,

126, 136, 137, 256 Sperm competition , 106, 136–138, 150 Sperm precedence , 128, 136, 140 Sperm transfer , 43, 46, 48, 50, 60, 106–128,

131, 132, 136, 137, 139–142, 146, 150, 230, 240, 252, 256–257, 361

Sperm-transfer modes , 106–109, 116, 120, 122

Sphaerolichida , 41, 455, 456 Spicer, G.S. , 405 Spider mites , 3, 41, 55, 57–59, 70, 71, 87, 93,

128, 131, 136, 140, 146, 149, 167, 199, 281, 289–293, 299–301, 303, 304, 310, 311, 321–323, 325, 456

Spielman, A. , 136 Spillover , 425, 429 Spindle gall , 316 Spinneret , 5, 6, 19, 21, 59, 289 Spiny rat mite , 430 Spirochete , 425–427, 436 Sporocarp , 91, 166, 169, 199, 318–319, 453 Sporotheca, Sporothecae , 182, 368 Springtail , 109, 117, 162, 164, 171, 173–177,

183, 184, 187, 188, 191–196, 198, 200, 204, 205

Stage , 19, 29, 40, 69, 131, 163, 229, 285, 347, 429, 449, 464

Stanton, N.L. , 165, 451 Staphylinidae , 203 Starling mite , 429, 430 Stase , 77, 82, 84 Stasny, T.A. , 285 Štefka, J.P.E.A. , 405, 406 Steiner, W.A. , 209 Stereotydeus , 56, 172, 173, 176, 185, 288 Sternal region , 42, 43, 50, 64, 65, 72 Sternite , 25 Stigmaeidae , 185, 188, 200, 284, 293, 294,

298, 299, 312 Stigmaeopsis longus , 290 Stored products , 55, 120, 351, 367, 374, 394,

431, 439 Stratiolaelaps , 188

S. scimitus , 49, 190

Index

492

Stratum S. corneum , 428 S. granulosum , 428

Straw itch mite , 367, 431, 438, 439 Stygothrombidioidea , 235, 238 Stylophore , 289, 292 Stylostome , 363, 364, 391, 398, 401, 433 Subcapitulum , 32, 33, 40, 42, 44, 45, 50, 64,

65, 186, 285, 303 Subelytral space , 449 Subfossil mite , 211 Subnivean , 170 Subsocial , 71, 290, 315, 325 Substrate , 59, 60, 108, 116, 117, 121–123,

127, 138, 150, 162, 191, 238, 239, 243–244, 247, 249, 250, 252, 257, 260, 263, 265, 267–269, 361, 363, 382, 450, 464

Subtidal , 235, 239–240 Sunbirds , 297 Superorder , 5, 32, 40, 41, 50, 62–66, 455 Superparasitism , 357 Supracoxal gland , 375 Swimming , 18, 48, 60, 116, 122, 127, 130,

246, 247, 256, 262–266, 393, 404 Swimming hairs , 263, 264 Symbioribates , 117, 314

S. papuensis , 314 Symbioribatidae , 117 Symbiosis , 341, 345–347, 352, 354, 355 Symphylan , 177, 202, 229 Symptom , 423, 425, 432, 434, 437–442 Synchthonius crenulatus , 53 Synspermia , 124 Syringicoles , 382 Syringophilidae , 148, 386 Syringophiloides minor , 148, 386 Syringophilopsis kirgizorum , 405

T Tagma, tagmata , 18, 40 Tagmosis , 18–19 Tail-spine , 18–20 Takaku, G. , 361 Talitridae , 22 Tapeworm , 180, 204, 397, 439 Tarsonemellini , 295 Tarsonemidae , 58, 87, 130, 144, 150, 151,

181, 283, 284, 286, 294, 295, 298, 308, 316, 317, 343, 360, 368, 453

Tarsonemus , 130, 316 T. acerbilis , 316

T. confusus , 130 T. dispar , 360

Tatarnic, N.J. , 142 Taxonomic surrogacy , 452 Taylor, P.D. , 147 Tectocepheidae , 317 Tectum, Tecta , 48, 201, 302 Teinocoptidae , 376 Temperature , 88–90, 93, 98, 107, 169–171,

251, 266, 267, 301, 313, 351, 428 Temporary aquatic habitats , 235 Teneriffi idae , 187 Tenuipalpidae , 60, 286, 291, 294, 453 Ten Winkel, E.H. , 250 Tergite , 18, 25, 26, 95 Terpnacaridae , 87 Terpnacarus , 198

T. glebulentus , 77 Tertiary , 27, 46, 237, 282, 283 Testes , 110, 397 Testosterone , 391, 392, 400 Tetranychidae , 54, 59, 71, 123, 128, 130–132,

136, 141, 146, 148, 289, 291, 321, 453 Tetranychoidea , 116, 146, 167, 282, 284, 289,

291–293, 316, 353 Tetranychus

T. desertorum , 323 T. evansi , 290, 322 T. lintearius , 323 T. pacifi cus , 322 T. urticae , 81, 290, 291, 321

Thailand , 251, 435 Thanatochresis , 382, 383 Thanatosis , 199–202 Thelytoky , 144–146, 148, 151, 180, 466 Thermacaridae , 354, 387 Thermacarus nevadensis , 267, 387 Thinozerconidae , 242 Thinozercon michaeli , 242 Three-host tick , 44, 427, 436 Thrips , 147, 188–190, 297, 298, 303, 311,

312, 367, 440, 456 Thyas

T. barbigera , 364 T. stolli , 351

Thysanoptera , 308, 440 Tick , 2, 27, 40, 71, 110, 193, 232, 283, 341,

423, 450, 461 Tickbird , 204 Tickspiders, hooded , 32, 33, 47 Timms, B.V. , 239 Timms, S. , 133 Timonius timon , 307

Index

493

Tiphys , 258 Toads , 205, 387, 388 Tobacco Whitefl y , 303 Tocospermy , 111 Tomato Russet Mite , 303 Tomentum, tomenta , 304 Tompkins, D.M. , 396, 400, 402 Tortoises , 52, 388 Trachymolgus purpureus , 193 Transgenic , 322–323, 464–465 Transmission , 44, 296, 320, 384, 386, 393,

400, 424, 425, 434–436 Transovarial transmission , 44 Trans-ovarian transmission , 435, 436 Trans-stadial transmission , 44, 435 Traumatic insemination , 108, 141 Treat, A.E. , 343, 348, 360, 365, 395 Trechaleidae , 230 Treehole , 165, 231, 233, 235, 244, 268, 282 Trhypochthoniidae , 233, 234, 237 Trichobothrium, Trichobothria , 21, 30, 33, 35,

42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 65, 66, 192, 235, 313

Trichoptera , 266, 271, 403 Trichoribates , 317 Trigonotarbid , 23, 25, 26 Trigonotarbida , 4, 23, 25, 26, 32 Trigynaspida , 42, 50, 58, 111, 357, 449, 455 Tritonymph , 74–76, 81–83, 97, 130, 292, 347,

357, 358 Tritosternal laciniae , 45 Tritrophic level theory , 321 Trochometridium tribulatum , 367 Troides richmondia , 299 Trombicula , 433 Trombiculidae , 75, 231, 260, 344, 354, 362,

376, 381, 387, 388, 433, 434 Trombiculoidea , 54, 433–435, 439, 442 Trombidiformes , 2, 41, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 66,

75, 450 Trombidiidae , 120, 259, 349, 354, 357 Trombidioidea , 193 Trombidiosis , 433 Trophic guild , 173 Tropical Fowl Mite , 49, 400, 429, 430 Tropical Rat Mite , 430 Tropicoseius , 296 Tropilaelaps clarae , 115 Trouessartia , 119, 120

T. megadisca , 406 Tuberostoma , 172 Tuckerella , 183, 292

T. knorri , 293

Tuckerellidae , 70, 292, 294, 453 Tullbergia granulata , 198 Tullgren-modifi ed Berlese Funnel , 168 Turchetti, T. , 317 Turtle , 52, 200, 343, 381, 388, 450 Two-fold cost of sex , 143 Tydeidae , 59, 87, 116, 122, 123, 130, 181,

187, 283, 284, 298, 308, 309, 360 Tydeus , 298 Typhlodromus , 114, 303

T. pyri , 303, 304, 310 Tyrophagus , 170, 180, 374

T. putrescentiae , 234, 442 Tyrrellia circularis , 267

U Ulex europaeus , 323 Ullrich, F. , 245, 395–397 Uncate palps , 244 Uncinula necator , 309 Unionicola

U. crassipes , 247, 248, 250, 251, 265, 267, 268

U. formosa , 132, 139, 352 U. intermedia , 132, 252, 397 U. ypsilophora , 132, 397

Unionicolidae , 121, 131, 149, 247, 250, 251, 253, 261, 264, 265, 267, 364

Unionidae , 251 Uniramous , 18 Untergasser, D. , 387 Uroobovella , 27, 405, 406 Uropoda orbicularis , 356 Uropodidae , 187, 200, 203, 232, 233, 300,

318, 356, 357 Uropodina , 42, 52, 94, 111, 189, 353,

357–359, 455 Uropodoidea , 49, 95 Uropygial gland/oil , 384 Urstigmata , 42, 254 Usher, M.B. , 162, 172, 173, 176, 180, 190

V Vacuolated sperm , 43, 111, 112 van Bronswijk, J.E.M.H. , 375 van Impe, G. , 81 Varroa , 35, 349, 402 Vasates

V. aceriscrumena , 316 V. robiniae , 131

Vatacarus ipoides , 79, 344

Index

494

Vector , 35, 44, 169, 286, 289, 293, 312, 320, 324, 424, 426, 427, 429, 430, 433–437, 442, 461

Veermann, A. , 301 Veigaia , 49, 193 Veigaiidae , 49, 113 Veladeadcarus gasconi , 253 Venereal disease, of plants , 295–297 Venereal transmission , 296, 393 Vertebrates as hosts , 244, 354, 387 Vertebrocentric , 6 Vestigial legs , 45 Viburnum , 307

W Waage, J. K. , 346, 347 Walking dandruff , 431–433, 439 Walking legs , 3, 19, 25, 29, 50 Walter, D.E. , 3, 39, 109, 173, 207, 310, 311,

431, 437, 438 Walther, B.A. , 387 Wandesia thermalis , 350 Wasmannian mimicry , 353 Waterhousea fl oribunda , 290 Water hyacinth , 293–294 Water mites , 28, 41, 72, 110, 187, 230, 342,

456, 464 Weatherhead, P.J. , 401 Weeks, A.R. , 144–146 Welbourn, W.C. , 362 Werthelloides , 240 Western fl ower thrips (WFT) , 189, 297,

303, 312 West, G.B. , 91 Weygoldt, P. , 32 Wheal , 430–433, 437–441, 443 Wheeler, W.M. , 6, 94. 355. 361 Whipscorpion , 3, 19, 23, 25, 33, 47, 69,

76, 77 Whirligig mite , 190, 191, 298, 431–433, 439 Whiteman, N.K. , 405, 406 Wiggins, G.B. , 347 Wikel, S.K. , 391, 402 Wiles, P.R. , 250, 393 Willamette spider mite , 322 Willis, D.W. , 257 Wilson, D.S. , 147, 369, 370, 373 Winkel, E.H. , 249

Winterschmidtiidae , 315, 343, 354, 355, 371, 373, 393

Witalinski, W. , 129, 137 Witches’-broom , 285 Witte, H. , 116, 120, 127, 256 Wolbachia , 146, 466 Womersia strandtmanni , 192 World trade , 437 Woyke, J. , 115 Wrensch, D.L. , 145, 148, 367 Wuria , 142

X Xanthippe , 297 Xenillidae , 317 Xenocaligonellidae , 293 Xiphosurida , 20, 22 Xolalgidae , 383

Y Yasui, Y. , 136 Yoder, J.A. , 360 Yohoia tenuis , 15 Young, W.C. , 242, 267–270, 450 Yund, P.O. , 106 Yuval, B. , 136

Z Zachvatkin, Aleksey A. , 34 Zeh, D.W. , 137 Zeh, J.A. , 137 Zeno of Elea , 449 Zeno’s paradox of Achilles

and the Tortoise , 449 Zerconidae , 2, 111, 187 Zetomimidae , 234 Zetorchestes , 198 Zetzellia mali , 299 Zhang, Z.-Q. , 357, 395 Zoonosis , 424, 435 Zoonotic , 425 Zuk, M. , 399 Zygopachylus , 69 Zygoribatula exilis , 209 Zygoseius , 73

Z. furciger , 89, 90

Index