Post on 18-Apr-2020
T R A I N I N G O F T R A I N E R S ’ C O M P A N I O N W O R K B O O K O N
GENDER AND SECURITY FOR THE MEDIA AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN NEPALM AY 2 0 1 1
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This Companion workbook is designed for use in tandem with the Saferworld/IHRICON Training of trainers’ manual on gender and security for the media and civil society in Nepal. It contains tools, hand-outs, briefing information sheets, selected reading materials for exercises, daily learning diaries and a list of useful resources on gender and security sector reform (SSR) for journalists and civil society. Many of the tools have been included as useful background material for journalists or researchers to keep for future reference.
The Companion workbook can be given to each participant to use in its entirety, or selected pages can be printed out for distribution. The trainer/facilitator can choose to give participants the hand-outs at a relevant time or at the end of each session.
Copyright Saferworld, May 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a re-
trieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording or other-
wise without full attribution. Saferworld welcomes and encourages the utilisation and dissemination of the material
included in this publication.
3Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
The gender – sex quiz
Impact of the conflict on gender roles in Nepal
Who’s who in the security sector in Nepal?
Legislative frameworks – security sector legislation of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
Types of violence commonly experienced by women
Your personal learning diary
Mainstreaming gender into security sector reform (SSR)
Questions to ask in a gender analysis
How can civil society help make security policy gender-friendly?
Media checklist and guidelines for gender and security
Media/civil society dialogue session
Strengthening the gender responsiveness of security agencies in Nepal, policy briefing, 2 March 2011
Interview with Deputy Superintendent of NP stationed in Gorkha
The inclusion of women in rehabilitation and integration
Summary of relevant gender and security-related international resolutions and conventions
DRAFT copy of relevant parts of the Nepal NAP on UNSCRs 1325 and 1820
UNSCR 1325 indicators in relation to Nepal
Instructions for Martian journalists on a mission to Planet Earth!
Lapen scenario
Advocacy tools for civil society on gender and security
What makes a good press release?
Possible topics for gender and security-related stories
Guidance on meeting with decision makers
How to give effective interviews to the media
Training evaluation form
Useful resources on gender and security for the media and civil society
Contents4 Acronyms
6 Tool 1
7 Tool 2
8 Tool 3
10 Tool 4
12 Tool 5
14 Tool 6
16 Tool 7
19 Tool 8
21 Tool 9
22 Tool 10
25 Tool 11
26 Tool 12
34 Tool 13
37 Tool 14
42 Tool 15
49 Tool 16
66 Tool 17
68 Tool 18
69 Tool 19
70 Tool 20
72 Tool 21
74 Tool 22
75 Tool 23
79 Tool 24
82 Tool 25
84 Tool 26
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Acronyms
AFN Antenna Foundation Nepal
APF Armed Police Force
CA Constituent Assembly
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement
CSO Civil society organisation
DAC Development Assistance Committee
DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
DDR Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration
EAN Equal Access Nepal
EU European Union
GBV Gender-based violence
GoN Government of Nepal
FWLD Forum for Women’s Law and Development
IC Interim Constitution
IDA Inter Disciplinary Analysts
IGP Inspector General of the Nepal Police
IHRICON Institute of Human Rights Communication
INGO International non-governmental organisation
MoD Ministry of Defence
MoE Ministry of Education
MoF Ministry of Finance
MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs
MoHP Ministry of Health and Population
MoIC Ministry of Information and Communications
MoLD Ministry of Local Development
MoLJ Ministry of Law and Justice
MoPR Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction
MoWCSW Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare
NA Nepal Army
NAP National Action Plan
NGO Non-governmental organisation
NP Nepal Police
NPTF Nepal Peace Trust Fund
NSC National Security Council
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
SGBV Sexual and gender-based violence
SSR Security system reform or security sector reform
TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
UNICEF United Nations Fund for Children
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women (now part of UN Women)
Acronyms
5Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
UNIRP United Nations Integrated Rehabilitation Programme
UN–INSTRAW United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of
Women, <www.un-instraw.org/>
UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution
VAW Violence against women
VDC Village Development Committee
WPCs Women Police Constables
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Tool 1The gender – sex quiz
To indicate whether you think each statement is related to sex or gender, write ‘S’ or ‘G’ next to each of the following statements:
1. Women give birth to babies. Men do not.
2. Little girls are gentle. Boys are tough.
3. Among Indian agricultural workers, women earn 40-60 percent less than men.
4. Women can breastfeed babies; men can bottle-feed babies.
5. Most construction workers in Britain are men.
6. In ancient Egypt men stayed at home and did the weaving. Women handled family business. Women inherited property and men did not.
7. Men’s voices break at puberty. Women’s do not.
8. A study of 224 cultures showed that, men were responsible for cooking in 5 cultures and women were responsible for building houses in 36 cultures.
9. According to United Nations (UN) statistics, women do 67 percent of the world’s work, but earn only ten percent of the world’s income.
Tool 1
7Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Tool 2Impact of the conflict on gender roles in Nepal
Nepal’s women suffered horribly in the conflict, but destructive events can also open up fleeting windows of opportunity. Nepali women’s civil society was strengthened during the conflict; conducting highly active campaigns for peace and democracy and putting pressure on parties involved in the conflict to bring about a ceasefire. This created a platform from which women have been able to demand recognition and assert their rights.
• Womenbecameleaders/activistsingrassrootsorganisationsandpeacemovements.
• GirlsandwomenbecamecombatantswhentheyjoinedthePeople’sLiberationArmyand fought alongside men, challenging common misperceptions of women only being victims of conflict.
• Menbecameabsenthusbands,brothers,sonsandfathers;womenundertookworkthat was formerly done by men and became heads of households and providers for their families. This has led to heightened levels of alcoholism among men and increased domestic violence in the post-conflict period, as men feel that their traditional role of breadwinner has been taken over by women. Men who were wounded or traumatised in the conflict are now dependent on women, adding to the problem.
• Asignificantnumberofmenhavejoinedcriminalandpolitical-ethnicarmedgroupsin the post-conflict era, as a response to social exclusion and heightened levels of unemployment, and in order to generate income and fulfil their role as ‘providers’.
• Nobodyhascalculatedhowmanyconflictwidowsthereare.Duringtheinsurgency,thousands of women lost their husbands at a young age and now live under profound emotional shock and economic difficulties. They have become prime targets for sexual exploitation and abuse from all sides. Many are illiterate and many live in remote villages.
• Inaculturewhereawoman’sstatusisdefinedasamotherandwife,womenlosttheir identity and income when they were widowed. There are frequent examples of widows being driven out of their homes when their husbands die, leaving them vulnerable to prostitution and sex traffickers.
• Womennowconstitute33percentofthelegislativebody–theConstituentAssembly(CA).
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Tool 3Who’s who in the security sector in Nepal?
Army Act, 2063 BS
• Article144oftheInterimConstitution(IC)ofNepal2063BS,providesfortheestablishment of the Nepalese Army. It designates control and authority for mobilisation and management to Cabinet Ministers. Cabinet Ministers are also authorised to appoint the Chief of Army Staff.
• Article145providesforthecreationofaNationalSecurityCouncil(NSC)forthemobilisationand employment of the Nepal Army (NA). The Prime Minister is the Chair of the NSC; the Defence Minister, the Home Minister and three other ministers (appointed by the Prime Minister) are members. The Chief of Army Staff and three-star Lieutenant Generals (national level) and Brigadier Generals (regional level) are responsible for implementation.
• ThekeydepartmentswithintheNAdealingwithgenderandsecurity-relatedissuesaretheDirectorate of Public Relations, the Directorate of Research and Development, the Office of the Master General of Ordinance, the Office of the Director General of Development and Construction, the Military Finance Administrative Department, the Military Secretariat, the Office of the Adjutant General overseeing the Directorate of Human Rights, the Directorate of Recruitment, the Directorate of Military Education and the Legal Department. The Office of the Chief of Staff directly oversees the Directorate of Welfare Schemes.
Nepal Police Act and Nepal Police Regulation
• TheNepalPoliceAct2012BSandtheNepalPoliceRegulation2015BSweredeveloped to manage the Nepal Police (NP) system, i.e. police recruitment, promotion and punishment, discipline, implementation of security policy and other related issues. The following are responsible for implementing the act:
◦ Minister for Home Affairs (policy level)
◦ Inspector General of the Nepal Police (IGP) (national level)
◦ Eight Additional Inspector Generals of NP (national level)
◦ Thirty two Deputy Inspector Generals of Police (regional level)
• TherearefourdepartmentsintheNPthatdealwithgenderandsecurity-relatedissues: the Administration Department, the Operations Department, the Criminal Investigation Department and the Human Resource Development Department. Additionally, the Metropolitan Police Service Department oversees security provisions within Kathmandu. The National Police Academy undertakes training for NP recruits (both senior and junior officers, at national and regional levels).
Armed Police Force Act
• ThisActwasdevelopedtomanagetheArmedPoliceForce(APF)system,i.e.policerecruitment, promotion and punishment, discipline, implementation of security policy and other related issues. The following are responsible for implementing the act:
◦ Minister for Home Affairs (policy level)
◦ Inspector General of the APF and Additional Inspector General of the APF (national level)
◦ Five Additional Inspector Generals (national level)
◦ Chiefs (Deputy Inspector Generals of the APF) of the departments of
Tool 3
9Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Administration, Operations, Human Resource Development, Academy and Border Security (directly responsible to the IGP)
• TheDepartmentofAdministrationisresponsiblefortherecords,posting,transferandpromotion of APF personnel throughout the country, for gazette-level officers (internally known as senior officers), various ceremonies and legal and medical services1.
• TheDepartmentofOperationsismainlyresponsibleforoperations,planning,policy,staffduties,human rights, intelligence and deployment of APF personnel to security-related facilities such as airports, telecommunication towers and correction centres. Further responsibilities include rations, clothing, weapons, ammunition and explosives and equipment.
• TheDepartmentofHumanResourceDevelopmentisresponsiblefortrainingathomeandabroad, recruitment, welfare, development of syllabuses and UN peacekeeping operations.
• TheNationalArmedPoliceForceAcademyisresponsibleforbuildingthecapacityofofficers through various training events, and preparing and amending the training syllabus according to requirements.
• TheDepartmentofBorderSecurityisresponsibleforformulatingplansanddirectivesfordeployment to border areas. Its main task is to protect the border and the border pillars.
Armed Police Force Act 2058 BS
• TheHomeSecretarychairstheCentralSecurityCouncilresponsiblefortheimplementationof this act. The Central Security Council is comprised of the Chief of Army Staff of NA, the Inspector General of NP, the Inspector General of APF, the Inspector General of the National Investigation Department and the Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA). The Minister for Home Affairs has overall responsibility for the APF. The current command and control organisation of the NA is set out in the 1990 Constitution and the IC. The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has overall responsibility for the NA.
Special Security Plan
• TheGovernmentdevelopedtheSpecialSecurityPlantocontrolarmedviolenceinthe Tarai Region of Nepal. The Special Security Plan was implemented in 15 districts where there was a perceived security threat. The Government of Nepal (GoN), Chief of Police and Chief District Officers are responsible for implementing this plan.
National Security Council2
• TheNSCwasestablishedin2002underArticle145oftheIC.TheChairoftheNSCisthe Prime Minister and the Defence Minister and Home Minister are members. The Secretary of the MoD is the Secretary of the NSC.
• TheNSCisresponsibleforpreparingapolicy,planandprogrammeregardingthemobilisation, operation and use of the NP and for reaching agreement on the approach by the GoN to national security, including the development of a National Security Strategy. The NSC focuses on issues relating to national security including responsible sovereignty; national integrity; political, diplomatic, economic, social scientific and environment issues; good governance; development; human rights and other areas.
1 Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home Affairs, Armed Police Force introduction, <http://www.apf.gov.np/introduction/introduction.php>, March 2011
2 Acharya N, ‘Chapter IV: The security providers – the Nepalese army’, in The Nepal Security Sector: An Almanac, Sapkota B (ed), (Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland, 2009), pp121-138. <http://www.swisspeace.ch/typo3/fileadmin/user_upload/Media/Countries/Nepal/Sapkota_Bishnu_Nepali_Security_Sector.pdf>
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Tool 4Legislative frameworks – security sector legislation of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
Legislative frameworks for security providers
• ArmyAct,2063BS
• ArmedPoliceForceAct2058BS
• ArmedPoliceForceRegulation2060BS
• PoliceAct2012BS
• PoliceRegulation2049BS
• ProvisionsConcerningPrivateSecurityGuards
• InstrumentsgoverningtherecruitmentofGhurkhastotheBritishandIndianArmies
• LocalAdministrationAct2028BS
Legislative frameworks for ensuring state security
• EspionageAct2018BS
• NepalSpecialServiceAct2042BS
• OffenceAgainstStateAndPunishmentAct2046BS
• PublicSecurityAct2046BS
• TerroristAndDisruptiveActivitiesAct(PreventionandPunishment)2058BS(expired)
• TerroristAndDisruptiveActivitiesOrdinance(ControlandPunishment)2058BS(expired)
• TheEssentialGoodsControl(Empowerment)Act2017BS
• TheEssentialServicesMobilizationAct2014BS
• TheStateCasesAct2049BS
• TheStateCasesRegulation2055BS
• ThePublicOffencesandPenaltiesAct2027BS
Legislative frameworks for law enforcement and detention
• PrisonAct2019BS
• PrisonRegulation2020BS
• ForestAct2049BS
• ForestRegulation2051BS
• NationalParksandWildlifeConservationAct2029BS
Legislative frameworks for review and complaint procedures
• CourtMartialRegulation2064BS
• NAandhumanrights:
◦ The Torture Compensation Act 2052 BS
◦ Human Rights Commission Act 2053 BS
Tool 4
11Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Legislative frameworks for migration
• ExtraditionAct2055BS
• ImmigrationAct2049BS
• ImmigrationRegulation2051BS
• PassportAct2024BS
• PassportRegulation2059BS
Legislative frameworks for arms and explosives
• ExplosiveSubstanceAct2018BS
• ArmsandMunitionsAct2019BS
• ArmsandAmmunitionRegulation2019BS
Legislative frameworks for trafficking and sexual exploitation
• NationalPlanofActionagainstTraffickinginChildrenandtheirCommercialSexualExploitation 2060 BS
• HumanTrafficking(Control)Regulation2064BS(enactedtoimplementtheprovisionsof the Human Trafficking Control Act of 2007 effectively)
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Tool 5Types of violence commonly experienced by women
Examples of types of violence commonly experienced by women
1 Domestic violence: Violence against women in the family occurs in developed and developing countries alike. For a long time domestic violence was considered a private matter by bystanders, including family, neighbours, the community and government. In the United States, a woman is beaten every 18 minutes; indeed, domestic violence is the country’s leading cause of injury among women of reproductive age. In Peru, 70 percent of all crimes reported to the police involve women beaten by their husbands. According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, of the 400 cases of domestic violence reported in 1993 in the province of Punjab, nearly half ended with the death of the wife.
2 Traditional practices: In many countries, women fall victim to traditional practices that violate their human rights. The persistence of the problem has much to do with the fact that most of these physically and psychologically harmful customs are deeply rooted in the tradition and culture of society.
3 Female genital mutilation: According to the World Health Organization, 85–115 million girls and women have undergone some form of female genital mutilation and suffer from its adverse health effects. Every year an estimated two million young girls undergo this procedure. Most live in Africa and Asia, but an increasing number can be found among immigrant and refugee families in Western Europe and North America and the practice has been outlawed in some European countries. There is a growing consensus that the best way to eliminate these practices is through educational campaigns that emphasise their dangerous health consequences. Several governments have been actively promoting such campaigns in their countries.
4 Preference for sons: Son preference affects women in many countries, particularly in Asia. Its consequences can be anything from foetal or female infanticide to neglect of a girl child over her brother in terms of essential needs, such as nutrition, basic health care and education. In China and India some women choose to terminate their pregnancies when expecting daughters, but carry their pregnancies to term when expecting sons. Indian gender-detection clinics drew protests from women’s groups after the appearance of advertisements suggesting that it was better to spend US$38 now to terminate a female foetus, than US$3,800 later on her dowry.
5 Dowry-related violence and early marriage: In some countries, weddings are preceded by the payment by the bride’s family of an agreed dowry. Failure to pay the dowry can lead to violence towards women. For example in Bangladesh, a bride whose dowry was deemed too small was disfigured after her husband threw acid in her face. Early marriage, especially without the consent of the girl, is another common form of human rights violation.
6 Rape: Rape can occur even in the family, where it can take the form of marital rape or incest. It also occurs in the community, where a woman can fall prey to any abuser. Previously, in many countries, sexual assault of a wife by her husband was not considered to be a crime; a wife was expected to submit. This has changed and marital rape is treated as a crime in many countries, including the United Kingdom. Rape (of men and women) is often used as a weapon of war and for perpetuating power dynamics between conflicting groups.
7 Sexual harassment: Sexual harassment in the workplace is a large and still-growing concern for women. Employers abuse their authority to seek sexual favours from their
Tool 5
13Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
female co-workers or subordinates, sometimes promising promotions or other forms of career advancement or simply creating an untenable and hostile work environment. Women who refuse to give in to such unwanted sexual advances often run the risk of demotion or dismissal. But in recent years more women have come forward to report such practices, some taking their cases to court.
8 Prostitution and trafficking: Many women are forced into prostitution either by their parents, husbands or boyfriends, or as a result of the difficult economic and social conditions in which they find themselves. They are also lured into prostitution, sometimes by ‘mail-order bride’ agencies that promise to find them a husband or a job in a foreign country. As a result, they often find themselves illegally confined in brothels, living in slave-like conditions, where they are physically abused and their passports are withheld. Once they are caught up in this, there is practically no way out and they find themselves in a very vulnerable situation. In one incident five young prostitutes burned to death in a brothel fire because they had been chained to their beds. Since prostitution is illegal in many countries, it is difficult for prostitutes to come forward to ask for protection if they become victims of rape or want to escape from brothels. Customers, on the other hand, are rarely the object of penal laws. In Thailand, prostitutes who complain to the police are often arrested and sent back to the brothels upon payment of a fine. The extent of trafficking in women and girls has reached alarming proportions, especially in Asian countries such as Nepal. Many women and girls are trafficked across borders, often with the complicity of border guards.
9 Violence against women migrant workers: Female migrant workers typically leave their countries for better living conditions and better pay, but the real benefits accrue to both the host countries and the countries of origin. For home countries, money sent by migrant workers is an important source of hard currency, while receiving countries are able to find workers for low-paying jobs that might otherwise go unfilled. However, migrant workers themselves fare badly, sometimes with tragic consequences. Many become virtual slaves, subject to abuse and rape by their employers. In the Middle East and Persian Gulf region there are an estimated 1.2 million women, mainly Asians, employed as domestic servants. According to Human Rights Watch, in the Middle East, female migrant workers in Kuwait often suffer beatings and sexual assaults at the hands of their employers. In many cases, women who report being raped by their employer are sent back to them, or are even assaulted at the police station. Working conditions are often appalling and employers prevent women from escaping by seizing their passports or identity papers.
10 Custodial violence against women (VAW): Violence against women by the very people who are supposed to protect them – members of law enforcement and criminal justice systems – is widespread. Women are physically or verbally abused; they also suffer sexual and physical ill treatment. According to Amnesty International, thousands of women held in custody are routinely raped in police detention centres worldwide.
11 Violence against refugee and displaced women: Women and children form the great majority of refugee populations all over the world and are especially vulnerable to violence and exploitation. In refugee camps they are sometimes raped and abused by military and immigration personnel, bandit groups, male refugees and rival ethnic groups. They are also forced into prostitution.
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Tool 6Your personal learning diary
It is important you complete this diary each day. You will have learned many new things in the workshop and the purpose of this diary is to record the points that you found most interesting and potentially useful in your future work.
Please spend 10 minutes each evening or early the next morning on this task.
Day one
What seemed the most significant elements of the day for you?
What insights have you gained?
How will you apply what you learned to your work and activities in the future?
Day two
What seemed the most significant elements of the day for you?
What insights have you gained?
Tool 6
15Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
How will you apply what you learned to your work and activities in the future?
Day three
What seemed the most significant elements of the day for you?
What insights have you gained?
How will you apply what you learned to your work and activities in the future?
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Tool 7Mainstreaming gender into security sector reform (SSR)
Section A: Why is it important to mainstream gender into SSR?
• MainstreaminggenderintoSSRensuresthatthesecuritysectorismoreaccountableand there is greater local ownership.
• Enhancedaccountabilityofthesecuritysectorcaninturnhelptoaddresssexualandgender-based violence (SGBV) and discrimination within the security sector; such as enforcing property rights of widows and addressing impunity for SGBV in the justice system.
• Increasingtheparticipationofwomenandgenderexpertsintheoversightofthesecurity sector can make oversight bodies more representative and effective.
• Itensuresthatthesecuritysectorismoreinclusiveandrespondsequallytothedifferent security needs of men and women.
• Itensuresthatwomenarerepresentedwithinthesecurityagencies,leadingtogreater operational effectiveness, as women play a key role in the provision of security, particularly in cases involving women and SGBV.
• Compliancewithinternational,regionalandlocallawsandresolutionsconcerningsecurity and gender: the international community has acknowledged the importance of a gender-responsive security sector, for example in the Beijing Platform for Action and UN Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR) 1325, 1820, 1888, 1889 and 1960.
Section B: What does mainstreaming gender into SSR involve?
• Providinggendertrainingforsecuritysectorpersonnelinallranksanddepartments.
• Settingcleartargetsforwomen’srecruitmentandretentioninsecurityagenciesandpromotingan increase in proportion of women at decision making levels within security agencies.
• Ensuringwomenaretreatedequallytomenintermsofrank,promotionandtraining.
• Ensuringthatthereareseparatefacilitiesforwomen,includingtoilets,washingfacilitiesand sleeping quarters, in order to reduce the risk of SGBV within security agencies.
• Makingprovisionforchild-careandeducationservicesforpersonnelbasedinremotelocations (i.e. barracks).
• Ensuringgenderpoliciesareinplacewhichmakeprovisionsforadequatematernityand parental leave.
• VettingpersonnelforhumanrightsviolationsincludingSGBVandestablishinggendercells for monitoring and responding to cases of SGBV within security agencies.
• Ensuringsecuritysectoragenciesabidebyinternationallawandsocontributetonational and international goals of peace and security.
• Takingstepstochangetheattitudeandbehaviourofsecurityagencypersonneltowards the role and participation of women within security agencies, in order to foster long-term cultural change and encourage the retention and representation of women in security agencies.
• Includingindicatorsforgendermainstreamingintocross-agencymonitoringandevaluation frameworks.
Tool 7
17Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
• EnsuringwomenareonSSRassessmentandevaluationteams.
• Conductingareviewofpublicsecurityexpendituretoensurethatfundsarebeingequally allocated to men and women.
Section C: Examples of mainstreaming gender into SSR programmes
Sweden (particularly regarding the integration of gender into armed forces)
• TheSwedishArmedForceshavetheirownexpertswhocarryouttrainingonUNSCR1325 prior to deployment. Every soldier and officer going on an operation/mission has at least three hours training on UNSCR 1325 and gender.
• Gendertrainingisincludedinallmilitaryschoolsandmainstreamedthroughoutthemilitary education system for two years military training.
• TheSwedishmilitarymainstreamsgenderbymakingemployeesandcommandersaware of, and responsible for, gender issues. Gender advisers and gender experts support, facilitate and monitor that process.
• In2006,theSwedishArmedForcescontributedtotheEuropeanUnionForce(EUFOR)in the Democratic Republic of Congo and applied gender mainstreaming in practical terms, to make UNSCR 1325 operational. Lt-General Claes-Göran Fant of the Swedish Armed Forces states: “This task was very successful. The basic gender training given to the 250 participants was crucial. The system of gender focal points was a very important factor with the work on developing the gender reporting system. Implementing gender into military and other organisations is about fundamental human rights, democracy and efficiency. If you talk to women as well as men in an area of operation then the facts, analysis, assessment and subsequent actions will be more correct, something that has not always been the case before.”4
South Africa: mainstreaming gender into the military and police
• SouthAfricahasbeenrecruitingfemaletroopsandpolicesinceitstartedrestructuring its security agencies in the mid-1990s.
• SouthAfricarecentlyincreaseditsquotaforwomen,forbothinstitutions(armyandpolice), to 40 percent in an effort to speed up the process. After a gender-mainstreaming audit which highlighted shortcomings at the command levels of the South African National Defence Force, eight female brigadier generals were appointed in 2007.
Section D: Examples of actions specifically targeted at men and women as part of mainstreaming gender into SSR
• Fundingtheestablishmentofwomen’spoliceunits,orstationsthatdealspecificallywith cases involving women.
• Trainingprisonstafftopreventtherapeoffemale(ormale)prisoners.
• Encouragingcollaborationwithwomen’sorganisationstoimproveservicestotrafficked women and girls.
• Conductinganassessmentofmeasurestopreventandrespondtomaleyouthviolence5.
4 Fant Lt General C G, Gender equality and gender mainstreaming in Swedish Armed Forces, (10 May 2007). <http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/equal/data/document/0705-graz-spefant.pdf>
5 Organisation for Economic Co-operation (OECD) and Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Handbook on security system reform, (2007). <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/25/38406485.pdf>
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6 Harsch E, ‘Security sector reform key to protecting women’, in Africa Renewal Online, January 2010, p9. <http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol23no4/security-reform.html>
Case study from Liberia of activity directed specifically to increase the number of women in the police
• Withthehelpofnearly60femaleinstructorsfromtheUNpeacekeepingmission,thefirst all-female class of police cadets graduated in 2009, bringing the force’s total proportion of women to 12 percent.
• Earlier,thePresidentofLiberia,EllenJohnsonSirleafnamedawoman,BeatriceMunah Sieh, as Inspector General of Police.
• TofurtherimprovefemalerecruitmenttotheLiberianpolicewithoutcompromisingthe educational requirements, an accelerated learning programme has been introduced. Young women applicants who have not completed a secondary education are enrolled at a local polytechnic school to obtain their certificates6.
Tool 7
19Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
7 From: Bastick M and Valasek K (eds), Gender and security sector reform toolkit, (DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN-INSTRAW, 2008). <www.dcaf.ch/gssrtoolkit>
Tool 8Questions to ask in a gender analysis7
General
• Aregendersecurity-relatedissuesbeingtargetedspecifically?
• Istheemphasisonnationalorhumansecurity?
• Isthepolicy/programmeinlinewithinternational,regionalandnationalpoliciesandresolutions on gender and security?
• Doesthepolicy/programmeseektoovercomegenderinequalitiesinparticular?
Data collection
• Howhavewomenandmenbeenconsulted?
• Dopartnerorganisationstrulyreflectthevoicesofthemenandwomenexpectedtobenefit from the policy?
• Whatisthegendermake-upofthepeopleaffectedbythepolicy/programme?
• Howcandataandstatisticalinformationbecollectedbysex,ethnicity,disability,age,religion and sexual orientation?
Implementation
• Willthepolicy/programmebeexperiencedoraccesseddifferentlybyawomanorman?
• Dothoseimplementing/deliveringthepolicyorservicerepresentthediversityofthecommunity being served? Are women equally involved in implementation?
• Havespecificandsufficientresources(financialandhuman)beenallocatedtoenablethe achievement of gender equality?
• Howdoestheprogramme/policyimpactpositivelyornegativelyonwomenandmen?
• Doesthepolicy/programmereinforceorchallengetraditionalorstereotypedperceptions of women and men?
• Howhasthepolicy/programmebeencommunicatedtomenandwomen?Whatifmenor women are illiterate or speak a different language?
• Havegender-sensitivelanguage,symbolsandexamplesbeenusedinthematerialscommunicating the policy?
Objectives
• Aretheobjectivesgender-sensitive,soastotakeintoaccountspecificgenderissues?
Monitoring
• Dofemaleandmalebeneficiariesparticipateequallyinthemonitoringprocess?
• Howcanexternalorganisationsrepresentingdifferentgroupsinthecommunityhelpto monitor policy outcomes?
• Aremechanismsinplacetoinitiateaninvestigation,ortochangethepolicy,ifitis
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not delivering either the equality objective defined at the outset of the project or equality of opportunity for women and men?
Evaluation
• Isthepolicypromotinganddeliveringequalityofopportunityforwomenandmen?Have the objectives been met for women and men?
• Didonegroupreceivegreaterbenefitthanothers?Ifso,howwilltheimbalancebeaddressed? Were inputs allocated equitably?
• Whatistheoverallimpactonthestatusandqualityoflifeforwomenandmen?
• Didtheimplementationinvolvewomenandmen?
• Isthereaneedforadditionaldatacollectionanddotargetsandindicatorsneedadjusting in the light of experience?
• Whatlessonsarethereforimprovingfuturepoliciesandprogrammesintermsofgendersensitivity? Who needs to be informed and how is the information to be presented?
Tool 8
21Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Tool 9How can civil society help make security policy gender-friendly?
• Conductadvocacywithgovernmentforimplementationofinternationalresolutionsand policies relating to gender and security, e.g. National Action Plan (NAP).
• Actasaco-ordinatedoversightbody,holdinggovernmentandsecurityandjusticeagencies accountable for their commitments.
• Supportsecurityandjusticeagenciestoundertakegenderassessments(includinganalysis of policies) and implement recommendations.
• Undertakeresearchonthesecurityandjusticeneedsofmenandwomenandfeedthis into security and justice policy and programme development.
• Developcapacityforgendermainstreaminginlocalpeacebuilding,communitysecurity and informal justice mechanisms.
• Buildcapacityandconducttrainingongendermainstreaming(notjustonSGBV)forsecurity and justice agencies and the government.
• Raisepublicawarenessongender-sensitivesecurityandjustice.
• Supportattitudinalandbehaviourchangeinsecurityandjusticeagencies.
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Tool 10Media checklist and guidelines for gender and security
Section A: Check-list for media coverage on gender and security
• Ask“whyisthishappening?”and“wherearetheproblemareas?”
• Findoutwhatledtotheviolence.Isitanormaloccurrence?
• Lookbehindtheevent;speaktomultiplesources.
• Considerifthisanisolatedincident,orifthereisapattern.
• LookforstatisticsandbackgroundinformationfromUNagencies,civilsocietyorganisations (CSOs), security agencies and academic institutes/think tanks.
• Lookforthehumanstorybehindthestatistics.
• Ask“whoarethekeypeoplewithresponsibilityforaddressingtheseissues?”and“what is being done to address the problem?”
• Ask“whichstrategiesforaddressingtheproblemarecurrentlyappliedinpractice?”and “by whom?”
• Ask“whichstandardsandguidelinesexisttoaddressgender-relatedinsecurityinNepal?”
• Ask“whichstrategiesexisttoengagemenaswellaswomen?”
• Lookatstateresponsibility,oraccountabilityfromotherinstitutions.
• Preserveanonymityofthevictim.
• Thinkcarefullyabouttheheadline.Don’tperpetuatestereotypesaboutgenderdivisions.
Section B: Guidelines for journalists on gender-sensitive media coverage
1 Make sure women are seen and heard in the media. Action: Conduct a gender audit of key programmes during the past month. Make sure an equal balance of women and men appear on television and radio; in the written press, as commentators; and in debate programmes on politics and current affairs.
2 Build gender-balanced lists of contacts who can speak on security-related topics (see list of women non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and leaders working on gender and security). Avoid common excuses such as: “Yes, we know we should have included an equal number of women and men in the TV discussion programme, but we didn’t know any suitable women who would be capable of commenting.” There are plenty of articulate women in every country – widen your contact lists!
3 Look behind the storyline – investigate the women’s perspective on existing security-related news stories. Do not assume there is only one point of view – a male’s. Always seek the views of women and women’s organisations to see whether there is an alternative interpretation, or a different and more significant storyline to be presented.
4 Who controls the news, current affairs and political agenda? Avoid dividing the media profession based on traditional perceptions about gender roles, where ‘hard’ news stories (such as security, politics, wars and economics) become the domain of male journalists and ‘soft’ news (such as social issues and the environment) are allocated to female journalists.
5 Increase understanding among journalists and editors of differing male and female perceptions about which security-related stories should top the news agenda and ensure that both perceptions are taken into account.
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23Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
6 How are women and men portrayed in pictures in your newspaper/television programmes? Action: Conduct a mini-survey of pictures for the past week. How many women/men appear as the main subjects of the pictures? Do the pictures depict men and women in stereotype roles, e.g. men as professionals, business leaders and politicians, with women only shown in support roles?
7 Portrayal of women and men in media stories: Does your paper/radio station/television station give women stereotypical labels? Action: If you wouldn’t normally describe the parental and marital status of a male professional then don’t describe the parental and marital status of a female professional. When describing men, journalists usually define their job or position. It is rare that a journalist will mention the number of his children or his marital status. Too often journalists fall into the trap of describing a professional woman as ‘mother of three’ or ‘the wife of’. Describe men and women in the same way.
8 Media coverage of men will usually focus on their achievements and not their physical appearance. Journalists should also focus on a woman’s achievements and not her physical appearance. If you wouldn’t normally focus on a detailed description of a man’s appearance and clothes, then don’t focus on a woman’s appearance and clothes in detail. This trivialises a woman’s professional status in comparison to her male colleagues.
9 Are your media stories helping to advance gender equality and equity in society, or are they angled and nuanced in a way that maintains traditional attitudes, even when these values contradict human rights? Promote gender equality and respect for human rights in the way you report.
10 Avoid confining media stories about women’s lives to topics which portray women as perpetual victims. Women also contribute greatly in social, political and economic spheres. Look for success stories and examples of women who have acted as role models. For example, refer to the role of Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) Gita Upreti (in Tool 13: Interview with Deputy Superintendent from the NP Stationed in Gorkha).
11 In media stories about sex trafficking and other forms of SGBV is the victim of the crime portrayed in a negative light to suggest that she, or he, deserves the violence? Action: avoid making comments such as:
◦ “She was just a prostitute (i.e. so she deserved to be raped).”
◦ “She was dressed in a provocative way, so she deserved to be raped.”
◦ “The woman would not obey her husband, so she deserved to be beaten.”
12 Avoid words that are highly sexist and offensive to those against whom they are used. Offensive stereotypes such as “all women are gossips” or “women can’t keep secrets” should not be used as they perpetuate negative stereotypes of women.
13 Is your vocabulary gender-sensitive? Your vocabulary and language should be inclusive of women and men, for example:
◦ Instead of ‘businessman’ or ‘businessmen’ use ‘business manager’, ‘executive’, ‘entrepreneur’, ‘business community’, ‘business people’ etc.
◦ Instead of ‘cameraman’ use ‘camera operator’, ‘film-maker’, ‘camera crew’.
◦ Instead of ‘chairman’ use ‘chair’ , ‘chairperson’, or ‘president’.
◦ Instead of ‘fireman’ use ‘fire-fighter’, ‘fire crew’ or ‘fire brigade’.
◦ Instead of ‘policeman’ use ‘police officer’ or ‘police’.
◦ Instead of ‘spokesman’ use ‘spokesperson’ or ‘representative’.
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Section C: Common challenges in reporting on gender and security
Numerous stories miss the opportunity to create awareness about international resolutions and laws to protect human rights or gender equality. The Global Media Monitoring Project in 20108 found that:
◦ A high proportion of stories reinforce gender stereotypes on peace (64 percent), development (59 percent), conflict (56 percent) and gender-based violence (56 percent).
◦ Forty two percent of the online news stories were found to reinforce gender stereotypes, only four percent challenged them and the majority (54 percent) neither reinforced nor challenged stereotypes.
◦ The greater proportion of news items on important topics appear to be gender-blind. They neither challenge nor reinforce stereotypes. However neutrality perpetuates subtle or unquestioned gender bias and cements discrimination.
◦ Only ten percent of stories quote or refer to relevant local, national, regional or international legal instruments on gender equality and/or human rights.
8 Macharia S, O’Connor D and Ndangam L, Who makes the news? The Global Media Monitoring Project 2010, (World Association for Christian Communication (WACC), 2010). <http://www.whomakesthenews.org/>
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25Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Tool 11Media/civil society dialogue session
If any civil society participant has a story they believe will be of interest to the public they should outline it briefly in their group and ask advice on developing it into a newsworthy story.
Civil society participants can also raise questions they have from any previous experience of dealing with the media, both positive and negative. Did they get the action they wanted from the media? Ask the advice of the media about how to do it better in the future.
Similarly, media participants can raise any issues (positive and negative) they have from previous experience of dealing with civil society.
Questions the media could ask civil society:
◦ What issues related to gender and security is your CSO working on?
◦ Do you have any specific events coming up related to gender and SSR?
◦ What are the gender and SSR topics your CSO would like to see covered by the media in Nepal?
◦ Do you have any interesting stories you are keen to get into the media?
◦ Will you be organising any events on gender and SSR that we should cover?
Questions civil society could ask the media:
◦ Describe your publication/newspaper/radio programme/TV programme.
◦ How do you prefer to be contacted? What time of week? What time of day? When is the best time to contact you and when is a bad time? What day of the week gives you best opportunity for getting coverage?
◦ Find out when journalists have their deadlines, when they plan what they will cover and when they like to be contacted. Some radio and television programmes have a forward planning unit you can notify weeks ahead of an upcoming event. Time your events carefully – choose a time likely to get you maximum coverage. If it is a fast-breaking story you want on the television evening news, you must schedule the event for early afternoon at the latest.
◦ How do you prefer to be contacted: e-mail, telephone, press release, Twitter etc?
◦ What type of audience does your outlet/programme attract? (Age group, regional/national or other, stories with a regional bias, stories about older/younger people, rural/urban etc).
◦ What type of stories or ideas would interest you on gender and SSR?
◦ What type of stories are you not interested in?
Once you identify who might be interested in your issue arrange to meet them or to be in contact after the workshop. Editors and journalists are easily approachable, particularly if you offer them something newsworthy.
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Tool 12Strengthening the gender responsiveness of security agencies in Nepal, policy briefing, 2 March 2011
Acknowledgements
This briefing paper was jointly developed by Antenna Foundation Nepal (AFN), Equal Access Nepal (EAN), Forum for Women Law and Development (FWLD), Institute for Human Rights and Communication Nepal (IHRICON), International Alert and Saferworld, drawing on primary research, analysis of district assessments carried out in Nepal 2009 and previous work of a number of organisations.
The development and production of this brief was made possible by the support of the Embassy of Denmark.
1. Introduction
This policy briefing paper is aimed at policy makers of security agencies to highlight existing challenges faced within Nepali security agencies on gender responsiveness, make recommendations to address the existing gaps identified and strengthen mechanisms for responding better both to the security needs of women in society and also to those of female personnel within security agencies themselves. It draws upon analysis of district assessments carried out in Nepal 2009 by Nepali CSOs, with technical assistance from international organisations9 and previous work of a number of organisations. This is particularly timely given the recent adoption of the NAP on UNSCR 1325 and 1820 by the Cabinet on 1 February 2011, which promotes the participation of women in the prevention and resolution of conflict and peace and security. The recommendations outlined in this paper build upon, are in line with and seek to support the implementation of the NAP.
The brief is prepared in consultation with CSOs and partner international organisations, with the following objectives:
• Toinformpolicy-makersandsecurityagenciesoftheexistinggenderrelatedsecuritysituation and challenges in responding to gender responsiveness within the security sector, and
• Tomakepolicylevelrecommendationsonpriorityissuesofconcern.
Gender equality: The equal representation of men and women in the decision-making, policy and programme development and implementation of programmes.
Gender sensitivity: The consideration of the impact of all policies and programmes on women, men, girls and boys.
Gender responsiveness: Ensuring policies and programmes are both gender sensitive and gender equal (i.e. both of the above).
Sexual and gender-based violence: Violence based on the socially ascribed differences between men and women.
9 The district assessments are done by FWLD and IHRICON with technical support from International Alert, Saferworld, EAN and AFN.
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27Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
2. Background
The current gender-related security situation in Nepal
Gender inequality and women’s rights are a significant problem in Nepal, which is one of the few countries in the world where women have a lower life expectancy than men, a direct reflection of the underprivileged status of women. Also as a result of this, women face greater levels of insecurity than men.
In particular, SGBV was identified as a key and growing concern in all districts assessed by the consortium in 200910. SGBV was perceived to be the number one security threat faced by women and cases of rape and other kinds of sexual violence, including marital rape, were mentioned during focus group discussions undertaken as part of this research11. In support of these findings, research undertaken by Saferworld and Interdisciplinary Analysts (IDA) in 2009 found that women perceive themselves to face greater risks of being a victim of crime than do men - identifying SGBV as a particular risk within the household and outside the household after dark, particularly in urban areas12. Research undertaken by Advocacy Forum in the Eastern Terai revealed that marginalised (lower caste) women are more vulnerable to sexual violence, mainly from higher caste men (particularly Brahmin and Yadav) and members of criminal groups operating in the border areas13.
3. Challenges in responding to gender responsiveness within the security sector
Mandates of different security agencies:
• NP:Responsibleforeffectivedeliveryofpublicsecurityandmaintaininglawandorder in society. They are the first point-of-contact for communities to approach when seeking security.
• APF:Originallyestablishedin2001asapara-militaryforcemandatedtocombattheMaoistInsurgency and other issues threatening national security, the APF supplements the role of the NP. With the recent creation of a Special Task Force as an outcome of the Special Security Plan (2009), which seeks to tackle insecurity, particularly in the Terai, the APF is responsible for maintaining border and highway security and combating armed group activities and thus has more interaction with the community than during the conflict.
• NA:ResponsibleforprotectingNepal’snationalintegrityandsovereigntyasdefinedby the Constitution.
10 The Domestic Violence (Offence and Punishment) Act 2009 defines ‘sexual harm/violence’ as “sexual misbehaviour, humiliation, discouragement or harm in self respect of any person; or any other act that hampers safe sexual health”. CEDAW defines ‘gender based violence’ as “a form of discrimination that seriously inhibits women’s ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men.”
11 AFN et al, Security and justice in Nepal, (2010), p8. <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/Security%20and%20justice%20in%20Nepal.pdf>
12 Hiscock D, Sharma S, On track for improved security? A survey tracking changing perceptions of public safety, security and justice provision in Nepal, (Saferworld and IDA, 2009). <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/smartweb/resources/view-resource/394>
13 Pathak K, Massage I, Torture and extra-judicial executions amid widespread violence in the Terai, (Advocacy Forum, 2010), p vii. < http://www.advocacyforum.org/downloads/pdf/terai-report-english.pdf>
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3.1 Challenges in responding to insecurity faced by women in society:
The capacity of security institutions that are responsible for providing security to communities (i.e. the NP and APF) to respond to security concerns experienced by women and SGBV cases in particular, is weak. This can be attributed to a number of factors:
• Under-representationofwomeninsecurityagencies.Therepresentationofwomeninsecurity agencies is particularly important in terms of ensuring that security agencies are inclusive, transparent, accountable, in line with international best practice and are able to respond adequately to crimes and disputes involving women, particularly SGBV. Recent estimates however suggest that women comprise approximately seven percent of the NP, and two percent of the NA14. The district assessments undertaken by project partners in 2009 identified that there were only six female police officers out of a total of 224 in Jumla district and no female staff in Siraha District Court15. Under-representation of women is largely attributed to the difficulties faced in recruiting qualified women in security agencies. Security agency personnel reported that they faced challenges in recruiting women, because qualified women are often more attracted to better paid work in other sectors and overseas16.
• WeakcapacitiesforrespondingtoSGBVandothercasesinvolvingwomen.Districtassessments on security and justice undertaken by the consortium in 200917 identified a number of cases reported by community members where police did not have the capacity or skills to respond to criminal SGBV cases and instead referred these cases to NGOs or community groups to deal with18. Research undertaken in three districts by International Alert and Shanti Malika in 2010, found that many women police constables (WPCs) are unable to provide adequate services to those who need them, despite female personnel being more accepted within Nepali culture to respond to SGBV cases and other cases involving women. Although staff receive some training, they remain acutely under qualified to deal with SGBV cases, particularly rape. The under-representation of women in higher-ranking and specialist positions has exacerbated this capacity gap, As provided for in the Domestic Violence Act (2009), police are now required to strengthen their capacity to mediate SGBV and domestic violence cases.
• Inadequateresourcesexacerbatechallengesfacedbysecurityagenciesinaddressingcases involving women. Women and Children Service Centres19 – which play a central role in responding to cases involving women, including SGBV – are under-resourced and under-represented. There are no resources currently available for improving their capacities and those that do exist with limited resources suffer from many constraints such as a lack of telephones, furniture, space for interviewing women individually and temporarily housing for women suffering from and at risk of further violence20. WPCs too suffer from similar resource constraints21. Moreover, district assessments on
14 Key informant interviews were conducted with high-raking personnel in the NP and NA in July 2010, as part of research for Common Ground? Gendered Assessment of the Needs and Concerns of Maoist Army Combatants for Integration and Rehabilitation, (Saferworld, 2010).
15 Op cit AFN, p36. 16 Key informant Interviews taken with high-raking personnel in the NP and NA in July 2010 as part of research
for Common Ground? Gendered Assessment of the Needs and Concerns of Maoist Army Combatants for Integration and Rehabilitation, (Saferworld, 2010).
17 Op cit AFN, p8. 18 Mapping of Informal Justice Mechanisms in Nepal, (Saferworld 2010), (internal document). 19 Established in 1983 and currently operating in all districts.20 Key informant Interviews taken with high-raking personnel in the NP and NA in July 2010 as part of
research for Dalrymple S, Common ground? Gendered assessment of the needs and concerns of Maoist Army combatants for integration and rehabilitation, (Saferworld, 2010). <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/Common%20ground_%20LR.pdf>
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security and justice undertaken by the consortium in 2009 found that women in rural areas walk a number of days to reach police services22.
• Exclusionofwomenfromsecurity-relatedpolicymaking.Decisionmakingaroundthe development and implementation of national security-related policies (such as the National Security Strategy and Special Security Plan (2009), undermines the effectiveness of security agencies in responding to the security needs of women. Women do not generally hold senior level positions in the ministries or committees responsible for developing security-related policies, such as the MoHA and the Ministry of Law and Justice (MoLJ).
3.2 Challenges faced by female personnel in security agencies
All security agencies struggle to recruit enough women into their ranks. In the case of the NP, even when there are sufficient female personnel, these personnel are often not sent to district postings, due to a lack of adequate infrastructure. The following are the key challenges that female personnel face on entering security agencies and attaining senior positions:
• Weakinfrastructureforwomeninsecurityagencies.Womeninsecurityagencieshaveidentified the lack of separate facilities for female personnel, such as washing and sleeping facilities and toilet facilities for female Traffic Police, as a key issue undermining the recruitment and promotion of women in security agencies and their human rights. Lighting facilities in barracks were also identified as a key issue, because they are perceived necessary to prevent cases of SGBV within security agencies.
• Publicandculturalattitudestowardswomenwithinsecurityagencies.Negativesocietaland cultural attitudes towards women’s participation in security agencies undermine the recruitment and equal participation of women in security agencies. Linked to culturally defined gender roles, it is widely believed that women should be the key providers for their husbands and children and not in employment, particularly that which involves them working alone with male personnel. Disrespect from community members towards female security agency personnel when they are sent to investigate a case undermines their authority and ability to carry out their responsibilities effectively23.
• Attitudestowardswomenandcasesinvolvingwomenwithinsecurityagencies.Womenwithin security agencies also specified that they face gender-based discrimination from colleagues, which undermines their opportunities for promotion and their ability to carry out their duties effectively24. An extreme example is the case of Suntali Dhami, a female police personnel who was raped by her colleagues while working in the District Police Office in, Achham on September 27, 200925. What is more, cases involving women, such as SGBV, are often seen as ‘petty’ cases by police personnel26.
• PoorservicesforaddressingcasesofSGBVwithinsecurityagencies.Womenwithinall security agencies highlighted the need for new mechanisms to be established for responding to incidents and reducing the vulnerability of women within security agencies to SGBV. It was felt that adequate mechanisms for this purpose do not exist,
21 Onslow C, Breaking patterns of sexual and gender based violence: Security and justice provision in post-conflict Nepal, (International Alert , 2010). < http://www.international-alert.org/sites/default/files/publications/1211IFPnepalgender_2.pdf>
22 Op cit AFN, p8.23 Key informant interviews undertaken by Saferworld in 2011, as part of research in preparation for a
docudrama on gender and security in Dhanusha, Kaski and Doti.24 ibid25 ‘Achham case: Rape by own colleagues’, Article from Kathmandu Post, 11 January, 2010 (Kathmandu, Nepal, 2010).26 op cit Onslow.
30
although efforts have begun to be made, for example the recent establishment of Women’s Cells in the NA27. Women and Children Service Centres in the NP focus on addressing cases of women from society and do not address internal SGBV cases against female police personnel.
The GoN is accountable, as a member state of the United Nations (UN) and as a party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW, to UNSCRs 132528, 182029, 188830 and 188931. The Government is therefore responsible for strengthening the gender-responsiveness of security agencies and security provision. There is some progress being made with developing the NAP on gender based violence (GBV) (2010) and the provision of a toll free number - 1111 - for complaints against any GBV to the Prime Minister’s office. The Government also recently passed a NAP on UNSCR 1325 and 1820 (February 2011), while the 2009 Domestic Violence Act (2009) stipulates that the police are required to respond to cases of domestic violence within 30 days. The GoN also declared 2010 the ‘Year against Gender Based Violence’32. However, there is currently limited action at local and national level to ensure that public security policy and programming is accountable to these resolutions, legislation and commitments and inclusive of both women and men. Increased capacity and political will is required.
Current efforts and achievements in strengthening gender responsiveness within security agencies
NP: The NP are currently undergoing a thorough review of gender throughout the institution and taking significant steps to strengthen gender responsiveness. A process for reviewing the gender policy, as part of the broader Police Act (1956), is underway. Recent steps have been undertaken to revise recruitment policies so as to strengthen the representation of women and other marginalised groups in all departments and structures of the NP, based on a quota system and open competition. In addition, the NP has been working with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) since mid-2010 to develop plans for strengthening the capacity of personnel in all departments to respond to gender-related issues, including SGBV, through training and to strengthen gender aspects of induction training. The NP is also making plans for the expansion of the Women and Children Service Centres to all districts, although this is dependent upon accessing additional resources.
APF: The APF are also currently reviewing their gender and recruitment policies and drawing lessons from a similar process to that being undertaken by the NP. Discussions are ongoing regarding strengthening and mainstreaming gender responsiveness, although little progress has been made to date.
NA: The NA has recently reviewed and amended recruitment policies to encourage the participation of women and other marginalised groups based on a quota system (45 percent,
27 Key informant interviews conducted with high-raking personnel in the NP and NA in July 2010, as part of research, op cit Dalrymple.
28 UNSCR 1325 calls for the integration of a gender perspective in all aspects of conflict prevention, resolution, peacebuilding and post-conflict resolution.
29 UNSCR 1820 calls for UN-led SSR or DDR activities to explicitly include consultations with women’s organisations.
30 UNSCR 1888 addresses the need to end sexual violence against women in conflict-affected countries.31 UNSCR 1889 calls for measures to improve women’s participation during all stages of peace processes, particularly
in conflict resolution, post-conflict planning and peacebuilding, including through gender mainstreaming.32 GoN, National Plan of Action Against Gender Based Violence, (2009). <http://webapps01.un.org/
vawdatabase/uploads/National%20Plan%20of%20Action%20for%20Year%20Against%20Gender%20Based%20Violence%20-%202010.pdf>
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of which 20 percent are to be women) and open competition (55 percent). A strategic plan has been developed for increasing the percentage of women in the NA over a number of years, particularly in combat roles. Discussions are also currently being held regarding the establishment of women’s cells in at least 20 locations across Nepal for responding to SGBV cases occurring within the NA, although additional resources are required to support this. In addition, the MoD has recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the United Nations Fund for Children (UNICEF) to build the capacity of personnel within the Peacekeeping and Training departments of the NA to respond to internal SGBV and HIV/AIDS cases through a series of training events. A code of conduct was developed in 2010 for all personnel, to prevent SGBV within the NA. Women in the NA are also encouraged to, and are participating in, UN peacekeeping missions to strengthen their capacity.
4. Recommendations for further strengthening gender responsiveness
4.1 To the GoN:
The following recommendations relate specifically to the MoHA, the MoD, the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare (MoWCSW) and the MoLJ.
Increase the participation of women in decision making on justice and security sector reform issues. This will include reaching out to informed sectors of civil society, such as women’s networks and women’s rights organisations, to share information on the security needs of women and to engage these sectors in consultations around policy-making processes. This could also be done through training to enhance the capacities of women to hold decision making positions within the government and by creating an environment for the meaningful participation of women in decision making roles, through the provision of training and awareness-raising events for male staff on the importance of having women in senior positions.
Ensure that budget allocations for security providers reflect government priorities and commitments. Political leaders have voiced the commitment of the GoN to reduce SGBV and VAW, mainstream gender throughout security provision and improve responses to these widespread crimes. The MoHA and MoD should ensure budgets allocated to security providers contain protected funds for the activities, infrastructure and personnel that will contribute to an improvement in the way security providers respond to the security needs of women.
4.2 To the NP:
Increase the number of female personnel overall and the number of female officers in senior positions. This will include reaching out to the public to change existing attitudes towards women in the NP. This can be done through raising communal awareness on the important and necessary role women play in the provision of security, particularly in terms of responding to cases involving women and SGBV. It will also include encouraging the recruitment of women into the NP by conducting outreach to schools and universities to attract female graduates. This could be done by senior female police officers sharing their positive experiences of being a part of the NP.
Strengthen police responses to cases involving women, particularly SGBV. This should include delivering training to all ranks and within all departments on integrating gender
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across the institution to respond to SGBV cases and other cases involving women. It should also include work with local CSOs and government bodies (such as the Women’s Development Office) to ensure stronger, more co-ordinated responses to SGBV. Finally, the NP should develop indicators for measuring the progress in strengthening gender responsiveness in cross-organisational strategic planning processes and the development of monitoring and evaluation frameworks, currently being created by the NP.
Establish and strengthen Women and Children Service Centres for responding to SGBV cases and other types of cases involving women. Women and Children Service Centres should be established in all districts. These should maintain victim anonymity and tackle reported cases of sexual, physical and psychological harassment, rape and other abuse. Provision of medical services, trauma counselling services and legal services for complaint procedures should be made available through these centres. In order to reach women and children in rural areas, these structures should be decentralised further to the village development committee (VDC) level and/or adequate referral systems established to enable victims/survivors of SGBV to also access services provided by other actors, such as civil society. WPCs should be headed by a female police officer, of Assistant Sub-Inspector rank or above. The MoHA and the international community should provide additional funds for this purpose.
4.3 To the APF:
The recommendations provided to the NP also largely apply to the APF. In addition, as a new organisation, the APF have the opportunity to establish comprehensive structures for mainstreaming gender across all aspects of the institution.
Develop and implement a comprehensive gender policy, which includes:
• Equalopportunitiesfortrainingandpromotiontoallpositions.Revisionstorecruitment policies currently taking place should include provision for quotas for allocating one-third of positions across all ranks to women.
• Approvedproceduresforaddressingreproductivehealthissues,intermsofmedicaltreatment and arrangements for leave, adequate maternity and paternity cover and guarantees of the continuation of appropriate duties during and after pregnancy.
• Acodeofconductwhichreferstorequirementstoadheretotheprinciplesofgenderequality and non-discrimination, a disciplinary code which proscribes discrimination, intimidation and VAW (and others) and a mechanism to ensure compliance with these aspects of the disciplinary code.
Provide training to personnel in all departments and ranks, to strengthen gender responsiveness at institutional and operational levels. In particular, the training should focus on awareness of SGBV and its impact on individuals, families and the community; the role women play in supporting effective security provision; UNSCRs 1325, 1820, 1888 and 1889 and the NAPs on 1325, 1820 and GBV. Follow-up training should be implemented on a regular basis and efforts should be made to apply knowledge generated through this training into practise. The APF and the international community should provide additional funds for this purpose.
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4.4 To the NA:
Develop and implement a comprehensive gender policy which includes:
• Equalopportunitiesfortrainingandpromotioninallpositions,includingcombatroles.Approved procedures for addressing reproductive health issues in terms of medical treatment and arrangements for leave, adequate maternity and paternity cover and guarantees of the continuation of appropriate duties during and after pregnancy. The policy of not recruiting married women into the NA should be abandoned.
• Acodeofconductwhichreferstorequirementstoadheretotheprinciplesofgenderequality and non-discrimination, a disciplinary code which proscribes discrimination, intimidation and VAW (and others) and a mechanism to ensure compliance with these aspects of the disciplinary code.
Strengthen the focus and reach of gender responsiveness training: Training being conducted in collaboration with UNICEF for the Peacekeeping and Training departments on preventing and responding to SGBV and HIV/AIDS and awareness raising on international human rights standards and resolutions (including UNSCR 1325 and 1820) are a positive step. These training events should be rolled out to all departments and ranks. In addition, training should be provided to all departments and ranks on mainstreaming gender responsiveness across the institution, which is broader than SGBV. The MoD and the international community should provide funds for the training activities identified.
Make infrastructural and logistical provisions to provide women with separate services such as toilets, sleeping and washing facilities and lighting in barracks to reduce their vulnerability to SGBV and to strengthen the recruitment of women, as well as to better enforce respect for human rights. The Government (particularly the MoD) and the international community should allocate fund specifically for these purposes.
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Tool 13Interview with Deputy Superintendent of NP stationed in Gorkha
Excerpts from an interview in 2008, between Mikel Dunham and Deputy Superintendent Police Chief Gita Upreti, the DSP of Gorkha, the only woman to hold this position in all 75 districts in Nepal33.
MD: “When did you join the police?”
GU: “After college. There were very few women in the police force at that time. You could count them on one hand. That was the beginning of my career. It was very unusual for the people to see a woman in a police uniform. When we passed down the road all the guys would stare at us.”
MD: “Was it the fact that you were wearing trousers?”
GU: “That uniform was similar to the one I’m wearing now. It was not accepted. People wondered if we would be able to provide quality service. They doubted a woman’s abilities.”
MD: “Within the force, how did the men treat you?”
GU: “There were two aspects of acceptance: One was within the police force and one was outside, within society. Both groups doubted our abilities.
“In terms of women being given responsibilities, the police force didn’t trust our abilities. They wanted to show society that they had hired women and they could do anything, but in reality, the police force was not giving us the responsibility that would prove that we could do anything.”
MD: “They didn’t want to take a chance on you?”
GU: “That’s right. After a long, long time I was given the opportunity to become District Chief of Gorkha. They should have given this to me earlier. My male peers got the same promotion much earlier in their careers. The leaders are still hesitant to give women positions of higher responsibility and opportunity.”
MD: “How many district chiefs are women?”
GU: “In the 75 districts, I’m the only one.”
MD: “Has the situation improved now, when younger women enter the police force?”
GU: “Yes. For one thing there are a lot more women coming in. We need to bring women into the decision making levels. If the Government wants to hire more women in the police, they should develop an inclusive system based on sex, caste, religion and so on. Right now we don’t have that particular system. And that should be implemented as early as possible.
“I hope there will be some change from the grassroot level up. There has to be specific
33 Dunham M, Women in Nepal update: Interview with DS Police Chief Gita Upreti, (14 October 2008). <http://www.mikeldunham.blogs.com/mikeldunham/2008/10/update-on-nepali-womens-issues-interview-with-ds-police-chief-gita-upreti.html>
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criteria, special protection and inclusion to bring more women into the police force. We have 57,000 personnel in the police force, nation-wide. Within that group there are only 2,000 women in the force.”
MD: “Are they all in the lower ranks?”
GU: “Yes.”
MD: “Another problem in Nepal, relating to women, is the sex trade: abductions of girls. Nepal has a tragic number of girls that are trafficked each year.”
GITA: “Yes. I used to be in charge at the headquarters of the Women and Children Service Centre in Kathmandu. I have lots of experience – twelve years – working with women and children issues. At that time, my job was to train women police officers and work as an investigator on women’s cases and trafficking prevention. The Women and Children Service Centre helped in the investigation process.
“Also we established many small units along the Indian border where women would stop young girls attempting to cross and ask them where they were going and who they were with. It was intervention, but it also helped us to identify pimps. Sometimes we worked hand in hand with other organisations like Maiti Nepal.
“And now we have ex-sex workers who work at the borders – women who know what’s going on – who intervene with innocent girls and identify traffickers, so that we, the police, can arrest them. This network between the police and women’s organisations continues to grow. And we need that growth because the Nepali border is so porous. We have sectors that are controlled but we can’t possible seal off the entire border.”
MD: “From a judicial standpoint, what laws are in place to punish traffickers apprehended in Nepal?”
GU: “Based on the severity of the crime, traffickers will be imprisoned from five to 20 years. At this time 42 percent of the traffickers tried in court go on to serve time in prison. The percentage is improving because of our improved ability to get women to come forward with evidence.
“Women are hesitant to talk to male police. But what has happened is, with the advent of the Women and Children Centre, we have women who are trained in counselling, who are sensitised and are, at the same time, well trained in investigative techniques. That is making a big difference. The victims find it much easier to speak to women police, to talk about the ugly details, what happened to them after they were abducted and mistreated. Now, violated women are coming forward and registering complaints. In front of male police, it’s too hard to talk. Men don’t understand as well how painful and traumatic the sex-worker experience really is to women, and sometimes men even suspect that it was the girl’s fault for being lured by the pimps.”
MD: “What about domestic abuse in Nepal? Are the police improving their ability to address spousal abuse and rape?”
GU: “The Women and Children Service Centre has also worked in this area and with good results. But when we first began working with domestic violence, people said, ‘What the hell are you doing?! It’s not a matter for the police. It’s not a crime!’ They were so much intimidated! They regarded domestic violence as a private issue, not a social concern.
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In the beginning, very few abused women came to the centre and when they did, they were very shy and quiet, not sure what to do. They would only talk if they were taken to a separate room where no one could hear what they wanted to report. So I would tell them, ‘You can tell me whatever you want. There is nothing you can’t tell me about what has happened – both inside and outside. You are safe here.’
“But it was hard to convince the victims at first. Again, I was fighting two kinds of resistance; resistance from within the police system itself and resistance from outside society. Day by day, the number of women coming in increased. Now there are more than a thousand cases reported each year. Now women are beginning to feel that they have access to justice.
“We also co-ordinate with other organisations to support our efforts. These cases can’t be dealt with in isolation, with only the police involved. We need a lot of outside support: medical, moral, financial, legal support.”
MD: “Getting back to you and your career: How hard has it been to rise through the ranks of the police force.”
GU: “It’s been a really challenging job. Women in a police uniform must always stay on the right track. We are always being watched, our every move scrutinised, monitored. Even the most basic daily activities are monitored.
“And if you are talking about the police force: don’t just promote women, give them the responsibility that goes with the promotion. That is an issue that has to be evaluated. If we are given a promotion, we expect added responsibility. Otherwise the promotion is empty.”
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Tool 14The inclusion of women in rehabilitation and integration
Definition of female beneficiaries
Section A: How have women been excluded from rehabilitation and integration to date?
• TherearenowomenpresentontheSpecialCommitteefortheSupervision,Integration and Rehabilitation of Maoist Army combatants, which, from January 2011, is responsible for the management of Maoist Army combatants and overseeing their rehabilitation and integration.
• NoformalprofilingofMaoistArmycombatantshasbeenundertaken.Thisisnecessary for acquiring information on where female and male combatants are from, their age, ethnic group, caste, life experiences, healthcare needs, educational qualifications, skills, capacities and psychosocial needs. The scope for ensuring gender-sensitive rehabilitation and integration is therefore limited.
• ResearchundertakenbySaferworldontheneedsandconcernsoffemaleandmaleMaoist Army combatants, for integration and rehabilitation, found that 80 percent of current combatants believe former women combatants would face more difficulties in returning to society than men35. This concern is validated by the experience of the discharged female combatants36 who have already returned to society. As a result of
1. Female combatants
Women and girls who have participated in armed conflicts as active combatants, using arms.
2. Female supporters / females associated with armed forces and groups
Women and girls who have participated in armed conflicts in supportive roles, whether
by force or voluntarily. Rather than being members of a civilian community, they are
economically and socially dependent on the armed force or group for their income and
social support (examples: porter, cook, nurse, spy, administrator, translator, radio
operator, medical assistant, public information officer, camp leader, sex worker/slave.
3. Female dependents
Women and girls who are part of ex-combatants’ households. They are mainly socially
and financially dependent on ex-combatants, although they may also have kept
community ties (examples: wives/war wives, children, mothers/parents, female siblings
and female members of the extended family)34
34 UN DDR Resource Centre, ‘Chapter 5.10: Women, Gender and DDR’, in Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards (IDDRS), (UN, 01 August 2006). <http://www.unddr.org/iddrs/05/>
35 op cit Dalrymple.36 Discharged combatants refers to the 4,008 late recruits and minors who had failed to meet the criteria
established by the UN Mission in Nepal.
38
inter-caste marriages (common within the Maoist Army, but not accepted by wider society) and the perpetuation of the myth that ex-female combatants are promiscuous and aggressive, many female ex-combatants have been rejected from their husband’s families and communities. In some cases this has led to female ex-combatants leaving (often with their children), to find work in the sex industry in India, thus heightening their vulnerability and the isolation of ex-combatants within society37.
• Participationofwomenintheinitialstagesofthedischargedrehabilitationprogramme is being co-ordinated by the United Nations Integrated Rehabilitation Programme (UNIRP), established in February 2010. Gender was initially excluded from the programme in the following ways38:
◦ The absence of a socio-economic profiling exercise and therefore comprehensive gender-sensitive programming in the initial stages of the programme design and implementation undermined the ability of UNIRP to ensure that the different needs and priorities of men and women in the rehabilitation process were identified and addressed.
◦ The information leaflets on the programme provided to combatants during the discharge ceremony did not provide adequate information on the different options and support available to women, including provisions for supporting dependents while participating in training and accessing family allowances.
◦ The lack of family allowances and need to travel long distances from home to participate in training is a primary reason why many women were unable to participate in the packages. They emphasised the importance of increasing the monthly stipend for single women with children and discharged married couples with children to include adequate costs for travel to training centres, accommodation, childcare and subsistence for all dependents.
Case study example of women being excluded from a disarmament, demobilisation and reintegra-tion process (DDR) (referred to as ‘rehabilitation and integration’ in Nepal), Liberia, 2004:
• Fromtheoutset,theDDRplaninLiberiaanticipatedspecialarrangementsforfemalecombatants. These included separate interim care centres in the cantonment sites where women receive special assistance in such areas as reproductive health, counselling, training on women’s human rights and sexual trauma support.
• TherewasnotenoughhighlevelpoliticalsupporttomakesurethatDDRstafffollowedthe UN’s DDR Standards and involved women ex-combatants in the planning and implementation. Women were often reluctant to identify themselves as fighters, or as being associated with the fighting forces, out of fear of being stigmatised, which played a much greater role for girls and women than for boys and men. These factors and others, including fear of reprisals from former male commanders and a lack of childcare facilities or the option of evening classes, discouraged women and girls from participating fully in the DDR programmes and has hampered further reintegration into civilian life.
Section B: Why is it important for rehabilitation and integration to include women?
The UN Peacekeeping Operations Gender Resource Package states: “By overlooking those who do not fit the category of a ‘male, able-bodied combatant’, i.e. women ex-combatants, DDR activities are not only less efficient but run the risk of reinforcing existing gender inequalities in local communities and exacerbating economic hardship for women and
37 op cit Dalrymple.38 op cit Dalrymple.
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girls participating in armed groups and forces. Some of them may have unresolved trauma due to violence experienced during the conflict. Such conditions are fertile ground for re-recruitment into armed groups and forces; together with the presence of small arms, these factors undermine the peace-building potential of DDR processes.”
Gender sensitivity is critical to the success of rehabilitation and integration processes and is key to implementing international and national policies and resolutions that the GoN is committed to, including the following:
• UNSCR1325,whichstatesinparagraph13that:“allthoseinvolvedintheplanningfor disarmament, demobilization and reintegration [are] to consider the different needs of female and male ex-combatants and to take into account the needs of their dependants.”
• Therecently-endorsedNAPon1325and1820,whichmakesprovisionsfortheinclusion of gender in rehabilitation processes under the Relief and Recovery pillar on Relief and Recovery. See Tool 16: DRAFT Copy of Relevant Parts of the Nepal NAP on UNSCRs 1325 and 1820.
• Increasedrehabilitationassistancetowomencombatantsinthetransitionfromtheircombatant role to civilian life.
The fact that the GoN has committed to a gender sensitive rehabilitation and integration process is highly positive. There are numerous reasons why the specific needs of women must be taken into account, including the following:
• Formerwomencombatantsfacethesamechallengesasmalesinfindinganewlivelihood, education and training opportunities in the civilian world. Neglecting this need risks putting former women combatants and their children into a vulnerable position with limited means of economic support and possibilities for social reintegration.
• Failingtoassistformerwomencombatantsfindanalternativemeansofsupportleaves them at greater vulnerability to engaging in high-risk livelihoods such as prostitution.
• Includingwomenandutilisingtheirpeacebuildingandcooperativecapacitiesmay help to reduce some of the tensions and conflicts that are inherent to many rehabilitation and integration processes.
• Formerwomencombatantsarefrequentlyresponsibleforpeopleotherthanthemselves. They often find themselves heads of households and solely responsible for providing their children with upkeep and education, or responsible for financially supporting disabled members of the family, including husbands and family members injured during violent conflict.
• Globally,anincreaseindomesticviolencebyformermalecombatantshasoftenbeen observed as they can perceive that their traditional gender role as bread winner has been replaced by women. It is impossible to address issues regarding the rehabilitation of female ex-combatants without paying attention to how men’s experiences and expectations also shape gender relations. One of the challenges is to design rehabilitation and integration processes for men in such a way that they will learn to resolve interpersonal conflicts without using violence to do so. This will increase the security of their families and broader communities.
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Section C: What steps should be undertaken to ensure that gender is mainstreamed into the rehabilitation and integration processes?
General
• Consultationswithcurrentcombatantsontheirneedsandconcernsforrehabilitationand integration and a socio-economic profiling of female and male Maoist Army combatants should be undertaken, to ensure that their needs and concerns are responded to equally.
Integration
• Conducttrainingongendersensitivityforsecurityagencies.
• Establishof‘gendercells’insecurityagenciestoreducetheriskofandrespondtoSGBV in security agencies.
• Ensureequalopportunitiesfortraining,rankallocationandpromotionofmaleandfemale personnel in security agencies.
• Introduceapprovedproceduresforaddressingreproductivehealthissuesinsecurityagencies in terms of medical treatment and arrangements for leave, adequate maternity and paternity cover.
• Makeinfrastructuralandlogisticalprovisionsinsecurityagenciestoreducethevulnerability of women and improve the general working environment, including separate washing, sleeping and toilet facilities for women.
• Providesupporttodependentsofsingleandmarriedpersonnelwithinsecurityagencies, particularly those who are barracked or residing in remote locations.
Rehabilitation
• Providevocationaltrainingoptions,aspartoftherehabilitationprogramme,thatarein line with opportunities identified through a national and local labour market needs assessment and, where possible, in professions acceptable to both male and female current combatants.
• Consultwithcommunitiesthatex-combatantsarelikelytoreturnto,inordertoidentify the different social, economic, political, environment and security needs and views and concerns regarding the rehabilitation of men and women in the community. These concerns and needs must also be responded to in the rehabilitation process, through a community approach.
• Providesocialisationandorientationtrainingaspartoftherehabilitationprogrammefor all returning male and female former combatants, to help prepare them mentally for their return and build their capacity to take a proactive and leading role in promoting social cohesion and gaining acceptance into the community.
• Establishmechanismsaspartoftherehabilitationprogrammetosupportsinglefemale ex-combatants with children or married ex-combatants in accessing economic rehabilitation options – for example childcare centres, family allowances and transportation costs for relocating to areas where training activities are offered.
• Establishmechanismstosupportallreturningfemaleandmaleex-combatants(aswellasthose entering into state security agencies) to apply for birth, citizen and marriage certificates.
• Provideindividualandgrouppsychosocialtraumacounsellingformenandwomenincommunities and former male and female combatants as part of the rehabilitation programme.
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• Strengthenlocalhealthservicesinareasthatex-combatantsaremostlikelytoreturnto, in order to respond to the health care needs of male and female ex-combatants identified (ideally) through a socio-economic profiling exercise.
• Developandimplementacommunicationstrategyaspartoftherehabilitationprogramme, advocating for the rights of women, reducing stigma about female ex-combatants being promiscuous and aggressive and sensitising others, particularly in the communities that ex-combatants are most likely to return to, on the specific needs of female ex-combatants.
• Undertakeeffortstocommunicateefficientlyandindividuallywithmaleandfemaleex-combatants on the options available to them through the rehabilitation packages.
• Establishoutreachandtargetedcommunicationforwomen,women’sgroupsanddependents as part of the rehabilitation programme, in order to fill the information gap and strengthen the uptake of rehabilitation packages by women.
• Ensureagender-sensitiveapproachtorehabilitationisunderstoodbyallstakeholders and receives the necessary political, financial and logistical support.
Case study of women playing a positive role in DDR in Eritrea, 2002:
• AfteraceasefireinthewarsbetweenEthiopiaandEritrea,manyEritreanwomenex-fighters found they were unfairly denied employment opportunities because of prejudice about their military past and gender. Many were unskilled and had been unable to complete their schooling because of the war.
• Inresponse,1,000femaleex-combatantswhohadfoughtintheconflictcametogether and pooled the one-off lump sum of money each had been given as part of the DDR programme. They invested it in their own company; the BANA Share Company. The main objective of the company was to provide secure employment for all its members. BANA provided training courses for members, mainly in the field of self-employment. Women were trained in truck driving, carpentry, fish-processing, information technology and the construction trade. BANA established its own a fish-market and a woodwork factory exporting furniture to South Korea.
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Tool 15Summary of relevant gender and security-related international resolutions and conventions
1. International policies and resolutions
1.1 UNSCR 1325 (2000)
• UNSCR1325waspassedon31October2000.ItisthefirstresolutioneverpassedbytheUN Security Council to address specifically the impact of conflict on women, the protection of women in war and women’s contributions to conflict resolution and sustainable peace.
See <www.womenwarpeace.org/toolbox/toolbox.htm> for more details.
• UNSCR1325isan18-pointdocumentfocusingonfourinter-relatedthematicareas:
1 The participation of women at all decision making levels and in peace processes;
2 The inclusion of gender training in peacekeeping operations;
3 The protection of the rights of girls and women, and
4 The mainstreaming of those rights in UN reporting and implementation systems.
• UNSCR1325providesaplatformforcivilsocietytodemandaccountabilityfromtheirgovernments for the mainstreaming of gender into conflict resolution, peacebuilding and security.
• UNSCR1325callsfor:
• Ensuringequalparticipationofwomenandmenatalldecisionmakinglevelsinthe prevention, management and resolution of conflict;
• Includingcivilsocietygroupsinpeaceprocesses,SSRandintheimplementation of peace agreements;
• Supportingwomen’slocalpeaceinitiatives;
• Increasingtheparticipationofwomenatalldecisionmakinglevelsinnational,regional and international institutions and mechanisms for the prevention, management and resolution of conflict;
• Implementinginternationalhumanitarianandhumanrightslawprotectingtherights of women and girls during and after conflict;
• Mainstreamingagenderperspectiveintoallpeaceandsecuritypoliciesand practices, including support for displaced people and Peace Support Operations;
• Improvedprotectionofwomeninconflictzones;
• Protectionoftherespectforhumanrightsofwomenandgirls,particularlyas they relate to the constitution, the electoral system, the police and the judiciary, and
• Encouragementofallthoseinvolvedintheplanningfordisarmament,demobilisation and integration to consider the different needs of female and male ex-combatants.
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1.2 UNSCRs 1820, 1888, 1889 and 1960
UNSCRs 1820, 1888 and 1889 are sister resolutions to UNSCR 1325 and compliment and build upon the provisions made on women, peace and security in UNSCR 1325:
• UNSCR1820(2008)
• Endimpunityandprosecutethoseresponsibleforcrimesagainsthumanityandwar crimes, including those relating to sexual violence against women and girls.
• UNSCR1820condemnstheuseofrapeandotherformsofsexualviolenceinconflict situations, stating that rape can constitute a war crime, a crime against humanity, or a constitutive act with respect to genocide. The resolution calls on Member States to comply with their obligations to prosecute the perpetrators of sexual violence, to ensure that all victims of sexual violence have equal protection under the law and equal access to justice and to end impunity for sexual violence.
• UNSCR1888(2009)
• UNSCR1888buildsonUNSCR1820andrequeststheUNSecretaryGeneraltorapidly deploy a team of experts to situations of particular concern regarding sexual violence. The resolution further calls for the appointment of a special representative to lead efforts to end conflict-related sexual violence against women and children and to include information about the prevalence of sexual violence in reports by UN peacekeeping missions to the Security Council.
• In2010,MargaretaWallströmwasappointedUNSpecialRepresentativeonSexualViolence in Conflict. Margareta Wallström stated that “long after the guns fall silent, the consequences of rape remain.” She emphasised the imperative to ensure conflict-related sexual violence no longer goes unreported, unaddressed or unpunished.
• UNSCR1889(2009)
• UNSCR1889reaffirmstheprovisionsofUNSCR1325,stressingtheneedforMember States to effectively implement it. UNSCR 1889 also calls on the Secretary General to develop a strategy, including through appropriate training, to increase the number of women appointed to pursue good offices on his behalf and to submit within six months a set of indicators to track implementation of the resolution.
• UNSCR1960(2010)
• UNSCR1960establishesinstitutionaltoolstocombatimpunityandoutlinesspecific steps needed for both the prevention of and protection from sexual violence in conflict.
All the resolutions listed above share the following principles on gender and security, peace and conflict. They:
1 Demand women’s participation in decision making at all levels.
2 Reject VAW because it impedes the advancement of women and maintains their subordinate status.
3 Demand equality of women and men under the law; protection of women and girls through the rule of law.
4 Demand that security agencies and systems to protect women and girls from SGBV.
5 Recognise that the distinct experiences and burdens of women and girls come
44
from systemic discrimination.
6 Demand that women’s experiences, needs and perspectives are incorporated into the political, legal and social policies that determine the achievement of a just and lasting peace.
1.3 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (1948)
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) states that each individual should enjoy his/her freedoms and rights “without distinction of any kind” (article 2) and that “all are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law” (article 7).
1.4 CEDAW
CEDAW was adopted in 1979 by the UNGA. The Convention further emphasises the equality of men and women and their equal entitlement to fundamental freedoms and human rights (article 1). Based on these premises the Convention holds state parties responsible for the adoption of appropriate legislation and other measures, such as repealing discriminatory national penal provisions. It also highlights women’s right “to participate in the formulation of government policy and implementation thereof and to hold public office and perform all public functions at all levels of government” (article 7 b). Equal employment opportunities and remuneration are also among the commitments made in the Convention.
1.5 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) adopted by the UNGA
• Thisisthefirstinternationalhumanrightsinstrumenttoexclusivelyandexplicitlyaddress the issue of VAW.
• ItaffirmsthatVAWviolates,impairsornullifieswomen’shumanrightsandtheirexercise of fundamental freedoms.
• Untilthisinstrumentwaspassed,governmentstendedtoregardVAWlargelyasaprivate matter between individuals and not as a pervasive human rights problem requiring state intervention.
• TheDeclarationprovidesadefinitionofgender-basedabuseas“anyactofgender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life”.
• ThedefinitionisamplifiedinArticle2oftheDeclaration,whichidentifiesthreeareasin which violence commonly takes place:
◦ Physical, sexual and psychological violence that occurs in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation;
◦ Physical, sexual and psychological violence that occurs within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution, and
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◦ Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the state, wherever it occurs.
1.6 The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995)
The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action was adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women as an instrument for implementing commitments made under CEDAW. It focuses explicitly on 12 areas of concern and demands a gender balance in international judicial bodies and gender-sensitivity training for peacekeepers39. In 2005 the Commission on the Status of Women (Beijing+10) was convened to review progress on the 12 areas of concern and the broader implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action. Further commitments to the implementation of the platform were made and the need to generate broader international support was recognised.
1.7 The Commission on Human Rights (adopted resolution 1994/45 of 4 March 1994)
• ToappointaSpecialRapporteuronVAW,includingitscausesandconsequences.
• TheSpecialRapporteurhasamandateto:
◦ Collect information on VAW and its causes and consequences from sources such as governments, treaty bodies, specialised and inter-governmental agencies and NGOs and to respond effectively to such information.
◦ Recommend measures, ways and means to eliminate VAW and its causes, at national, regional and international levels and to remedy its consequences.
◦ Work closely with other special rapporteurs, special representatives, working groups and independent experts of the Commission on Human Rights.
1.8 Other international declarations, conventions and resolutions relevant to gender and security:
• UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,1948
• ViennaDeclarationandProgramofAction,1993
• UNGeneralAssemblyConventionAgainstTortureandOtherCruel,InhumaneorDegrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984
• UNGeneralAssemblyDeclaration3318ontheProtectionofWomenandChildreninEmergency and Armed Conflict, 1974
• UNSecurityCouncilResolution1265ontheProtectionofCiviliansinArmedConflict,1999
• UNGeneralAssemblyResolution3519onWomen’sParticipationintheStrengthening of International Peace and Security, 1975
• BeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction,ChapterE:WomenandArmedConflict,1995
• RomeStatuteoftheInternationalCriminalCourt,1998
• GenevaConventionsandAdditionalProtocols,1949;1977
• EuropeanConventionfortheProtectionofHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedoms,1950
• EuropeanCouncilResolutiononIntegratingGenderinDevelopment,1995
39 op cit Bastick and Valasek.
46
• EuropeanParliamentResolutionontheApplicationoftheGenevaConventionsrelating to the Status of Refugees, 1984
• EuropeanParliamentResolutionsontheRapeofWomenintheFormerYugoslavia,1992 and 1993
• OutcomedocumentsofPublicHearingsonGender-SpecificHumanRightsViolationsand Rape as a War Crime in Bosnia, 1993; 1995
• EuropeanParliamentResolutiononWomeninDecisionmaking,2000
2. National policies
2.1 Nepal NAP on UNSCR 1325 and 1820
Nepal is the first country in South Asia to publish a NAP for implementation of UNSCR 1325. The Nepal NAP is structured around the following five pillars and objectives:
• Participation:Ensureparticipationofwomenatalllevelsofdecisionmaking,conflicttransformation and peace processes.
• Protectionandprevention:Ensuretheprotectionofwomenandgirls’rightsandprevention of violations of these rights in conflict and post-conflict situations.
• Promotion:Promotewomenandgirls’rightsandmainstreamthegenderperspectivein all aspects of conflict prevention, conflict resolution and peacebuilding.
• Reliefandrecovery:Addressthespecificneedsandensuretheparticipationof women and girls in the design and implementation of all relief and recovery programmes.
• Resourcemanagementandmonitoringandevaluation:Institutionalisemonitoringand evaluation and ensure required resources for the implementation of the NAP, through the collaboration and co-ordination of all stakeholders.
Each pillar and general objective has corresponding strategic objectives, specific actions, desired results and indicators. The NAP identifies the responsible actors and the time-frame for each action.
The Nepal NAP monitoring and evaluation system includes the following progress indicators:
• NumberofLocalPeaceCommitteesestablished
• NumberofwomeninLocalPeaceCommittees
• GenderissuesareaddressedbytheLocalPeaceCommittees
• NumberofspecificprovisionsonthepreventionofandresponsetoSGBVintegratedin ceasefire and peace agreements
• SGBVprovisionsinpeaceandceasefireagreementsareobserved
• ReducedincidenceofSGBV
Who is responsible in Nepal for implementing the NAP?
The Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction (MoPR), currently Mr Sadu Ram Sapkota, is the member secretary of the High Level Steering Committee for the implementation of UNSCR 1325 and is responsible for the implementation of NAP within the Government. See Tool 16: DRAFT Copy of Relevant Parts of the Nepal NAP on UNSCRs
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1325 and 1820 for more detailed information on the content of the NAP.
2.2 Domestic Violence (Office and Punishment) Act (2009)
• TheNepalDomesticViolenceBillwasenactedMay2009.
• TheDomesticViolence(OfficeandPunishment)Actwasenactedin2009.Itdefinesdomestic violence as physical, mental, sexual, financial and behavioural violence.
• TheActprovidesforuptofourmonthsimprisonmentandfinesof6,000Nepalirupees (NR) for perpetrators and 3,000 NRs for accomplices. In case of physical or psychological injuries to the victim, the perpetrator bears all treatment costs.
• TheActmakesprovisionsfortheNPtoplayagreaterroleinmediatingdomesticviolence cases.
Who is responsible for implementing the Act?
Government agencies have the responsibility to implement the Act, including security agencies; particularly the MoWCSW and women and children cells within the NP.
3. Milestones for gender and security in Nepal• 1999–TheLocalSelfGovernanceAct–introducesmandatoryrepresentationof
women in local Government
• 1999–AdoptionoftheNationalPlanofActionagainstTraffickinginChildrenandtheir Commercial Sexual Exploitation
• 2000–AdoptionoftheUNSecurityCouncilResolution1325
• 2002–NationalWomen’sCommissionestablished
• 2003–ViolenceagainstwomenaddressedinCEDAWShadowReport,Nepal
• 2003–DraftBillonCriminalisationofDomesticViolence;notyetpassed
• 2004–EleventhAmendmenttotheCountryCodeBill.Allowswomenalimonyrights,property rights, abortion rights, adoption rights, increased punishment for rape and stipulates that the minimum legal age for marriage is 18 years for both sexes.
• 2006-MoWCSWdevelopsaDraftBillonVAW;notyetpassed(2011)
• 2006–GenderEqualityBillpassedtoamendactssothattheyincreasegenderequality:Provision of citizenship rights under mother’s name, marital rape included within definition of rape and as grounds for women to divorce, removal of provision depriving a mother of guardianship of a child after divorce, a mother to have first guardianship of a child if the child is a minor, increase in the imprisonment term for those involved in performing abortion on any woman by force, coercion or undue influence, daughters to be included within the definition of family under the act relating to land
• 2008–Electedwomencomprise33percentoftheCAandfourwomengovernmentministers appointed
• 2009–DomesticViolence(OfficeandPunishment)Actenacted;makesprovisionsfor the police to play a greater role in mediating domestic violence, and for fines and imprisonment for perpetrators and accomplices
• 2011–NAPonUNSCR1325adoptedbyGoN
48
4. Examples of steps taken in other countries to criminalise VAW
In recent years some countries have taken significant steps towards improving laws relating to VAW. For example:
• InJuly1991,Mexicoreviseditsrapelawinseveralimportantways.Aprovisionwaseliminated that allowed a man who rapes a minor to avoid prosecution if he agrees to marry her. Judges are now required to hand down a decision regarding access to an abortion within five working days.
• On9June1994,theOrganisationofAmericanStatesadoptedtheInter-AmericanConvention to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence against Women (also called Convention of Belém do Parà), a new international instrument that recognizes all SGBV as an abuse of human rights. This Convention provides an individual right of petition and a right for NGOs to lodge complaints with the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights.
• InAustralia,aNationalCommitteeonViolenceagainstWomenwasestablishedtoco-ordinate the development of policy, legislation and law enforcement at the national level as well as community education on VAW.
• In1991,theGovernmentofCanadaannouncedanewfour-yearFamilyViolenceInitiative intended to mobilise community action, strengthen Canada’s legal framework, establish services on Indian reserves and in Inuit communities, develop resources to help victims and stop offenders, and provide housing for abused women and children.
• InTurkey,aMinistryofStateforWomenhasbeenestablished.Amongitsmaingoals are, the promotion of women’s rights and the strengthening of women’s role in economic, social, political and cultural life. Legal measures are being adopted towards the elimination of VAW. The establishment of special courts to deal with violence is envisaged. Psychological treatment for abused women is also planned, along with the establishment of women’s shelters around the country. Specially trained female police officers could provide assistance to victims of violence.
• Somecountrieshaveintroducedpoliceunitsspeciallytrainedindealingwithspousalassault. In Brazil, specific police stations have been designated to deal with women’s issues, including domestic violence. These police stations are staffed entirely by women.
Tool 15
49Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Tool 16DRAFT copy of relevant parts of the Nepal NAP on UNSCRs 1325 and 182040
Excerpt from section 7 onwards:
7.1 Definition:
Unless otherwise stated in this NAP:
a. “Armed conflict” should be understood as the armed conflict between the State side and the then Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) that took place from 13 February 1996 to 21 November 2006 and this term also denotes the armed activities carried out by various groups in different parts of the country after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord.
b. “Former women combatants” should be understood as the women verified by the UN Mission in Nepal and currently living in the cantonments. This term also denotes the women discharged after they were disqualified by the UN verification process.
c. “Girl child” should be understood as any girl who has not completed 18 years of age.
d. The term “conflict-affected women and children” should be understood as women and children who due to the impact of armed conflict, or as a result of that are suffering from the following conditions notwithstanding their present status:
1. Women or girls displaced from their place of living.
2. Single women.
3. Women or girls, or their husbands or parents, who are themselves physically disabled or have lost their limbs or are maimed due to the explosion of landmine or Improvised Explosive Devices, or due to the use of weapons or any other reason.
4. Women or girls who have been separated from their husbands or parents, or from their families.
5. Former women and girl combatants who are pregnant or nursing mothers or have infants with them and who are either living in the cantonments or outside.
6. Mentally-affected women and girls.
7. Women or girls who could not continue their studies because the school they were studying in was rendered inaccessible (damaged by fighting, occupied by combatants etc.), because of fear and insecurity, or because of the displacement of teachers.
8. Women or girls who suffered from sexual exploitation or rape.
9. Women or girls who because of sexual exploitation or rape became pregnant and were compelled to give birth or to undergo abortion.
10. Women or girls against whom action has been taken in suspicion of being affiliated to the security forces or armed groups, or helping such forces or groups.
11. Women or girls who are in detention or in prison or who have undergone imprisonment.
12. Women or girls living in protection homes or child rehabilitation homes.
13. Girls against whom cases have been registered in courts for any charges.
40 GoN, MoPR, Draft copy of relevant parts of the Nepal National Action Plan on United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820, (01 February 2011)
50
14. Women or girls who have been abducted or have been made to disappear or the women and girls from families whose members have been abducted or disappeared.
e. “Rehabilitation and reintegration” should be understood as the works of rehabilitating women and girls affected by the armed conflict in their family or society and enabling them to utilise the available opportunities to play a meaningful role for the protection of their rights.
f. “Counselling service centre” should be understood as the counselling service centres established by the government and NGOs for providing services like advice, counselling, information and recommendation necessary for women or girls victimised by SGBV or who are at risk or likely to be at risk from such violence.
g. “Special needs of women or girls” should be understood as the special needs of women and girls in special biological or reproductive conditions such as menstruation, pregnancy and nursing, and the food, care, proper accommodation, toilet and medical treatment required for addressing these conditions.
h. “Women-friendly” should be understood as the suitable environment equipped with all public facilities established in service providing centres, by taking into account the special needs of women so that they can express their sentiments without any inhibition and can easily acquire information, services and facilities.
i. “Sexual violence” should be understood as any type of sexually explicit behaviour or conduct carried out against the will of women or girls, any attempts to forcibly have sex, the use of vulgar words or vulgar behaviour against their will, efforts made to sell women or girls for the purpose of sex or any activity done against the sexual orientation of any person.
7.2 Co-ordination and collaboration for the implementation of the NAP:
There has been collaboration between the different government agencies, development partners, donor organisations, international NGOs (INGOs) and civil society. Because of this, it has been easy to consult directly with the concerned stakeholders, seek their input and strengthen ownership of the NAP, which are all necessary and important steps for ensuring the effective implementation of the women, peace and security agenda in Nepal.
The GoN recognises the important role played by different government agencies, development partners, donor organisations, INGOs and civil society and it anticipates the same level of collaboration during the implementation phase as well.
7.3 NAP – matrix:
The GoN has developed the UNSCR 1325 & 1820 for implementation in the next five years – 2011/12 to 2016/17. The action plan has the following goal and objective:
• Goal:Toachievesustainablepeaceandjustsociety
• Objective:Toensureproportionalandmeaningfulparticipationofwomenatalllevelsofconflict transformation and peace processes and the protection of women and girls’ rights
• Inordertoachievetheabove-statedgoalandobjectivetheNAPisstructuredaround five pillars: Participation, Protection and prevention, Promotion, Relief and recovery and Resource management, monitoring and evaluation; Each pillar with its corresponding general objective, strategic objectives, specific actions, desired results and indicators, as well as the responsible actors and a timeframe for each action, is presented below.
Tool 16
51Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
527.
3.1
Part
icip
atio
n
Obj
ecti
ve: T
o en
sure
equ
itab
le, p
ropo
rtio
nal a
nd m
eani
ngfu
l par
tici
pati
on o
f wom
en a
t all
leve
ls o
f dec
isio
n m
akin
g of
con
flict
tran
sfor
mat
ion
and
peac
ebui
ldin
g pr
oces
ses
Str
ateg
ic o
bjec
tive
s
Spe
cific
act
ions
R
esul
t sta
tem
ent
Ind
icat
ors
Impl
emen
ting
age
ncie
sTi
me
Fram
e
Agen
cies
re
spon
sibl
e S
uppo
rtin
g ag
enci
es
1. F
orm
ulat
e an
d re
vise
exi
stin
g po
licie
s an
d la
ws
for
prom
otin
g w
omen
’s p
arti
cipa
tion
as
nece
ssar
y1.
Iden
tify
the
gaps
in
exis
ting
pol
icie
s an
d la
ws
- inc
ludi
ng in
the
secu
rity
se
ctor
, tha
t obs
truc
t w
omen
’s p
arti
cipa
tion
and
re
vise
or f
orm
ulat
e po
licie
s fo
r pro
mot
ing
wom
en’s
pa
rtic
ipat
ion
•Nec
essa
rypolicies
and
law
s fo
r pro
mot
ing
wom
en’s
par
tici
pati
on
deve
lope
d or
revi
sed
•Num
bero
fpoliciesan
dla
ws
form
ulat
ed a
nd
revi
sed
•Num
bero
fpoliciesan
dla
ws
impl
emen
ted
•MoP
R•MoH
A•MoD
•MoW
CSW
•MinistryofForeign
Af
fair
s (M
oFA)
•MoL
J•MinistryofFinan
ce
(MoF
)•Nationa
lWom
en’s
Com
mis
sion
•NGOs
Up
to fi
ve
year
s fr
om
the
first
ye
ar
2. T
o en
sure
pro
port
iona
l and
mea
ning
ful
part
icip
atio
n of
wom
en w
hen
mak
ing
appo
intm
ents
to
and
no
min
atio
ns fo
r pos
itio
ns o
f pub
lic
impo
rtan
ce, s
peci
al ta
skfo
rces
and
pea
ce
nego
tiat
ions
1. E
nsur
e pr
opor
tion
al a
nd
mea
ning
ful p
arti
cipa
tion
of
wom
en in
pea
ce
nego
tiat
ions
, inf
orm
al
talk
s, d
iscu
ssio
ns, s
peci
al
task
forc
es, n
atio
nal a
nd
fore
ign
mis
sion
s, a
s w
ell a
s in
all
aspe
cts
of
peac
ebui
ldin
g pr
oces
ses
•Pr
opor
tion
aland
m
eani
ngfu
l par
tici
pati
on
of w
omen
in s
truc
ture
s an
d pr
oces
ses
of
peac
ebui
ldin
g, a
s w
ell a
s in
all
spec
ial c
omm
itte
es,
task
forc
es, p
eace
ne
goti
atio
ns a
nd in
form
al
talk
s
•Num
bero
fwom
enin
pe
ace
nego
tiat
ions
and
sp
ecia
l tas
kfor
ces
•Issu
esprese
nted
by
wom
en o
ccup
ying
thes
e po
siti
ons
•Office
ofthe
Pr
ime
Min
iste
r an
d Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs•MoP
R
•Po
liticalparties
U
p to
five
ye
ars
from
th
e fir
st
year
2. E
nsur
e pr
opor
tion
al a
nd
mea
ning
ful p
arti
cipa
tion
of
wom
en in
the
Coun
cil
of M
inis
ters
, the
Nat
iona
l Pl
anni
ng C
omm
issi
on,
as o
ffice
bea
rers
of o
ther
co
mm
issi
ons,
nat
iona
l ob
serv
ers,
adv
isor
s an
d in
oth
er im
port
ant p
ublic
po
siti
ons,
as
wel
l as
at a
ll le
vels
of s
tate
mec
hani
sms
•Pr
opor
tion
aland
m
eani
ngfu
l par
tici
pati
on
of w
omen
in th
e Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs, t
he N
atio
nal
Plan
ning
Com
mis
sion
, as
offi
ce b
eare
rs o
f oth
er
com
mis
sion
s, n
atio
nal
obse
rver
s, a
dvis
ors
and
in o
ther
impo
rtan
t pu
blic
pos
itio
ns a
s w
ell,
as a
t all
leve
ls o
f sta
te
mec
hani
sms
•Num
bero
fwom
en
in im
port
ant p
ublic
po
siti
ons
as w
ell a
s at
all
leve
ls o
f sta
te
mec
hani
sms
•Issu
esre
gard
ingwom
en
and
child
ren
addr
esse
d by
thes
e m
echa
nism
s
•Office
ofthe
Pr
ime
Min
iste
r an
d Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs•MoF
A
•MoL
JU
p to
five
ye
ars
from
th
e fir
st
year
3. C
ondu
ct c
apac
ity
build
ing
prog
ram
mes
, fro
m lo
cal
to c
entr
al le
vel,
for t
he
mea
ning
ful p
arti
cipa
tion
of
wom
en in
all
peac
e, s
ecur
ity
and
judi
cial
mec
hani
sms
•Issu
escon
cern
ingge
nder
in th
e pe
ace,
sec
urit
y an
d ju
dici
al m
echa
nism
s ar
e
effe
ctiv
ely
addr
esse
d by
w
omen
who
se c
apac
ity
has
been
enh
ance
d
•Issu
esonge
nderto
pic
rais
ed b
y w
omen
•Num
bero
fcap
acity-
build
ing
prog
ram
mes
and
nu
mbe
r of p
arti
cipa
nts
•MoH
A•MoD
•MoL
J
•MoP
R•Re
latedag
encies
Up
to fi
ve
year
s fr
om
the
first
ye
ar
Tool 16
53Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
7.3.
1 Pa
rtic
ipat
ion
Obj
ecti
ve: T
o en
sure
equ
itab
le, p
ropo
rtio
nal a
nd m
eani
ngfu
l par
tici
pati
on o
f wom
en a
t all
leve
ls o
f dec
isio
n m
akin
g of
con
flict
tran
sfor
mat
ion
and
peac
ebui
ldin
g pr
oces
ses
Str
ateg
ic o
bjec
tive
s
Spe
cific
act
ions
R
esul
t sta
tem
ent
Ind
icat
ors
Impl
emen
ting
age
ncie
sTi
me
Fram
e
Agen
cies
re
spon
sibl
e S
uppo
rtin
g ag
enci
es
1. F
orm
ulat
e an
d re
vise
exi
stin
g po
licie
s an
d la
ws
for
prom
otin
g w
omen
’s p
arti
cipa
tion
as
nece
ssar
y1.
Iden
tify
the
gaps
in
exis
ting
pol
icie
s an
d la
ws
- inc
ludi
ng in
the
secu
rity
se
ctor
, tha
t obs
truc
t w
omen
’s p
arti
cipa
tion
and
re
vise
or f
orm
ulat
e po
licie
s fo
r pro
mot
ing
wom
en’s
pa
rtic
ipat
ion
•Nec
essa
rypolicies
and
law
s fo
r pro
mot
ing
wom
en’s
par
tici
pati
on
deve
lope
d or
revi
sed
•Num
bero
fpoliciesan
dla
ws
form
ulat
ed a
nd
revi
sed
•Num
bero
fpoliciesan
dla
ws
impl
emen
ted
•MoP
R•MoH
A•MoD
•MoW
CSW
•MinistryofForeign
Af
fair
s (M
oFA)
•MoL
J•MinistryofFinan
ce
(MoF
)•Nationa
lWom
en’s
Com
mis
sion
•NGOs
Up
to fi
ve
year
s fr
om
the
first
ye
ar
2. T
o en
sure
pro
port
iona
l and
mea
ning
ful
part
icip
atio
n of
wom
en w
hen
mak
ing
appo
intm
ents
to
and
no
min
atio
ns fo
r pos
itio
ns o
f pub
lic
impo
rtan
ce, s
peci
al ta
skfo
rces
and
pea
ce
nego
tiat
ions
1. E
nsur
e pr
opor
tion
al a
nd
mea
ning
ful p
arti
cipa
tion
of
wom
en in
pea
ce
nego
tiat
ions
, inf
orm
al
talk
s, d
iscu
ssio
ns, s
peci
al
task
forc
es, n
atio
nal a
nd
fore
ign
mis
sion
s, a
s w
ell a
s in
all
aspe
cts
of
peac
ebui
ldin
g pr
oces
ses
•Pr
opor
tion
aland
m
eani
ngfu
l par
tici
pati
on
of w
omen
in s
truc
ture
s an
d pr
oces
ses
of
peac
ebui
ldin
g, a
s w
ell a
s in
all
spec
ial c
omm
itte
es,
task
forc
es, p
eace
ne
goti
atio
ns a
nd in
form
al
talk
s
•Num
bero
fwom
enin
pe
ace
nego
tiat
ions
and
sp
ecia
l tas
kfor
ces
•Issu
esprese
nted
by
wom
en o
ccup
ying
thes
e po
siti
ons
•Office
ofthe
Pr
ime
Min
iste
r an
d Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs•MoP
R
•Po
liticalparties
U
p to
five
ye
ars
from
th
e fir
st
year
2. E
nsur
e pr
opor
tion
al a
nd
mea
ning
ful p
arti
cipa
tion
of
wom
en in
the
Coun
cil
of M
inis
ters
, the
Nat
iona
l Pl
anni
ng C
omm
issi
on,
as o
ffice
bea
rers
of o
ther
co
mm
issi
ons,
nat
iona
l ob
serv
ers,
adv
isor
s an
d in
oth
er im
port
ant p
ublic
po
siti
ons,
as
wel
l as
at a
ll le
vels
of s
tate
mec
hani
sms
•Pr
opor
tion
aland
m
eani
ngfu
l par
tici
pati
on
of w
omen
in th
e Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs, t
he N
atio
nal
Plan
ning
Com
mis
sion
, as
offi
ce b
eare
rs o
f oth
er
com
mis
sion
s, n
atio
nal
obse
rver
s, a
dvis
ors
and
in o
ther
impo
rtan
t pu
blic
pos
itio
ns a
s w
ell,
as a
t all
leve
ls o
f sta
te
mec
hani
sms
•Num
bero
fwom
en
in im
port
ant p
ublic
po
siti
ons
as w
ell a
s at
all
leve
ls o
f sta
te
mec
hani
sms
•Issu
esre
gard
ingwom
en
and
child
ren
addr
esse
d by
thes
e m
echa
nism
s
•Office
ofthe
Pr
ime
Min
iste
r an
d Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs•MoF
A
•MoL
JU
p to
five
ye
ars
from
th
e fir
st
year
3. C
ondu
ct c
apac
ity
build
ing
prog
ram
mes
, fro
m lo
cal
to c
entr
al le
vel,
for t
he
mea
ning
ful p
arti
cipa
tion
of
wom
en in
all
peac
e, s
ecur
ity
and
judi
cial
mec
hani
sms
•Issu
escon
cern
ingge
nder
in th
e pe
ace,
sec
urit
y an
d ju
dici
al m
echa
nism
s ar
e
effe
ctiv
ely
addr
esse
d by
w
omen
who
se c
apac
ity
has
been
enh
ance
d
•Issu
esonge
nderto
pic
rais
ed b
y w
omen
•Num
bero
fcap
acity-
build
ing
prog
ram
mes
and
nu
mbe
r of p
arti
cipa
nts
•MoH
A•MoD
•MoL
J
•MoP
R•Re
latedag
encies
Up
to fi
ve
year
s fr
om
the
first
ye
ar
3. T
o In
crea
se w
omen
’s p
arti
cipa
tion
at a
ll le
vels
of
polit
ical
par
ties
, civ
il so
ciet
y, th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
and
N
GO
s
1. E
ncou
rage
and
sup
port
w
omen
to fi
le c
andi
dacy
in
elec
tion
s
•Wom
enw
illhav
ebe
come
capa
ble
of b
ecom
ing
cand
idat
es fo
r diff
eren
t po
litic
al p
osit
ions
•Num
bero
fwom
en
cand
idat
es in
ele
ctio
ns•MoH
A•Office
ofthe
Prime
Min
iste
r and
Cou
ncil
of M
inis
ters
•Elec
tion
Com
mission
•Po
liticalparties
Up
to fi
ve
year
s fr
om
the
first
ye
ar
2. I
ncre
ase
prop
orti
onal
pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of w
omen
at
all l
evel
s of
pol
itic
al p
arti
es
by c
ompl
ying
wit
h th
e qu
ota
syst
em
•Wom
enpropo
rtiona
lly
repr
esen
ted
in a
ll le
vels
of
polit
ical
par
ties
•Num
bero
fwom
en
in d
iffer
ent l
evel
s o
f po
litic
al p
arti
es•Th
eim
portan
ceand
su
ppor
t acc
orde
d by
po
litic
al p
arti
es to
gen
der
issu
es
•Office
ofthe
Pr
ime
Min
iste
r an
d Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs•MoH
A
•Elec
tion
Com
mission
•Po
liticalparties
Up
to fi
ve
year
s fr
om
the
first
ye
ar
3. E
xpan
d th
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of w
omen
in lo
cal p
eace
co
mm
itte
es o
n a
prop
orti
onal
ba
sis
•Lo
calp
eace
com
mittees
ar
e co
nsti
tute
d w
ith
prop
orti
onal
par
tici
pati
on
of w
omen
•Num
bero
floc
alpea
ce
com
mit
tees
con
stit
uted
an
d nu
mbe
r of w
omen
m
embe
rs in
the
com
mit
tee
•Gen
deriss
ues
addr
esse
d by
loca
l pea
ce
com
mit
tees
•MoP
R•Office
ofthe
Prime
Min
iste
r and
Cou
ncil
of M
inis
ters
•Po
liticalparties
•Civils
ociety
•NGOs
Firs
t yea
r
4. E
ncou
rage
pro
port
iona
l and
m
eani
ngfu
l par
tici
pati
on o
f w
omen
in a
ll le
vels
of c
ivil
soci
ety,
the
priv
ate
sect
or
and
NG
Os
•Pr
opor
tion
aland
m
eani
ngfu
l par
tici
pati
on
of w
omen
in a
ll le
vels
of
civi
l soc
iety
, pri
vate
sec
tor
and
NG
Os
•Num
bero
fwom
enin
di
ffer
ent l
evel
s of
civ
il so
ciet
y, th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
an
d N
GO
s
•MoH
A•MoW
CSW
•Pr
ivatese
ctor
•NGOFed
eration
Two
year
s fr
om th
e fir
st y
ear
4. T
o st
reng
then
adv
ocac
y an
d ra
ise
broa
d aw
aren
ess
at a
ll le
vels
on
prom
otin
g w
omen
’s p
arti
cipa
tion
1. E
nhan
ce a
dvoc
acy
skill
s of
civ
il se
rvan
ts, p
olit
ical
ac
tivi
sts,
hum
an ri
ghts
de
fend
ers,
jour
nalis
ts a
nd
orga
nisa
tion
s w
orki
ng in
the
area
of p
eace
, dev
elop
men
t an
d ge
nder
equ
alit
y
•Stron
gera
ndeffec
tive
ad
voca
cy p
rogr
amm
es
for i
ncre
asin
g w
omen
’s
part
icip
atio
n
•Num
bero
fadv
ocac
ysk
ills
deve
lopm
ent
trai
ning
act
ivit
ies
and
num
ber o
f par
tici
pant
s•Ty
pesofadv
ocac
ysk
ills
deve
lopm
ent t
rain
ing
acti
viti
es a
nd p
ublic
aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
mes
co
nduc
ted
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•Ministryof
Info
rmat
ion
and
Com
mun
icat
ions
(M
oIC)
•Po
liticalparties
•Civils
ociety
•NGOs
•Med
ia
Up
to fi
ve
year
s fr
om
the
first
ye
ar
2. L
aunc
h m
ulti
lingu
al
advo
cacy
pro
gram
mes
th
roug
h m
edia
and
co
mm
unic
atio
n ch
anne
ls
and
orga
nisa
tion
s w
orki
ng
for w
omen
’s ri
ghts
and
pr
omot
ing
wom
en’s
pa
rtic
ipat
ion
•Greaterawaren
esson
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f wom
en’s
pa
rtic
ipat
ion
in a
ll pe
ace
proc
esse
s
•Num
bero
fmultilin
gual
prog
ram
mes
con
duct
ed/
publ
ishe
d/ b
road
cast
fr
om d
iffer
ent m
edia
and
co
mm
unic
atio
n ch
anne
ls•Pr
ogrammes
thatare
init
iate
d fo
r inc
reas
ing
wom
en’s
par
tici
pati
on
as a
resu
lt of
aw
aren
ess
rais
ing
prog
ram
mes
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•MoIC
•Civils
ociety
•Don
orage
ncies
•NGOs
•Med
iaand
co
mm
unic
atio
n ch
anne
ls
Up
to fi
ve
year
s fr
om
the
first
ye
ar
547.
3.2
Pro
tect
ion
and
Prev
enti
on
Obj
ecti
ve: T
o en
sure
the
prot
ecti
on o
f wom
en a
nd g
irls
’ rig
hts
and
prev
ent o
f the
vio
lati
on o
f the
se ri
ghts
in c
onfli
ct a
nd p
ost c
onfli
ct s
itua
tion
s
Str
ateg
ic o
bjec
tive
s
S
peci
fic a
ctio
ns
Res
ult s
tate
men
tIn
dica
tors
Impl
emen
ting
age
ncie
sTi
me
fram
e
Agen
cies
resp
onsi
ble
Sup
port
ing
age
ncie
s
1. T
o en
d im
puni
ty b
y in
stit
utin
g ne
cess
ary
refo
rms
in th
e ju
stic
e an
d se
curi
ty s
yste
m to
en
able
them
to re
spon
d pr
ompt
ly to
cas
es o
f S
GB
V
1. P
ut in
pla
ce th
e ne
cess
ary
mec
hani
sms,
with
requ
ired
refo
rms,
for c
arry
ing
out i
mm
edia
te
inve
stig
atio
n an
d ac
tion
in
inci
dent
s of
SG
BV a
nd m
aint
aini
ng
confi
dent
ialit
y an
d di
gnity
•Re
form
edand
stren
gthe
ned
just
ice
and
secu
rity
sys
tem
that
is
able
to e
ffec
tive
ly a
nd e
ffici
entl
y ad
dres
s ca
ses
of S
GB
V
•Ev
iden
ceofa
nim
prov
edju
stice
and
secu
rity
sys
tem
•Num
bero
fSGBVca
ses
inve
stig
ated
pro
secu
ted
and
pena
lised
•Fo
rmulationofla
wpertainingto
confi
dent
ialit
y
•MoH
A•MoD
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•MoL
J
•Office
ofthe
Prime
Min
iste
r and
Cou
ncil
of
Min
iste
rs•Civils
ociety
•NGOs
Up
to fi
ve y
ears
fr
om th
e fir
st
year
2. P
rovi
de a
pro
mpt
and
free
le
gal s
ervi
ce to
wom
en a
nd g
irls
af
fect
ed b
y co
nflic
t
•Co
nflict-affected
wom
enand
girls
have
eas
y ac
cess
to p
rom
pt a
nd
free
lega
l ser
vice
s
•Num
bero
fcon
flict-affec
ted
wom
en a
nd g
irls
rece
ivin
g p
rom
pt
and
free
lega
l ser
vice
•MoW
CSW
•MoL
J•MoP
R
•Nep
alBarAss
ociation
•NGOs
•DistrictR
esou
rceCe
ntre
?
3. B
uild
the
capa
city
of o
ffice
-be
arer
s in
the
just
ice
and
secu
rity
sec
tor t
o pr
ovid
e pr
ompt
an
d ef
fect
ive
serv
ices
to v
icti
ms
of S
GB
V
•Effectivede
liveryofservice
sto
vic
tim
s of
SG
BV
thro
ugh
the
incr
ease
d ca
paci
ty o
f mem
bers
of
the
just
ice
and
secu
rity
sec
tor
•Num
bero
fcap
acitybu
ilding
prog
ram
mes
and
num
ber o
f pa
rtic
ipan
ts•Num
bero
fSGBVvictim
srece
iving
effe
ctiv
e se
rvic
e
•MoW
CSW
•MoH
A•MoD
•MoL
J
•MoP
RTw
o ye
ars
from
th
e fir
st y
ear
4. M
ake
nece
ssar
y le
gal p
rovi
sion
s fo
r pro
secu
ting
per
petr
ator
s of
se
xual
vio
lenc
e du
ring
a c
onfli
ct
peri
od
•Pe
rpetratorsofs
exua
lviolenc
edu
ring
a c
onfli
ct a
re p
rose
cute
d an
d pe
nalis
ed
•Num
bera
ndty
pesofle
gal
prov
isio
ns in
pla
ce•Num
bero
fcas
esofs
exua
lvi
olen
ce w
here
per
petr
ator
s ar
e pr
osec
uted
and
pen
alis
ed
•MoP
R•MoL
J•MoH
A
•Office
ofthe
Attor
ney-
Gen
eral
Firs
t yea
r
5. M
ake
chan
ges
in th
e ex
isti
ng
law
s w
itho
ut re
stri
ctin
g th
e ti
me
limit
for fi
ling
com
plai
nts
in
conn
ecti
on w
ith
inci
dent
s of
rape
•Cu
lpritsofrap
edu
ring
a
confl
ict p
erio
d ar
e pr
osec
uted
an
d pe
nalis
ed o
n th
e ba
sis
of
impr
oved
lega
l pro
visi
on
•Th
eam
endm
entinth
eex
isting
le
gal p
rovi
sion
•Num
bero
frap
eca
seswhe
reth
epe
rpet
rato
r is
pros
ecut
ed a
nd
pena
lised
•MoP
R•MoH
A•MoD
•MoL
J F
irst
yea
r
6. M
aint
ain
zero
tole
ranc
e re
gard
ing
sexu
al v
iole
nce
in th
e se
curi
ty s
ecto
r
•Pe
rpetratorsin
volved
inin
cide
nts
of s
exua
l vio
lenc
e in
the
secu
rity
se
ctor
are
pro
secu
ted
•Num
bera
ndkinds
ofa
ctions
take
nag
ains
t the
per
petr
ator
s of
sex
ual
viol
ence
in th
e se
curi
ty s
ecto
r
•MoH
A•MoD
•MoP
RFi
ve y
ears
from
th
e fir
st y
ear
2. T
o ad
dres
s th
e sp
ecia
l ne
eds
of c
onfli
ct-
affe
cted
wom
en a
nd
girl
s
1. P
rovi
de p
rom
pt a
nd fr
ee
med
ical
ser
vice
and
psy
cho-
soci
al a
nd le
gal c
ouns
ellin
g to
w
omen
and
gir
l vic
tim
s of
SG
BV
duri
ng a
tim
e of
con
flict
•Wom
enand
girlsvictimsofSGBV
rece
ive
prom
pt a
nd fr
ee m
edic
al
serv
ices
and
psy
cho-
soci
al a
nd
lega
l cou
nsel
ling
•Th
esp
ecialn
eeds
ofw
omen
and
gi
rls
are
prom
ptly
and
eff
ecti
vely
ad
dres
sed
•Dec
reas
einin
cide
ntsofgen
der-
base
d vi
olen
ce
•Num
bero
fwom
enand
girlv
ictims
of s
exua
l vio
lenc
e re
ceiv
ing
med
ical
ser
vice
s an
d ps
ycho
-so
cial
and
lega
l cou
nsel
ling
•MinistryofHea
lth
and
Popu
lati
on
(MoH
P)•MoL
J•MoW
CSW
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
Tool 16
55Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
7.3.
2 P
rote
ctio
n an
d Pr
even
tion
Obj
ecti
ve: T
o en
sure
the
prot
ecti
on o
f wom
en a
nd g
irls
’ rig
hts
and
prev
ent o
f the
vio
lati
on o
f the
se ri
ghts
in c
onfli
ct a
nd p
ost c
onfli
ct s
itua
tion
s
Str
ateg
ic o
bjec
tive
s
S
peci
fic a
ctio
ns
Res
ult s
tate
men
tIn
dica
tors
Impl
emen
ting
age
ncie
sTi
me
fram
e
Agen
cies
resp
onsi
ble
Sup
port
ing
age
ncie
s
1. T
o en
d im
puni
ty b
y in
stit
utin
g ne
cess
ary
refo
rms
in th
e ju
stic
e an
d se
curi
ty s
yste
m to
en
able
them
to re
spon
d pr
ompt
ly to
cas
es o
f S
GB
V
1. P
ut in
pla
ce th
e ne
cess
ary
mec
hani
sms,
with
requ
ired
refo
rms,
for c
arry
ing
out i
mm
edia
te
inve
stig
atio
n an
d ac
tion
in
inci
dent
s of
SG
BV a
nd m
aint
aini
ng
confi
dent
ialit
y an
d di
gnity
•Re
form
edand
stren
gthe
ned
just
ice
and
secu
rity
sys
tem
that
is
able
to e
ffec
tive
ly a
nd e
ffici
entl
y ad
dres
s ca
ses
of S
GB
V
•Ev
iden
ceofa
nim
prov
edju
stice
and
secu
rity
sys
tem
•Num
bero
fSGBVca
ses
inve
stig
ated
pro
secu
ted
and
pena
lised
•Fo
rmulationofla
wpertainingto
confi
dent
ialit
y
•MoH
A•MoD
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•MoL
J
•Office
ofthe
Prime
Min
iste
r and
Cou
ncil
of
Min
iste
rs•Civils
ociety
•NGOs
Up
to fi
ve y
ears
fr
om th
e fir
st
year
2. P
rovi
de a
pro
mpt
and
free
le
gal s
ervi
ce to
wom
en a
nd g
irls
af
fect
ed b
y co
nflic
t
•Co
nflict-affected
wom
enand
girls
have
eas
y ac
cess
to p
rom
pt a
nd
free
lega
l ser
vice
s
•Num
bero
fcon
flict-affec
ted
wom
en a
nd g
irls
rece
ivin
g p
rom
pt
and
free
lega
l ser
vice
•MoW
CSW
•MoL
J•MoP
R
•Nep
alBarAss
ociation
•NGOs
•DistrictR
esou
rceCe
ntre
?
3. B
uild
the
capa
city
of o
ffice
-be
arer
s in
the
just
ice
and
secu
rity
sec
tor t
o pr
ovid
e pr
ompt
an
d ef
fect
ive
serv
ices
to v
icti
ms
of S
GB
V
•Effectivede
liveryofservice
sto
vic
tim
s of
SG
BV
thro
ugh
the
incr
ease
d ca
paci
ty o
f mem
bers
of
the
just
ice
and
secu
rity
sec
tor
•Num
bero
fcap
acitybu
ilding
prog
ram
mes
and
num
ber o
f pa
rtic
ipan
ts•Num
bero
fSGBVvictim
srece
iving
effe
ctiv
e se
rvic
e
•MoW
CSW
•MoH
A•MoD
•MoL
J
•MoP
RTw
o ye
ars
from
th
e fir
st y
ear
4. M
ake
nece
ssar
y le
gal p
rovi
sion
s fo
r pro
secu
ting
per
petr
ator
s of
se
xual
vio
lenc
e du
ring
a c
onfli
ct
peri
od
•Pe
rpetratorsofs
exua
lviolenc
edu
ring
a c
onfli
ct a
re p
rose
cute
d an
d pe
nalis
ed
•Num
bera
ndty
pesofle
gal
prov
isio
ns in
pla
ce•Num
bero
fcas
esofs
exua
lvi
olen
ce w
here
per
petr
ator
s ar
e pr
osec
uted
and
pen
alis
ed
•MoP
R•MoL
J•MoH
A
•Office
ofthe
Attor
ney-
Gen
eral
Firs
t yea
r
5. M
ake
chan
ges
in th
e ex
isti
ng
law
s w
itho
ut re
stri
ctin
g th
e ti
me
limit
for fi
ling
com
plai
nts
in
conn
ecti
on w
ith
inci
dent
s of
rape
•Cu
lpritsofrap
edu
ring
a
confl
ict p
erio
d ar
e pr
osec
uted
an
d pe
nalis
ed o
n th
e ba
sis
of
impr
oved
lega
l pro
visi
on
•Th
eam
endm
entinth
eex
isting
le
gal p
rovi
sion
•Num
bero
frap
eca
seswhe
reth
epe
rpet
rato
r is
pros
ecut
ed a
nd
pena
lised
•MoP
R•MoH
A•MoD
•MoL
J F
irst
yea
r
6. M
aint
ain
zero
tole
ranc
e re
gard
ing
sexu
al v
iole
nce
in th
e se
curi
ty s
ecto
r
•Pe
rpetratorsin
volved
inin
cide
nts
of s
exua
l vio
lenc
e in
the
secu
rity
se
ctor
are
pro
secu
ted
•Num
bera
ndkinds
ofa
ctions
take
nag
ains
t the
per
petr
ator
s of
sex
ual
viol
ence
in th
e se
curi
ty s
ecto
r
•MoH
A•MoD
•MoP
RFi
ve y
ears
from
th
e fir
st y
ear
2. T
o ad
dres
s th
e sp
ecia
l ne
eds
of c
onfli
ct-
affe
cted
wom
en a
nd
girl
s
1. P
rovi
de p
rom
pt a
nd fr
ee
med
ical
ser
vice
and
psy
cho-
soci
al a
nd le
gal c
ouns
ellin
g to
w
omen
and
gir
l vic
tim
s of
SG
BV
duri
ng a
tim
e of
con
flict
•Wom
enand
girlsvictimsofSGBV
rece
ive
prom
pt a
nd fr
ee m
edic
al
serv
ices
and
psy
cho-
soci
al a
nd
lega
l cou
nsel
ling
•Th
esp
ecialn
eeds
ofw
omen
and
gi
rls
are
prom
ptly
and
eff
ecti
vely
ad
dres
sed
•Dec
reas
einin
cide
ntsofgen
der-
base
d vi
olen
ce
•Num
bero
fwom
enand
girlv
ictims
of s
exua
l vio
lenc
e re
ceiv
ing
med
ical
ser
vice
s an
d ps
ycho
-so
cial
and
lega
l cou
nsel
ling
•MinistryofHea
lth
and
Popu
lati
on
(MoH
P)•MoL
J•MoW
CSW
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
2. E
stab
lish
tem
pora
ry re
side
ntia
l ho
mes
for w
omen
and
gir
ls a
t ri
sk, a
s ne
cess
ary
•Sec
urityofw
omen
and
girlsat
risk
is e
nhan
ced
•Num
bero
ftem
poraryre
side
ntial
hom
es e
stab
lishe
d•Ty
pesan
dqu
alityofservice
spr
ovid
ed to
wom
en a
nd g
irls
at
risk
•MoW
CSW
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
3. S
tren
gthe
n th
e ex
istin
g W
omen
an
d Ch
ildre
n Se
rvic
e Ce
ntre
s of
the
NP
and
prov
ide
serv
ices
to w
omen
an
d gi
rl vi
ctim
s of
SG
BV fr
om a
se
para
te b
uild
ing
away
from
the
gene
ral p
olic
e st
atio
ns a
nd o
ffice
s
•Wom
enand
girlsvictimsofSGBV
have
eas
y ac
cess
to g
ende
r se
nsit
ive
and
effe
ctiv
e se
rvic
es
•Num
bero
fWom
enand
Children
Ser
vice
Cen
tres
est
ablis
hed
in
sepa
rate
bui
ldin
gs•Num
bero
fwom
enand
girls
rece
ivin
g se
rvic
es fr
om th
ese
cent
res
•MoH
A•MoP
R•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
4. G
radu
ally
ass
ign,
at t
he le
ast
at in
spec
tor l
evel
, wom
en p
olic
e of
ficer
s to
hea
d th
e W
omen
and
Ch
ildre
n Se
rvic
e Ce
ntre
s of
the
NP
•En
hanc
edand
stren
gthe
ned
Wom
en a
nd C
hild
ren
Ser
vice
Ce
ntre
s th
at a
re a
ble
to p
rovi
de
effe
ctiv
e se
rvic
es to
wom
en a
nd
girl
vic
tim
s of
SG
BV
•Num
bero
fWom
enand
Children
Ser
vice
Cen
tres
hea
ded
by
insp
ecto
r lev
el w
omen
pol
ice
offic
ers
•MoH
A•MoP
R•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
3. T
o en
d im
puni
ty b
y ad
dres
sing
issu
es
rela
ting
to S
GB
V ca
ses
that
occ
urre
d du
ring
co
nflic
t and
tran
siti
onal
pe
riod
1. A
ddre
ss is
sues
of S
GB
V in
all
peac
e ag
reem
ents
•En
dofim
punityre
latedtocas
es
of S
GB
V, d
ue to
it b
eing
eff
ecti
vely
ad
dres
sed
in a
ll ce
asefi
re a
nd
peac
e ag
reem
ents
•Pr
ovisions
estab
lishe
din
ceas
efire
and
pea
ce a
gree
men
ts
for
addr
essi
ng S
GB
V
•Office
ofthe
Prime
Min
iste
r and
Co
unci
l of M
inis
ters
•MoP
R
•Co
nflicting
parties
•Civils
ociety
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
2. E
xclu
de in
cide
nts
of ra
pe
and
atte
mpt
ed ra
pe fr
om th
e pr
ovis
ion
of g
ener
al a
mne
sty
whi
le s
igni
ng p
eace
agr
eem
ents
•Incide
ntsofra
peand
attem
pted
ra
pe a
re e
xclu
ded
from
the
prov
isio
n of
gen
eral
am
nest
y in
pe
ace
agre
emen
ts, l
eadi
ng to
en
ding
impu
nity
•Kind
sofprovision
srelatedto
SG
BV
inco
rpor
ated
in c
ease
fire
and
peac
e ag
reem
ents
•Dec
reas
eininc
iden
tsofS
GBV
case
s
•MoH
A•MoL
J•MoP
R
•Co
nflicting
parties
•Civils
ociety
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
4. T
o es
tabl
ish
the
Trut
h an
d Re
conc
iliat
ion
Com
mis
sion
(TRC
)
1. S
et u
p th
e in
fras
truc
ture
ne
cess
ary
for e
stab
lishi
ng th
e TR
C
•TR
Ces
tablishe
dan
dfunc
tion
al•Num
bero
finv
estiga
tion
sca
rried
out i
n re
gard
to in
cide
nts
of S
GB
V ca
ses
•Num
bero
fcas
esprose
cutedan
dth
e ki
nd o
f pro
cess
ado
pted
•Re
paration
rece
ived
byth
evictim
s
•Office
ofthe
Prime
Min
iste
r and
Co
unci
l of M
inis
ters
•MoP
R•MoL
J
•Le
gislativepa
rliamen
t F
irst
yea
r
5. T
o tr
ain
offic
ials
of t
he
secu
rity
sec
tor o
n S
GB
V1.
Pro
vide
trai
ning
to o
ffice
-be
arer
s at
all
leve
ls o
f the
se
curi
ty s
ecto
r on
issu
es o
f SG
BV
righ
t fro
m th
e ti
me
of jo
inin
g se
rvic
e
Offi
cial
s of
NP,
APF
and
NA
are
capa
ble
of h
andl
ing
SG
BV
case
s ef
fect
ivel
y an
d se
nsit
ivel
y
Num
ber o
f tra
inin
g ac
tivi
ties
co
nduc
ted
on
SG
BV
for N
P,
APF
and
NA
and
num
ber o
f pa
rtic
ipan
ts
MoP
R M
oHA
MoD
NG
Os
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
2. C
onti
nue
prov
idin
g tr
aini
ng
on U
NS
CR 1
325
and
1820
to
NP,
APF
and
NA
pers
onne
l pri
or
to g
oing
on
UN
pea
ceke
epin
g m
issi
ons
Pers
onne
l of N
P, A
PF a
nd N
A as
sign
ed to
pea
ceke
epin
g fo
rce
are
not e
ngag
ed in
any
form
s of
S
GB
V
Num
ber o
f tra
inin
g ac
tivi
ties
on
UN
SCR
132
5 an
d 18
20 a
nd
num
ber o
f par
tici
pant
s
MoP
R M
oHA
MoD
NG
Os
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
567.
3.3
Prom
otio
n
Obj
ecti
ve: T
o pr
omot
e th
e ri
ghts
of w
omen
and
gir
ls, a
nd m
ains
trea
m g
ende
r per
spec
tive
s in
all
aspe
cts
and
stag
es o
f con
flict
tran
sfor
mat
ion
and
peac
e bu
ildin
g pr
oces
ses
Str
ateg
ic o
bjec
tive
s S
peci
fic a
ctio
ns
Resu
lt st
atem
ent
Indi
cato
rsIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
ies
Tim
e fr
ame
Agen
cies
re
spon
sibl
eS
uppo
rtin
g Ag
enci
es
1. T
o ra
ise
awar
enes
s by
co
llect
ing
data
on
all f
orm
s of
SG
BV
agai
nst w
omen
and
gi
rls
1. C
olle
ct a
nd d
ocum
ent d
ata
incl
udin
g th
e ca
uses
of S
GB
V pe
rpet
rate
d on
wom
en a
nd g
irls
af
fect
ed b
y co
nflic
t
•Sex
disag
greg
ated
data
on S
GB
V ca
ses
incl
udin
g ca
uses
of s
uch
viol
ence
ag
ains
t wom
en a
nd g
irls
af
fect
ed b
y co
nflic
t are
id
enti
fied
and
docu
men
ted
•Statisticalre
portalong
withth
ean
alys
is
of S
GB
V pe
rpet
rate
d ag
ains
t wom
en a
nd
girl
s af
fect
ed b
y co
nflic
t
•MoH
A•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•Lo
calp
eace
com
mittees
•Lo
calag
encies
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
2. S
et u
p in
form
atio
n ce
ntre
s on
w
omen
, pea
ce a
nd s
ecur
ity
at
cent
ral a
nd d
istr
ict l
evel
•Inform
ationce
ntreson
w
omen
, pea
ce a
nd s
ecur
ity
are
set u
p an
d fu
ncti
onal
at
cent
ral a
nd d
istr
ict l
evel
s
•Num
bero
finfor
mationce
ntres
esta
blis
hed
•MoP
R•MoH
A•MoW
CSW
•Nationa
lWom
en's
Com
mis
sion
•Lo
calp
eace
com
mittees
•Lo
cala
genc
ies
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
3. T
rans
late
UN
SCR
132
5 &
182
0 an
d ot
her r
elat
ed in
tern
atio
nal
docu
men
ts o
n th
e ri
ghts
of
wom
en in
to d
iffer
ent l
ocal
la
ngua
ges
and
diss
emin
ate
them
thro
ugh
vari
ous
med
ia
and
com
mun
icat
ion
chan
nels
•Allc
once
rned
stake
holders
awar
e an
d in
form
ed a
bout
U
NS
CR 1
325
& 1
820
due
to
the
avai
labi
lity
of th
ese
docu
men
ts in
diff
eren
t lo
cal l
angu
ages
•Num
berd
ifferen
tloc
alla
ngua
gesinto
whi
ch U
NS
CR 1
325
& 1
820
are
tran
slat
ed
and
num
ber o
f pro
gram
mes
con
duct
ed
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•MoIC
•MoL
J•Don
orage
ncies
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
4. In
corp
orat
e w
omen
, pea
ce
and
secu
rity
issu
es in
to
the
scho
ol c
urri
culu
m a
nd
othe
r non
-for
mal
edu
cati
on
prog
ram
mes
•Wom
en,p
eace
and
sec
urity
issu
es a
re
incl
uded
in
the
scho
ol c
urri
culu
m a
nd
othe
r non
-for
mal
edu
cati
on
prog
ram
mes
•Kind
sofis
sues
onwom
en,p
eace
and
se
curi
ty in
corp
orat
ed in
the
scho
ol
curr
icul
um a
nd o
ther
non
-for
mal
ed
ucat
ion
prog
ram
mes
and
num
ber o
f sc
hool
s co
mpl
ying
wit
h it
•Ministryof
Educ
atio
n (M
oE)
•MoW
CSW
•MoP
R•NGOsNetwor
k•Allia
nceofSch
ools
Thre
e ye
ars
from
the
first
ye
ar
5. C
ondu
ct a
war
enes
s-ra
isin
g pr
ogra
mm
es fo
r cre
atin
g a
cond
uciv
e en
viro
nmen
t for
th
e re
habi
litat
ion
of c
onfli
ct-
affe
cted
wom
en, g
irls
and
fo
rmer
wom
en c
omba
tant
s in
th
eir f
amili
es a
nd s
ocie
ty
•Co
nflict-affected
wom
en
and
girl
s an
d fo
rmer
w
omen
com
bata
nts
are
reha
bilit
ated
in th
eir
fam
ilies
and
soc
iety
•Num
bero
fawaren
ess-related
prog
ram
mes
con
duct
ed a
nd n
umbe
r of
part
icip
ants
•Num
bero
fcon
flict-affec
tedwom
enand
gi
rls
and
form
er w
omen
com
bata
nts
reha
bilit
ated
•Ch
ange
inattitud
inaltr
eatm
enttow
ards
co
nflic
t-af
fect
ed w
omen
and
gir
ls a
nd
form
er w
omen
com
bata
nts
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•Civils
ociety
•NGOs
•MoH
A•MoD
Thre
e ye
ars
from
the
first
ye
ar
6. C
ondu
ct o
rien
tati
on
prog
ram
mes
on
UN
SCR
132
5 &
182
0 fo
r diff
eren
t med
ia a
nd
com
mun
icat
ion
chan
nels
•UNSCR
s13
25&
182
0are
prio
riti
sed
by d
iffer
ent
med
ia a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
n ch
anne
ls
•Num
bero
forien
tation
program
mes
co
nduc
ted
and
mat
eria
ls p
ublis
hed
or
diss
emin
ated
by
diff
eren
t med
ia c
hann
els
•Th
eim
portan
ceaccorde
dby
themed
ia
to is
sues
rela
ted
to w
omen
, pea
ce a
nd
secu
rity
•MoP
R•MoIC
•MoW
CSW
•NGOs
•Med
ia•Fe
deration
ofN
epali
Jour
nalis
ts
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
Tool 16
57Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
7. D
isse
min
ate
info
rmat
ion
on re
lief a
nd re
para
tion
in a
tr
ansp
aren
t man
ner
•Co
nflict-affected
peo
ple,
part
icul
arly
wom
en a
nd
girl
s, re
ceiv
e in
form
atio
n on
relie
f and
repa
rati
on in
a
tran
spar
ent a
nd ti
mel
y m
anne
r
•Th
epr
oces
sap
pliedinth
ediss
emination
of in
form
atio
n•Th
enu
mbe
rofc
onflict-affec
tedwom
en
and
girl
s re
ceiv
ing
info
rmat
ion
•MoP
R•MoIC
•MoH
A•MoE
•MoH
P•MinistryofLoc
al
Dev
elop
men
t (M
oLD
)•MinistryofLab
oura
nd
Tran
spor
t Man
agem
ent
Five
yea
r fro
m
the
first
yea
r
2. T
o en
sure
that
gen
der
pers
pect
ives
are
m
ains
trea
med
in a
ll as
pect
s of
con
flict
tran
sfor
mat
ion
and
peac
e bu
ildin
g pr
oces
ses
1. In
corp
orat
e ge
nder
pe
rspe
ctiv
es in
pol
icie
s an
d pr
ogra
mm
es re
late
d to
con
flict
tr
ansf
orm
atio
n an
d pe
ace
build
ing
proc
esse
s
•Po
liciesan
dpr
ogrammes
re
late
d to
con
flict
tr
ansf
orm
atio
n an
d pe
ace
build
ing
are
gend
er
sens
itiv
e
•Num
bero
fgen
ders
ensitive
policiesan
dpr
ogra
mm
es o
n co
nflic
t tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
and
peac
e bu
ildin
g
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•MoF
•Office
ofthe
Prime
Min
iste
r and
Cou
ncil
of
Min
iste
rs•MoW
CSW
•MoH
A•MoD
Two
year
s fr
om
the
first
yea
r
2. A
ppoi
nt fo
cal p
erso
ns in
all
conc
erne
d ce
ntra
l and
loca
l le
vel a
genc
ies
and
build
thei
r ca
paci
ty fo
r the
impl
emen
tati
on
of U
NS
CR13
25 &
182
0
•Fo
calp
erso
nsfo
rthe
im
plem
enta
tion
of U
NS
CR
1325
&1
plac
e in
all
rela
ted
agen
cies
and
are
act
ive
•Num
bero
ffoc
alperso
nsapp
ointed
and
th
eir r
ole
•MoP
R•Office
ofthe
Prime
Min
iste
r and
Cou
ncil
of
Min
iste
rs•MoW
CSW
•MoH
A•MoD
Two
year
s fr
om
the
first
yea
r
3. B
uild
the
capa
city
of m
embe
rs,
espe
cial
ly w
omen
mem
bers
, of
the
Loca
l Pea
ce C
omm
itte
es
cons
titu
ted
in th
e di
stri
ct a
nd
the
Mun
icip
alit
y/VD
C le
vel
•Th
ewom
enm
embe
rs
of th
e Lo
cal P
eace
Co
mm
itte
es h
ave
the
skill
s an
d ca
n ca
rry
out t
heir
re
spon
sibi
litie
s ef
fect
ivel
y
•Num
bero
fcap
acitybu
ildingpr
ogrammes
co
nduc
ted
and
num
ber o
f par
tici
pant
s •Issu
esprese
nted
bywom
enin
the
com
mit
tees
and
the
role
they
pla
y
•MoP
R•MoL
D•Po
liticalparties
Two
year
s fr
om
the
first
yea
r
4. I
ncor
pora
te is
sues
rela
ted
to
wom
en, p
eace
and
sec
urit
y in
to
the
new
Con
stit
utio
n
•Issu
esofw
omen
,pea
ce
and
secu
rity
are
add
ress
ed
and
inco
rpor
ated
into
the
new
Con
stit
utio
n
•Th
ekind
san
dnu
mbe
rofp
rovision
son
w
omen
, pea
ce a
nd s
ecur
ity
addr
esse
d in
th
e Co
nsti
tuti
on
•CA
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•NGOs
Firs
t yea
r
5. P
olit
ical
par
ties
to in
clud
e is
sues
on
wom
en, p
eace
an
d se
curi
ty in
thei
r tra
inin
g pr
ogra
mm
es
•Issu
esre
latedtow
omen
,pe
ace
and
secu
rity
are
ad
dres
sed
in th
e tr
aini
ng
prog
ram
mes
con
duct
ed b
y th
e si
ster
org
anis
atio
ns o
f al
l pol
itic
al p
arti
es a
nd a
s a
resu
lt m
embe
rs o
f pol
itic
al
part
ies
are
mor
e se
nsit
ive
tow
ards
the
issu
e
•Num
bero
ftrainingpr
ogrammes
on
wom
en, p
eace
and
sec
urit
y co
nduc
ted
by
polit
ical
par
ties
•Po
liticalparties
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om
the
first
yea
r
6. E
ncou
rage
the
form
atio
n of
a
dist
rict
leve
l net
wor
k am
ong
orga
nisa
tion
s w
orki
ng in
the
sector
ofw
omen
and
wom
en's
righ
ts
•Ac
tivities
relatedtow
omen
an
dwom
en'srigh
tsat
dist
rict
leve
l are
car
ried
out
in
a c
o-or
dina
ted
man
ner
thro
ugh
netw
ork
form
atio
n
•Num
bero
fnetwor
ksestab
lishe
dat
dist
rict
leve
l and
the
num
ber o
f co-
ordi
nate
d pr
ogra
mm
es c
ondu
cted
by
the
netw
orks
•Effectiven
essofprogram
mes
im
plem
ente
d at
dis
tric
t lev
el
•MoH
A•MoW
CSW
•MoP
R•NGOs
Two
year
s fr
om
the
first
yea
r
587.
3.4
Relie
f and
reco
very
Obj
ecti
ve: T
o en
sure
the
dire
ct a
nd m
eani
ngfu
l par
tici
pati
on o
f con
flict
-aff
ecte
d w
omen
in th
e fo
rmul
atio
n an
d im
plem
enta
tion
of r
elie
f, re
cove
ry a
nd re
habi
litat
ion
prog
ram
mes
and
to a
ddre
ss th
e sp
ecifi
c ne
eds
of w
omen
and
gir
ls
Str
ateg
ic o
bjec
tive
sS
peci
fic a
ctio
ns
Resu
lt st
atem
ent
Indi
cato
rsIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
ies
Agen
cies
resp
onsi
ble
Sup
port
ing
agen
cies
Ti
me
fram
e
1. F
orm
ulat
e an
d im
plem
ent r
elie
f and
re
cove
ry p
rogr
amm
es
wit
h th
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of
wom
en a
nd g
irls
aff
ecte
d by
con
flict
as
per t
heir
ne
eds
and
cond
itio
n
1. Id
enti
fy th
e ac
tual
con
diti
on
(hea
lth,
edu
cati
on, fi
nanc
ial a
nd
econ
omic
sta
tus)
of c
onfli
ct-
affe
cted
wom
en, g
irls
and
form
er
wom
en c
omba
tant
s, w
ith
thei
r pa
rtic
ipat
ion
•Nee
dsofc
onflict-affec
tedwom
en,
girl
s an
d fo
rmer
wom
en c
omba
tant
s ar
e id
enti
fied
and
effe
ctiv
ely
addr
esse
d by
relie
f and
reco
very
pr
ogra
mm
es
•Study
repo
rtsreve
alingth
eac
tual
cond
itio
n of
con
flict
-aff
ecte
d w
omen
and
gir
ls
•MoP
R•NGOs
Firs
t yea
r
2. F
orm
ulat
e an
d im
plem
ent
gend
er s
ensi
tive
imm
edia
te
relie
f pro
gram
mes
, wit
h th
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of c
onfli
ct-a
ffec
ted
wom
en, g
irls
and
form
er w
omen
co
mba
tant
s an
d in
co-
ordi
nati
on
wit
h co
ncer
ned
stak
ehol
ders
•Co
nflict-affected
wom
en,g
irlsand
fo
rmer
wom
en c
omba
tant
s re
ceiv
e re
lief a
s pe
r the
ir s
peci
fic n
eeds
•Num
bera
ndkinds
ofrelief
prog
ram
mes
form
ulat
ed w
ith
the
part
icip
atio
n of
wom
en, g
irls
and
fo
rmer
wom
en c
omba
tant
s •Num
bero
fwom
en,g
irlsand
fo
rmer
com
bata
nts
rece
ivin
g re
lief
aid
and
the
qual
ity
of th
e re
lief
prog
ram
me
•Nationa
lPlann
ing
Com
mis
sion
•MoP
R•MoL
D•MoH
P•MoE
•MoH
A
•NGOs
Two
year
s fr
om th
e fir
st
year
3. F
acili
tate
the
prep
arat
ion
and
proc
essi
ng o
f doc
umen
ts (e
.g.
citi
zens
hip
card
, bir
th c
erti
ficat
e,
scho
ol c
erti
ficat
e, m
arri
age
cert
ifica
te) t
hat g
uara
ntee
the
righ
ts o
f con
flict
-aff
ecte
d w
omen
an
d gi
rls
•Ea
syacces
stogov
ernm
ents
ervice
san
d fa
cilit
ies
thro
ugh
the
faci
litat
ion
of d
ocum
ents
(e.g
. cit
izen
ship
car
d,
birt
h ce
rtifi
cate
, sch
ool c
erti
ficat
e,
mar
riag
e ce
rtifi
cate
) tha
t gua
rant
ee
the
righ
ts o
f wom
en a
nd g
irls
livi
ng
in c
onfli
ct-a
ffec
ted
situ
atio
ns
•Num
bero
fwom
enand
girls
gett
ing
docu
men
ts (e
.g.
citi
zens
hip
card
, bir
th c
erti
ficat
e,
scho
ol c
erti
ficat
e, m
arri
age
cert
ifica
te)
•MoH
A•MoL
D•MoP
R
•Lo
calag
encies
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st
year
4. M
ake
prov
isio
n fo
r chi
ld c
are
faci
litie
s ta
rget
ed to
war
ds
confl
ict-
affe
cted
em
ploy
ees
or
wor
king
wom
en a
s pe
r the
nee
d
•Ch
ildcarefacilitiesareinplace
in
gov
ernm
ent a
nd p
riva
te s
ecto
r of
fices
and
at c
omm
unit
y le
vel f
or
confl
ict-
affe
cted
em
ploy
ees
and
wor
king
wom
en
•Num
bero
fchildrenan
dem
ploy
ees,
or w
orki
ng w
omen
re
ceiv
ing
and
acqu
irin
g th
e fa
cilit
ies
•Num
bero
fchildcarece
ntresan
dth
e qu
alit
y of
ser
vice
pro
vide
d by
th
e ce
ntre
s
•MoW
CSW
•Ce
ntralC
hildW
elfare
Boa
rd
•MoP
R•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st
year
5. W
ith
the
part
icip
atio
n of
the
confl
ict-
affe
cted
wom
en a
nd
girl
s an
d in
co-
ordi
nati
on
wit
h co
ncer
ned
stak
ehol
ders
, fo
rmul
ate
and
impl
emen
t gen
der
sens
itiv
e he
alth
, edu
cati
on,
phys
ical
, fina
ncia
l and
eco
nom
ic
reco
very
pro
gram
mes
bas
ed a
s pe
r the
nee
d
•Co
nflict-affected
wom
enand
girls
rece
ive
relie
f and
reco
very
pac
kage
s as
per
thei
r nee
d
•Num
bero
fwom
enparticipa
ting
in
the
form
ulat
ion
of p
rogr
amm
es
•Num
bero
fwom
enand
girls
gett
ing
repa
rati
on fo
r dam
ages
•Ty
peofrep
arationan
dam
ount
•Nationa
lPlann
ing
Com
mis
sion
•MoP
R•MoL
D•MoH
P•MoE
•MoH
A
•MoW
CSW
•MoF
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st
year
Tool 16
59Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
6. M
ake
arra
ngem
ents
for t
he
trea
tmen
t and
reha
bilit
atio
n of
wom
en w
ho a
re m
enta
lly
dist
urbe
d, d
ue to
con
flict
, and
w
hose
fam
ilies
hav
e no
t bee
n id
enti
fied
•Wom
enw
hohav
elostm
ental
bala
nce,
due
to c
onfli
ct, o
r who
se
fam
ilies
hav
e no
t bee
n tr
aced
re
ceiv
e th
e tr
eatm
ent t
he re
quir
e an
d ar
e re
habi
litat
ed
•Th
etype
ofs
ervice
provide
dan
dth
e nu
mbe
r of b
enefi
ciar
ies
•MoP
R•MoH
P•MoW
CSW
•NGOs
Two
year
s fr
om th
e fir
st
year
7. I
mpl
emen
t sch
olar
ship
s an
d in
cent
ive
prog
ram
mes
for c
onfli
ct-
affe
cted
gir
ls
•Co
nflict-affected
girlsareableto
cont
inue
thei
r edu
cati
on
•Num
bero
fgirlsgetting
sc
hola
rshi
ps•Num
bero
fprogram
mes
co
nduc
ted
•MoE
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•NGOs
•Sch
ools
Five
yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st
year
8. P
rovi
de b
ridg
ing
cour
se a
nd
non-
form
al e
duca
tion
to c
onfli
ct-
affe
cted
wom
en a
nd g
irls
, who
du
e to
the
confl
ict w
ere
not
able
to c
onti
nue
thei
r stu
dies
or
mis
sed
scho
ol
•Co
nflict-affected
wom
enand
gi
rls
have
acc
ess
to a
ppro
pria
te
educ
atio
n
•Num
bero
fbridg
ingco
urse
san
d th
e no
n-fo
rmal
edu
cati
on
prog
ram
mes
ope
rate
d an
d th
e nu
mbe
r of p
arti
cipa
nts
•MoE
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•NGOs
•Pr
ivatese
ctor
Two
year
s fr
om th
e fir
st
year
9. I
mpl
emen
t spe
cial
ski
ll-or
ient
ed
trai
ning
and
inco
me-
gene
rati
ng
prog
ram
mes
for t
he b
enefi
t of
confl
ict-
affe
cted
wom
en a
nd g
irls
ba
sed
on th
eir i
nter
ests
, abi
lity
and
mar
ket p
oten
tial
s
•Co
nflict-affected
wom
enand
girls
are
enga
ged
in in
com
e-ge
nera
tion
ac
tivi
ties
or g
et e
mpl
oym
ent a
s pe
r th
eir s
kills
•Num
bero
fskill-or
iented
tr
aini
ng a
ctiv
itie
s an
d nu
mbe
r of
part
icip
ants
•Num
bero
ftho
segetting
em
ploy
men
t and
the
type
of
empl
oym
ent
•Th
equ
alitativeim
prov
emen
tin
the
livin
g st
anda
rd o
f wom
en
as a
resu
lt of
the
impl
emen
ted
prog
ram
mes
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•MinistryofIn
dustry
•MinistryofLab
our
and
Tran
spor
t M
anag
emen
t•MoE
•Ministryof
Agri
cultu
re a
nd C
o-op
erat
ives
•NGOs
•Lo
calo
rgan
isations
Thre
e ye
ars
from
the
first
yea
r
10.
Prov
ide
seed
mon
ey o
r in
tere
st-f
ree
loan
s to
con
flict
-af
fect
ed w
omen
and
gir
ls
who
hav
e re
ceiv
ed tr
aini
ng
or a
ppre
ntic
eshi
p fo
r inc
ome
gene
rati
on
•Co
nflict-affected
wom
enand
gi
rls
gett
ing
the
seed
mon
ey a
nd
inte
rest
-fre
e lo
ans
star
t the
ir o
wn
ente
rpri
ses
and
are
sel
f em
ploy
ed
•Num
bero
fwom
enstarting
ente
rpri
ses
afte
r rec
eivi
ng th
e se
ed m
oney
and
inte
rest
-fre
e lo
an
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•MoF
•Ministryof
Agri
cultu
re a
nd C
o-op
erat
ives
•Nep
alRas
traBan
k•Ag
ricu
ltural
Dev
elop
men
t Ban
k•Oth
erban
ks•NGOs
Two
year
s fr
om th
e fir
st
year
11. C
ondu
ct o
rien
tati
on
prog
ram
mes
to s
ervi
ce p
rovi
ders
en
ablin
g th
em to
be
sens
itiv
e an
d re
spec
tful
in th
eir r
espo
nse
to
confl
ict-
affe
cted
wom
en a
nd g
irls
•Co
nflict-affected
wom
enand
girls
rece
ive
a di
gnifi
ed a
nd s
ensi
tive
re
spon
se fr
om s
ervi
ce p
rovi
ders
•Num
bero
ftrainingan
dnu
mbe
rof
part
icip
ants
•Th
ech
ange
inth
eattitude
of
serv
ice-
prov
ider
s to
war
ds th
e co
nflic
t-af
fect
ed w
omen
and
gir
ls
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•MoH
P•MoE
•MoH
A•Civils
ociety
•NGOs
Thre
e ye
ars
from
the
first
yea
r
12. E
stab
lish
an e
mer
genc
y fu
nd
for a
ddre
ssin
g th
e im
med
iate
ne
eds
of w
omen
and
gir
ls d
urin
g co
nflic
t
•Wom
enand
girlsre
ceiveim
med
iate
relie
f ass
ista
nce
as p
er th
eir n
eed
at
the
tim
e of
con
flict
•Es
tablishm
ento
fthe
fund
and
the
stat
us o
f im
plem
enta
tion
•MoW
CSW
•MoP
R•MoF
•Office
ofthe
Prime
Min
iste
r and
Cou
ncil
of M
inis
ters
•Nationa
lPlann
ing
Com
mis
sion
Five
yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st
year
607.
3.5
Reso
urce
man
agem
ent,
mon
itor
ing
and
eval
uati
on
Obj
ecti
ve: T
o in
stit
utio
nalis
e m
onit
orin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
and
ens
ure
requ
ired
reso
urce
s fo
r the
impl
emen
tati
on o
f the
NAP
, thr
ough
the
colla
bora
tion
and
co-
ordi
nati
on o
f all
stak
ehol
ders
Str
ateg
ic o
bjec
tive
sS
peci
fic a
ctio
nsRe
sult
stat
emen
tIn
dica
tors
Impl
emen
ting
age
ncie
sTi
me
fram
e
Agen
cies
resp
onsi
ble
Sup
port
ing
agen
cies
1. T
o ex
ecut
e th
e N
AP in
an
effe
ctiv
e m
anne
r1.
Inc
orpo
rate
the
NAP
in th
e pe
riod
ic a
nd s
ecto
ral p
lans
, bu
dget
and
pro
gram
mes
•Ad
equa
tere
sour
cesare
avai
labl
e fo
r the
impl
emen
tati
on
of th
e N
AP
•Alloca
tedan
nualbud
get
and
prog
ram
mes
for
the
impl
emen
tati
on o
f th
e N
AP
•Nationa
lPlan
ning
Co
mm
issi
on•MoP
R•MoF
•Sec
toralministries
•Pr
ivatese
ctor
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st y
ear
2. M
obili
se a
ddit
iona
l re
sour
ces
from
dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
r org
anis
atio
ns, N
GO
s,
ING
Os
and
the
priv
ate
sect
or
•Ad
equa
tere
sour
cesav
ailable
from
dev
elop
men
t par
tner
or
gani
sati
ons,
NG
Os,
ING
Os
and
the
priv
ate
sect
or
•Th
ereso
urce
sco
ntri
bute
d by
the
deve
lopm
ent p
artn
er
orga
nisa
tion
s, N
GO
s,
ING
Os
and
the
priv
ate
sect
or
•MoP
R•MoF
•Pr
ivatese
ctor
•IN
GOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st y
ear
2. T
o in
stit
utio
nalis
e a
mon
itor
ing
and
eval
uati
on s
yste
m w
ith
the
part
icip
atio
n of
all
the
sect
oral
age
ncie
s,
wom
en b
enefi
ciar
ies
and
orga
nisa
tion
s w
orki
ng fo
r wom
en'srigh
ts
1. C
ondu
ct c
apac
ity
build
ing
prog
ram
mes
for e
ffec
tive
m
onit
orin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
of
the
NAP
•Effectivemon
itor
ingan
dev
alua
tion
of N
AP ta
kes
plac
e •Statusofm
onitor
ing
and
eval
uati
on p
roce
ss•Num
bero
fcap
acity
build
ing
prog
ram
mes
co
nduc
ted
for
mon
itor
ing
and
the
num
ber o
f par
tici
pant
s in
suc
h pr
ogra
mm
es
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•Oth
erre
lated
min
istr
ies/
de
part
men
ts a
nd
sect
ors
•Office
ofthe
Pr
ime
Min
iste
r an
d Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs•Nationa
lPlann
ing
Com
mis
sion
•Nationa
lWom
en's
Com
mis
sion
•Dev
elop
men
tpa
rtne
r or
gani
sati
ons
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st y
ear
2. In
stit
utio
nalis
e th
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of b
enefi
ciar
ies
and
orga
nisa
tion
s w
orki
ng
forw
omen
'srigh
tsin
the
mon
itor
ing
and
eval
uati
on o
f th
e N
AP
•Pa
rticipator
ymon
itor
ing
and
eval
uati
on s
yste
m is
in
stit
utio
nalis
ed.
•Num
bero
fben
eficiaries
and
orga
nisa
tion
s wor
king
forwom
en's
righ
ts p
arti
cipa
ting
in
the
mon
itor
ing
and
eval
uati
on
•MoP
R•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st y
ear
3. In
corp
orat
e th
e ge
nder
aud
it
syst
em in
to th
e m
onit
orin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
mec
hani
sm.
•Th
ege
nderaud
itsys
temis
in
corp
orat
ed in
the
mon
itor
ing
and
eval
uati
on m
echa
nism
.
•Mon
itor
ingan
dev
alua
tion
car
ried
out
w
ith
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er a
udit
sy
stem
.
•MoP
R•MoW
CSW
•NGOs
Five
yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st y
ear
Tool 16
61Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
3.To
co-
ordi
nate
and
co
llabo
rate
wit
h m
ulti
late
ral
stak
ehol
ders
for t
he
impl
emen
tati
on o
f the
NAP
fo
r res
ourc
e m
obili
sati
on
and
for m
onit
orin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
1. D
evel
op a
n ap
prop
riat
e pr
oces
s fo
r co-
ordi
nati
on
and
colla
bora
tion
wit
h go
vern
men
t bod
ies,
de
velo
pmen
t par
tner
s, N
GO
s,
the
priv
ate
sect
or a
nd c
ivil
soci
ety
•Effectivean
dco
ntinue
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-or
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and
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labo
rati
on
is m
aint
aine
d w
ith
mul
tila
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l st
akeh
olde
rs fo
r the
im
plem
enta
tion
of t
he N
AP, f
or
reso
urce
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tion
and
for
mon
itor
ing
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eval
uati
on
•Num
bero
fmultilateral
stak
ehol
ders
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lved
in
the
impl
emen
tati
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of th
e N
AP a
nd th
e av
aila
ble
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urce
s
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lPlann
ing
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mis
sion
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yea
rs fr
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ear
2. P
ublic
ise
the
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eval
uati
on re
port
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ncerne
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th
e ge
nera
l pub
lic a
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e of
th
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plem
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of
the
NAP
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ogrammeorga
nise
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r mak
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on re
port
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lic
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mis
sion
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lWom
en's
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mis
sion
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yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st y
ear
4. T
o se
t up
a m
echa
nism
for
impl
emen
tati
on o
f the
NAP
1.
Enh
ance
the
capa
city
of
the
“Im
plem
enta
tion
Co
mm
itte
e” e
stab
lishe
d fo
r th
e Im
plem
enta
tion
of U
NS
CR
1325
& 1
820
•Th
eca
pacityofthe
UNSCR
13
25 &
1820
Impl
emen
tati
on
Com
mit
tee
is e
nhan
ced
and
func
tion
s ef
fect
ivel
y
•Pr
ogrammes
are
hled
for i
ncre
asin
g th
e ca
paci
ty o
f the
Im
plem
enta
tion
Co
mm
itte
e
•MoP
R
•MoF
•Dev
elop
men
tpa
rtne
r or
gani
sati
ons
Firs
t yea
r
2. S
et u
p a
gend
er u
nit a
t th
e M
oPR
and
enha
nce
its
capa
city
•Gen
derp
ersp
ective
isfu
lly
inco
rpor
ated
in a
ll th
e pr
ogra
mm
es o
f the
MoP
R
•Es
tablishm
entofth
eun
it•Ca
pacitybuilding
prog
ram
mes
and
the
num
ber o
f par
tici
pant
s•Th
estatus
ofg
ende
rm
ains
trea
min
g in
pla
ns
and
prog
ram
mes
of t
he
MoP
R
•MoP
R•Dev
elop
men
tpa
rtne
r or
gani
sati
ons
Firs
t yea
r
3. C
onst
itut
e U
NS
CR 1
325
& 1
820
Co-o
rdin
atio
n Co
mm
itte
es a
t dis
tric
t lev
el,
unde
r the
co-
ordi
nati
on o
f the
Ch
ief D
istr
ict O
ffice
r
•Co
-ord
inationCo
mmittees
co
nsti
tute
d w
ith
the
part
icip
atio
n of
con
cern
ed
stak
ehol
ders
at d
istr
ict l
evel
are
ac
tive
and
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tion
al
•Num
bero
fcom
mittees
co
nsti
tute
d•Th
estatus
and
pe
rfor
man
ce o
f the
co
mm
itte
es
•MoP
R•MoH
A•MoF
•Dev
elop
men
tpa
rtne
r or
gani
sati
ons
•NGOs
Firs
t yea
r
62
8. Implementation of the NAP
The following provisions have been made for the implementation of the NAP:
8.1 Programmes will be formulated and implemented in co-ordination with the MoPR, the MoWCSW and sectors responsible for implementing the programmes and supporting agencies. While formulating programmes, priority will be given to programmes that provide immediate relief assistance necessary to conflict-affected women and girls.
8.2 Programmes will be implemented in collaboration with ministries and departments at central level and with the District Administration Office, the District Development Committee (DDC) Office, the Women and Children’s Office, the District Public Health Office, the District Education Office, the District Cottage Industries Development Office/Board, district-based Security Offices, the District Child Welfare Board and other district level bodies. Capacity-building programmes will also be implemented for enhancing the capacity of these offices.
8.3 NGOs and INGOs, working on women’s rights at local level and their networks, will be mobilised to the maximum extent while implementing the programmes.
8.4 Orientation, interaction and awareness programmes will be conducted for all concerned stakeholders, including service providers, to enhance their sensitivity and skill to respond appropriately to all conflict-affected people, particularly conflict-affected women and girls.
8.5 Participation of conflict-affected women and girls in labour-oriented and community development programmes will be conducted at district level. Employment provided for them will be based on their age and the skills they have acquired.
8.6 Provision will be made for recruiting a programme officer at all conflict-affected District Administration Offices to help implement the NAP. The officer will help in running programmes and in collecting sex-disaggregated data. The assistance of international development partners interested in implementing the NAP will be sought for this purpose.
8.7 Sex-disaggregated data concerning conflict-affected women and girls will be collected for the implementation of the NAP. Arrangements will be made for making the data available to the Co-ordination Committees within the Women and Children Office at district level. The data received by the Implementation Committee at the central level will be kept at the MoWCSW. Arrangements will be made for maintaining the confidentiality of sensitive information related to conflict-affected women and girls.
8.8 Arrangements will be made for documenting and exchanging information on implementing the NAP and best practices from one district to another.
8.9 The ministries/ commissions/ offices designated as responsible agencies in the NAP will formulate and implement individual action plans for fulfilling their stated responsibilities at the earliest opportunity.
9. Institutional arrangement for the implementation of the Action Plan
9.1 Steering Committee:
Tool 16
63Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
A Steering Committee is constituted for implementing the NAP as stated below:
a. Minister for Foreign Affairs Chair
b. Minister for Peace and Reconstruction Co-Chair
c. Minister for Women, Children and Social Welfare Member
d. State Minister for Peace and Reconstruction Member
e. Member, the National Planning Commission (looking after the MoPR) Member
f. Member, the National Women’s Commission Member
g. Secretary, the MoF Member
h. Secretary, the MoHA Member
i. Secretary, the MoFA Member
j. Secretary, the Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers Member
k. Secretary, the MoWCSW Member
l. Secretary, the MoD Member
m. Secretary, the MoPR Member
n. Representative, the Women’s Welfare Society Member
o. Representative, IHRICON Member
p. Representative, Shanti Malika Member
q. Representative, Beyond Beijing Committee Member
r. Representative, Women’s Peace Group Member
s. Representative, Women Security Pressure Group Member
t. Representative, Women’s Network for Peace, Power, Democracy and the CA Member
u. Representative, Rural Women’s Development and Unity Centre Member
v. Representative, SAATHI Member
w. Representative, Women for Human Rights, Single Women’s Group Member
x. Representative, Nepal Society Development Centre Member
y. Joint Secretary, Law and Information & Communication, Division Member
z. Representative, MoPR Secretary
The Steering Committee, as is deemed necessary, can invite to its meeting the Chief of UN Women in Nepal, the representative/s of the Peace Support Working Group, the Resident Representative of UNDP for Nepal and other experts on related subjects.
9.2 Functions, duties and authority of the Steering Committee:
a. Make policy provisions regarding gender mainstreaming in conflict management and peacebuilding processes
b. Make policy provisions for the prevention and control of gender-based violence, specifically taking place during and after conflict
c. Maintain inter-agency co-ordination for women’s empowerment and to ensure that the dividends of peace are equally received by women
64
d. Generate national and international support for implementation of the NAP
e. Ensure that responsible agencies develop and implement their individual plans
f. Carry out regular monitoring and supervision of the implementation of NAP
g. Provide necessary directions to the agencies concerned regarding implementation of the NAP
h. Present a report on the status of the implementation of UNSCR 1325 & 1820 to the UN
9.3 Implementation Committee:
An Implementation Committee with the following members is formed under the Steering Committee:
a. Joint-Secretary; Law and Information & Communications Division, MoPR Convenor
b. Representative, the MoWCSW Member
c. Representative, the MoHA Member
d. Representative, the MoD Member
e. Representative, UN Women, Nepal Member
f. Representative, the National Women’s Commission Member
g. Under Secretary; Law and Human Rights Section, MoPR Secretary
The Implementation Committee will have to invite the representative of the MoFA to its meeting as an invited member. Representatives of donor organisations, as directed by the Steering Committee, can be included in the Implementation Committee, as observers.
9.4 Functions, duties and authority of the Implementation Committee:
a. Carry out the decisions taken by the High Level Steering Committee
b. Provide support and co-ordination for developing sectoral plans and their implementation
c. Adopt mechanisms for promoting greater gender awareness
d. Pay special attention to the particular needs and vulnerable situation of conflict-affected women
e. Mobilise necessary resources for implementation of the NAP
f. Monitor the status of the implementation and report to the Steering Committee
g. Prepare an annual progress report and submit it to the Steering Committee
9.5 Provision for Gender Unit:
A Gender Unit will be set up at the MoPR for the effective implementation of the NAP. The Convenor of the Implementation Committee will head the Unit comprising of the Member-Secretary of the Implementation Committee, a section officer and other subject experts and employees as needed. The Unit will be provided with necessary resources and the capacity of the employees working in the unit will be enhanced. This unit will be responsible for preparing the annual report of the NAP and also for carrying out monitoring and evaluation.
Tool 16
65Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
9.6 NAP District Co-ordination Committee:
A NAP District Co-ordination Committee, comprising the following members, will be set up in each district for the implementation of the NAP:
a. Chief District Officer Convenor
b. Local Development Officer Co-Convenor
c. Chairperson/Representative, Local Peace Committee Member
d. Chief, the District Public Health Office Member
e. District Education Officer Member
f. Chief, the Small and Cottage Industries Development Office/Board Member
g. Chief, the District Police Office Member
h. Representative, the Technical School based in the district Member
i. Chief, the District Child Welfare Board Member
j. Two conflict-affected women assigned by the Local Peace Committee Members
k. Two representatives from among the NGOs working in the women’s rights sector, assigned by the committee Members
l. Women and Children Officer Member-Secretary
The representatives of donor agencies based in the district, providing support for the implementation of the Action Plan, can be called to the District Co-ordination Committee as observers. The committee will invite the representatives of other offices in the district, as is deemed necessary.
9.7 Functions, duties and authority of the NAP District Co-ordination Committee:
a. Carry out the decisions of the Steering Committee and the Implementation Committee
b. Ensure the programmes proposed in the NAP are included in the programmes of the district level offices concerned
c. Maintain co-ordination among different programmes related to the NAP implemented in the district
d. Carry out constant monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of programmes related to the NAP conducted in the district
e. Provide a progress report on the NAP to the Implementation Committee
10. Monitoring and evaluation 10.1 The process and procedure for carrying out ongoing monitoring will be
adopted in a results-based way by using results indicators like input, activities, outcome, achievements and goals, in the course of the implementation of the NAP. Participation of programme beneficiaries will also be sought out in the monitoring and evaluation exercise.
66
10.2 An appropriate Management Information System will be prepared and implemented for the effective and efficient operation of the NAP. Arrangements will be made for conducting quarterly, half-yearly and annual progress reviews to institutionalise the monitoring and evaluation process.
10.3 Arrangements will be made for periodic publication and for making the progress report on the implementation available to the public.
10.4 Arrangements will be made for assigning a focal person, who will be responsible for monitoring in each responsible agency and providing required resources to that person for institutionalising an effective monitoring process.
Tool 16
67Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Tool 17UNSCR 1325 indicators in relation to Nepal
In April 2010, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon published a set of UN indicators for monitoring progress in the implementation of UNSCR 1325 under four pillars: Participation; Protection; Prevention; and Relief and Recovery. The following is an assessment of how Nepal measures against UN indicators 8, 11 and 1241.
UNSCR 1325 indicator 8: Number and percentage of peace agreements with specific provisions to improve the security and status of women and girls:
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 2006
• UNSCR1325hadlimitedimpactonNepal’speaceandcease-firetalksduringtheperiod 2001-2006, leading up to the CPA.
• TherearenospecificreferencestoUNSCR1325intheCPA,althoughitcontainsreferences to an obligation to be bound by international human rights’ norms.
• Women’srightswereraisedinonlyonepointoftheCPA(7.6).Bothsidesofthepeace agreement fully agreed to provide special protection for the rights of women and children and to prohibit immediately all types of violence against women and children, as well as sexual exploitation and harassment.
Interim Constitution (IC), 2007
• Women’srightsarerecognisedasafundamentalright.Non-discriminationonthebasis of gender is pledged (Article 20:1).
• ItstatesthatVAWisapunishablecrime(Article20:2).
• Itoutlinesprovisionsforgrantingwomenequalrightstoancestralproperty(Article20:4).
• Itmakesprovisionsforgivingwomenreproductivehealthrights(Article20:2).Thisis the first time any government in the region has explicitly recognised women’s reproductive rights as human rights in a national constitution.
The Nepal Peace Trust Fund (NPTF)
• TheNPTFisagovernment-ownedprogramme,establishedinFebruary2007,toimplement the provisions of the CPA. It is a mechanism for interested donors to contribute to the peace process through direct contributions to the GoN.
• TheNPTFhealthservicepackagebenefitedfemalecombatantsandcontributedtovoter education and female election candidates.
Draft Truth and Reconciliation Bill
• TheTruthandReconciliationBillwasputforwardbytheMoPRinJuly2007.
• Neitherthelanguage,northeprovisionsinthedraftBillacknowledgethespecialneeds of women victims of conflict. The inclusion of at least one woman among the candidate commissioners falls short of guaranteeing a gender balance in the Commission’s composition (Truth and Reconciliation Bill, Chapter 2:3).
41 Guring S M and Lama S, UNSCR 1325 and 1820: Implementation and Monitoring Status in Nepal, (Shantimalika, 2010).
68
• Intherecommendationsforreparationsthereisnoprovisionforpsychosocialsupport for female victims of the conflict, especially survivors of sexual violence (Truth and Reconciliation Bill, Chapter 26).
• Thereisalsoverylittleattentiongiventotheprotectionofvictimsandwitnesses.
• AttemptsbytheGoNtointroduceimpunityforrapehavesofarbeenstalledbywomen’s advocacy in the context of UNSCR 1325.
Security and demilitarisation-related policies
• TheAgreementonMonitoringofArmsandArmies(2006)makesnomentionofspecial needs for women combatants and women associated with the armed forces.
• Rehabilitationandintegrationpolicydevelopmenttodatehasexcludedwomen(seeTool 14 for more details).
Other related policies
• TheConstituentAssemblyMemberElectionAct(2007)makesprovisionforaminimum of 33 percent representation by women candidates for the CA election.
• TheLocalSelfGovernanceActmakesprovisionforatleast20percentrepresentationby women in VDCs, district development committees and municipalities.
UNSCR indicator 11: Level of women in formal and informal peace negotiations and peace-building processes
• IneffortstoendtheconflictandpriortosigningtheCPA,atotalof15committeesandhigh-level talks teams conducted the formal peace processes between 2003 and 2006. The teams were made up of 99 people, including facilitators. A total of seven women (seven percent) were involved in only three of the 15 committees. Women were excluded from the formal peace talks as mediators, participants, observers and signatories.
• Asaresultofthis,civilsocietyinitiativesweredevelopedtocontributetothepeaceprocess in parallel with the formal negotiations.
UN indicator 12: Increased representation and meaningful participation of women in national and local governance, as citizens, elected officials and decision makers
• DuringelectionsfortheCA(2008)197womenwereelectedoutof601members(32.8 percent). Women voters outnumbered men.
• Womenfromdiverseethniccultures,traditions,groupsandgeographicalareaswereelected, including 45 widows and 20 Dalit women. Women had previously never comprised more than six percent of Nepal’s Parliamentarians. In the past, women in political positions had mostly been from upper castes and/or were close relatives of male politicians.
• Womenarealsorepresentedineachofthethematiccommitteessetuptodiscussthedrafting of the new constitution.
• Inlate2010,fiveoutof43governmentministerswerewomenbutmajorpoliticaldecision making positions are still held by men. Around nine percent of members of the political parties’ Central Committees are women.
Note: Implementation of UNSCR 1325 in Nepal will now take place within the framework of the recently-enacted NAP. Refer to Tool 16: DRAFT copy of relevant parts of the Nepal NAP on UNSCRs 1325 and 1820 for more information.
Tool 17
69Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Tool 18Instructions for Martian journalists on a mission to Planet Earth!
a. Participants are asked to imagine they are journalists from the planet Mars who have just arrived on Earth for the first time.
b. You can read and understand the words in the newspapers, but you don’t know anything about the lives of Nepali people.
c. Your assignment will be to study the newspapers as though looking through ‘gender spectacles’ and then travel back to Mars to make a report to the main Martian radio station (‘Radio MARS FM’) or the newspaper ‘The MARS Times’.
d. You will be expected to describe your impressions of the lives, roles, attitudes and security situation of women and men in Nepal and on planet Earth, solely based on what you learned from reading the newspaper and studying the pictures.
e. Each group should appoint a reporter (someone who hasn’t yet reported back during other sessions in the workshop). The reporter will compile the findings from their group and on arriving back on planet Mars will present their report to editors from the MARS Times and producers from the Radio MARS FM.
f. Groups have 30–40 minutes to study the newspapers before presenting their report.
g. Please make sure that each group carries out the following tasks when analysing stories on security/politics/or a related issue:
◦ Who is speaking?
◦ Who is being spoken about? In what way?
◦ In what stories are men or women the main sources of authority?
◦ Does this portrayal challenge or perpetuate gender stereotypes?
h. Analyse photographs:
◦ Count the number of women and men you see in the pictures in the newspaper and calculate the total percentage of women and the total percentage of men. Include adverts and all pages in this calculation. Group photos should also be included. Girls should be counted as women and boys as men.
◦ Make a note of the roles that are portrayed. What else is shown through these pictures in relation to gender? Look at the images. What are the people doing? What aspects of the people are portrayed in the pictures?
◦ Look at specific photographs to ascertain what the picture tells you about the individual shown: Is this a character, a stereotype of a person or does it portray an individual who has specific characteristics, attitudes or behaviour?
◦ Where do the images of women and men appear in the paper? Do you think that segregation of images of men and women into different sections of the newspaper affects how the readers approach and interpret these pictures?
70
Tool 19Lapen scenario
Lapen is an imaginary country just emerging from conflict. The peace treaty was signed five years ago and the country is in the process of post-conflict reconstruction. The government has stated that SSR is part of building democratic systems and institutions. The political parties control many aspects of people’s lives. As civil society, you have been collecting data on the incidences of SGBV towards women in three districts – Bahura, Moshi and Kageri.
In Moshi, you have found that a number of women in a particular community have been raped while walking at night alone. The person allegedly responsible for the rapes is thought to be a high-level party member from the main party in the district. The police have started proceedings to investigate the rapes and identify the perpetrator, but since then nothing has happened. The survivors believe the police and judiciary may be unwilling to pursue any prosecution because of the alleged perpetrator’s political connections. This is not the first time an incident like this has happened.
Tool 19
71Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Tool 20Advocacy tools for civil society on gender and security
The principles of advocacy outlined in this tool apply whether you are running a group advocacy strategy, speaking at a roundtable, writing a clear briefing factsheet, meeting decision makers, or giving a media interview on gender and security.
1. Principles of successful advocacy:
• Keepthelanguageclear,simpleandshort.
• Provideaclearmessageontheproblemyouhaveidentified.
• Provideaclearmessageonwhatyouwantdoneaboutit;thesolutionyoupropose.
a. Problem identification
◦ What exactly is the problem?
◦ What facts, figures and evidence do you have?
b. Preparation - do your background research:
◦ What information do you need?
◦ Where are you going to look to find the information?
◦ How are you going to apply the information to your advocacy campaign?
◦ What do citizens think about the issue?
◦ Who else is already conducting an advocacy campaign on this issue?
◦ What can you learn from their approaches to the problem?
◦ Who are your allies for a coalition?
◦ Who are your opposition and what are their arguments against you?
◦ What is the state of existing legislation on this issue? Is it sufficient and appropriate? If yes, does it need enforcing? If no, does current legislation need amending or is new legislation needed?
◦ What international agreements exist that may affect your issue?
◦ Who are the winners and losers in your proposed solution?
◦ How are you going to apply your research to your advocacy strategy?
◦ How are you going to interest the media? You may decide that the issue is too sensitive for media engagement to achieve your advocacy objectives.
c. Decide and prioritise:
◦ What you want to achieve? Agree on goals and objectives.
◦ Who do you need to target? Which people or organisations do you need to influence? Undertake research to find out who has the power and responsibility for the specific aspect of security-related issues you are addressing. Which political party leaders? Which policy-makers? Which specific people within ministries? Which members of parliament/ VDC/DDC etc.?
◦ How you are going to reach them?
◦ Decide on the justification for why they should support you.
◦ Decide on what you want them to do.
72
◦ Decide on when you want them to do it.
d. Action: Define clear instructions and requests for action:
◦ Inform your target audience (individuals or groups) about your issue.
◦ Persuade your target audience to agree with you.
◦ Motivate your target audience to feel strongly enough about your issue to take action in support of your cause.
◦ Move your target audience by explaining:
◦ Why they should support you and the advantage of your advocacy for your target groups.
◦ What you want them to do. Make sure you tell them precisely what you action you would like them to take.
2. Role of civil society in advocacy on gender and security issues:
• Providewell-informedbriefingstodecisionmakers.
• Givethemediaaccurateinformationongenderandsecurityissues.
• Monitorlocal,nationalandinternationalofficials’andpoliticians’decisionmaking.
• Promoteinitiativestoimplement,enforceandreformlaws.
• Askofficialsandpoliticiansawkwardquestionsandencourageaccountability.
• Combatlackoftransparencyininstitutions.
• Whistle-blowwhenthereiscorruption.
• Reminddecisionmakersoftheirobligationstofulfilinternationalagreements.
Tool 20
73Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Tool 21What makes a good press release?
Information to include in the press release:
1 Make it memorable.
2 A press release should look professional. Print your own press release notepaper with the words ‘Press Release’ at the top.
3 Keep it short – one or two pages. If necessary you can attach extra pages to your press release with further background material and statistics designed to interest and inform journalists.
4 Start with the date the press release has been issued – this shows it is fresh information.
5 Give a short, eye-catching headline by describing the event or announcement in five or six words. At the top, in the middle of the page, print one sentence in capital letters or large bold letters. This should be informative and catch the reader’s attention.
6 Put all the important details in the first paragraph. State who will speak and anything controversial they may be going to say, or anything interesting that might take place, i.e. a particular event.
7 When you are writing a press release you should imagine you are a journalist. Your press release should explain: Who, What, When, How, Where and Why. If it is an event give the name of guest(s) or speaker(s), the date, time and place of the event and two or three attention-catching sentences describing the event.
8 Include the name of your organisation and full contact details at the bottom of the press release.
9 State how you or another spokesperson for your organisation can be contacted (phone, mobile and/or e-mail) including at weekends and in the evenings.
10 Always send a press release to named individuals. If you do not know the right person by name telephone the radio station, television station or newspaper to find
Think of your press
release as though it is a pyramid.
Write the most important points in the first paragraph:
Who? What? Why? How? Where? When?
74
out the name of the editor or producer. Watch and listen to programmes and read the newspaper to get the names of journalists you think might be interested in your subject and send the press release to them.
11 Include quotes by experts or well-known personalities. Quotes are very useful in press-releases, pamphlets and leaflets, or to give to journalists for television and radio interviews.
General advice on use of quotes in media:
• Compilealistofstrongquotessupportingyourcausefromexpertsonthetopicandwell-known, respected members of the community. You can use endorsements in press-releases, pamphlets and leaflets, or to give to journalists or use in television and radio interviews. People are heavily influenced by opinion leaders. Quotes from the following people are useful: experts on your topic, famous television personalities, politicians, well-known writers and poets, business leaders, scientists, educators, sports stars, etc. Use their endorsements in letters to editors or politicians, or use them in television, radio or newspaper interviews, or articles.
• Negativequotesagainstyourcampaigncanalsobevaluable.Collectnegativequotesmade by senior politicians (for example) in newspapers or speaking on television. These can be sent to foreign press and opinion leaders, to embarrass or shame the people who spoke the words and to gather sympathy and understanding for your cause.
Information on e-mailing press releases:
• Keepthetextbriefandfocused.Ane-mailpressreleaseshouldfollowthesame‘pyramid’format as any other press release (see the section on writing a good press release).
• Writeane-mailsubjectlinethatiscompellingorprovocative.Thesubjectlineisthefirst thing the recipient will see before they download your release. Never e-mail a press release (or any other message) with a blank subject line because most people will not open an e-mail without a subject line.
• Includeyoure-mailaddressandwebsiteURLinadditiontoyourphonenumber.Putall your contact information at the bottom of the press release.
• Usehyperlinkstowebsites,whereappropriate.Ifthereisadditionalinformationavailable at your website, such as an event announcement, include a hyperlink so reporters can access it directly. Online publications often include these links in their stories, making this an effective way to direct visitors to a useful website.
Agree ground-rules with colleagues:
The use of media in your advocacy campaign can be powerful and emotionally charged. Internal fighting, disagreements and recriminations among your advocacy team or committee, over press and media coverage can cause serious damage. You can reduce the chances of internal conflict by making sure that ahead of issuing any press statement, particularly if it involves a strong commitment or policy statement, the press officer (or person responsible for writing the press release) should:
• Getagreementfromasmanycolleaguesaspossibleonthecontentandlanguageused in the press release.
• Getagreementonthewordingfromanyonewhoisquotedinthepressstatement.
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Tool 22Possible topics for gender and security-related stories
• Aresecurityanddefencelaws,policiesandprotocolsappropriatetoaddresstheparticularconcerns of women, men, girls and boys and to promote women’s participation?
• Whatsupportisthereformentochangeviolentpatternsofbehaviour?
• Whateconomicandsocialopportunitiesdoyoungmenhaveandhowdoesthislinktoinsecurity?
• Whateconomicandsocialopportunitiesdowomenhave?Howdoesthislinktoinsecurity?
• Dosecuritysectorpersonnelhavethecapacity,throughtrainingandresources,toaddress the different security and justice needs of women and men?
• WhatspecialmeasuresareinplacetoaddressSGBV?Aretheyenough?
• Howdoothercountrieshandlegenderandsecurityissues?Whatlessonscanbelearnt?
• Whatarethesecurityneedsofwomenandgirlsthatdifferfromthoseofmenandboys?
• Howdowomenandgirlscopewiththeirsecurityneeds?
• Arewomenandgirlslegallyprotectedfromviolenceandrape?Aretheselawsenforced?
• Whatservicesareavailableforwomenandgirlssufferingfromviolence?Dothepolicehave particular services for victims of sexual violence?
• Howarevictimsofsexualviolencetreatedbytheircommunities?
• Dowomenhavefreedomofmovement,forexample,toleavetheirhomeortraveloutside their district?
• Howarecivilsocietyandgovernmentinvolvedinsecuritysectoroversightandcollaboration with security agencies?42
• Whatistheroleofsecurityagencies,particularlyfemalepersonnel,inUNPeacekeepingMissions?
• HowdosecurityissuesinNepalimpactdifferentlyonwomenandonmen?Forexample:
◦ Weak security agencies
◦ Political party interventions in the rule of law
◦ SGBV, including domestic violence, rape and trafficking of women
◦ Armed groups and criminal activities
◦ Criminalisation of politics
◦ Criminalisation and politicisation of security agencies
42 ‘Practice Note 13: Implementing the Women, Peace and Security Resolutions in Security Sector Reform’, in Gender and Security Sector Reform Toolkit, Bastick M and Valasek K (eds), (DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN-INSTRAW, 2008).
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Tool 23Guidance on meeting with decision makers
1. Choose the right person to meet
It is important to undertake thorough research to make sure you are asking to meet the person who is in a position to deliver what you want. This can be done through an actor-mapping of key advocacy targets and their needs, interests and influence on the specific programmes and policies you have an interest in. An actor-mapping exercise can be achieved by filling in a matrix similar to the following:
Tool 3: Who’s who in SSR in Nepal? can also provide you with guidance on the right agency, department and/or ministry to target, although the names of specific personnel have not been included because personnel change and rotate on a regular basis.
2. Setting up the meeting - your letter or e-mail of approach
Your aim is to get the key decision maker to read your letter or email requesting a meeting and to be sympathetic to your needs. Letters carry your message and create an impression of you and your work. Make your letter clear, concise and free of jargon or technical terms. The letter should include the following:
• ExplainwhoyouareandwhatyourorganisationdoesinNepal(inonesentence).
• Explainwhoyourepresent(yourorganisation,oragroupofotherCSOsi.e.anetwork)andmention other well-known and respected organisations or people who support your cause.
• Explainwhyyouwanttomeet,inawaythatissensitivetotheinterestsofthedecision maker (i.e. if you want to discuss any controversial issues do not state that in the letter) by describing:
◦ The issue you want to discuss – specify the problem you have identified; what you want to be done about it, the solution you propose and why you believe this solution should be carried out.
Actor Name of actor (can be an individual or the name of an organisation, department etc.)
Actor’s interests and needs What are the actor’s real interests (that are not shared publicly) and needs (which are shared publicly)
Actor’s power and influence over decision making on key issues
What power does this actor have and why do they have this power? Is this power likely to continue in the longer-term, or is it likely to change?
Who influences this actor? Think about other individuals, organisations, departments etc. that might influence this actor.
Does this actor have influence over other key decision makers?
Coutd the power that this actor has over other key actors be utilised?
What modes of influence is the actor likely to respond to best?
Who is the actor likely to respond best to?
Think about whether the actor would respond best to formal group or one-to-one meetings, informal meetings (e.g. dinner), using personal connections (family or friends), sharing publications, advocacy briefings, perks like being supported to participate in go-and-see visits or trips abroad, training etc.
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◦ Put key points of information in small paragraphs, keep it brief and simple and state facts (based on any research you have undertaken).
• Suggestatimeanddatethemeetingcouldtakeplace–usuallytheiroffices,althoughyou can invite them to your office if you think it would help balance relations with them.
• Spelloutanyacronymsyouuse.Forexampledonotjustwrite‘UNSCR1325’write‘United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325.
• Beforesendingyourletterreaditfromthepointofviewoftherecipient–isitthesortof letter that would catch a busy person’s attention and engage their interest?
3. Pre-meeting preparation
a. Hold a preparatory meeting with your colleagues to think about and decide:
• Whowillrepresentyourorganisationatthemeeting?Selectbetweentwoandfivepeople who are trusted by your members to represent them. Plan what each of them will say and do at the meeting. Is it one major issue or a series of separate matters that you are raising? This may help you in determining who should attend. Appoint a leader who will ensure the key points are made and who will give each of your team a chance to speak. Appoint a note-taker to take notes during the meeting and write them up later, particularly if you get promises of support, but also in case you get a hostile response, so that you can ensure you reply to all the points made against you and share the outcomes of the meeting with the rest of the team and/or organisation.
• Whatyouwanttogetoutofthismeeting.Discusswhatactionsyouwouldlikethepersonto take as a follow-up to the meeting (eg: advocacy to another decision maker, setting up a meeting for you with another high-level decision maker, speaking at a public event, making a statement in the media, supporting revisions to, or the drafting of, a particular policy).
• Whoistheperson/peopleyouaremeeting?Doyourresearchaheadofthemeetingontheir:
◦ Current responsibilities
◦ Key interests
◦ Previous career and positions
◦ If possible read any of their latest speeches, or articles they have written, relating to gender and/or security.
• Whyshouldtheysupportyourcause(fromtheirperspective)?Whataretheadvantages to them and what will they gain?
• Whatinfluencesadecisionmaker(theyaremorelikelytohelpifyouareaskingthemto do something they are able, or want, to achieve):
◦ Their own moral or political belief
◦ The interests of their supporters
◦ The possibility of positive media coverage
◦ The possibility of taking the lead on an innovative project or to develop international best practice in a particular area
• Whataretheirlikelyargumentsagainstwhatyouareproposing?
◦ Anticipate the points that could be made by those opposing your case and
78
prepare to defend your case verbally and in a written briefing.
◦ Think about how you will answer any likely difficult questions posed by decision makers.
b. Prepare a written briefing
Prepare a written briefing ahead of time. Take this briefing with you to the meeting and/or send it to the person with whom you are meeting. Keep the language simple – spell out any acronyms or abbreviations and avoid technical jargon. The structure of the briefing could include the following:
• Backgroundtotheissue/problemincludingdataandstatisticsgatheredthroughresearch carried out by you and other organisations
• Gapsinexistingprogrammesandpoliciesinaddressingthisissue
• Recommendationsforresolvingtheproblem,organisedaccordingtothedifferentactors responsible
c. Carry out a rehearsal with your team a day or two before the meeting
Practise the following:
• Answeringdifficultquestionsatthemeeting
• Illustratingexamplesandfactstobackupyourpoint
• Divisionofresponsibilities,intermsofwhoinyourorganisationisleadingwhichaspects of the meeting
4. At the meeting
The meeting does not have to be serious all the way through – some humour is reassuring.
• Listenasmuchasyouspeak.Ifthepersonshowstheydisagreewithyouinvitethemto explain why they disagree. Listen carefully to what they have to say. You need to know their arguments so you can counter them. The meeting is a chance to pick up clues on the decision maker’s own concerns. This can help you make your arguments more concentrated and persuasive.
• Donotthreatenanyoneatface-to-facemeetings.Neverthreatenthembysayingyou could get them bad publicity. Do not pick an argument. Your aim is to come to agreement, not enter into conflict.
• Keepcontroloftheagenda.Duringthemeetingthepersonyouareadvocatingwithmight try to change the subject. Do not allow this. Be determined. Be friendly and polite, but bring the discussion back to the matter you want to discuss.
• Itisnotlikelyyouwillgeteverythingyouwantfromonemeeting.Donotbedisappointed. Decision makers must balance your case against other conflicting demands. Be prepared to trade, like a salesperson with a customer. If you cannot get the main problem solved immediately, suggest two or three small steps forward and follow-up action points for you and them, if relevant.
• Pre-planhowtoendthemeeting.Manymeetingsjusttrickletoanend.Trytomaketheend of the meeting purposeful and business-like. Ask which of the decision maker’s staff you should see next time, what additional or new information should you supply to them. Confirm briefly what you and the decision maker have agreed to do and the next steps.
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5. After the meeting
Send a thank-you letter or email for their time and interest, which:
• Confirmsthepointsmadeinthemeeting,andthenextstepsagreed.
• Answersanypointsfromthediscussionthatwerenotclarifiedatthetime,includingany further information requested.
• Sumsupwhatyourorganisationwillnowbedoingasaresultofthemeeting.
• Saysyouwillkeeptheminformedofyouractivitiesinthemonthsahead.
• Invitesthemtostayintouchwithyouonthissubject.
• Evenifyoudidnotachieveeverythingyouhadhoped,sendastraight-forwardthank-you letter for their time. You need their co-operation more than they need yours.
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Tool 24How to give effective interviews to the media
1. Being invited to the interview• Thefirstcontactwithintervieweesismadebyaproducerorresearcher.Theywillusually
make a friendly call to their potential interviewee to ask for background information – like an audition. They will be interested in what you say and how you say it.
• Findoutmoreabouttheprogrammefromproducersandeditorsinadvance,tohelpyouprepare.
• Askaboutthelikelyaudiencei.e.agegroup,gender,ruralorurban,highlyeducatedor less well educated, high income or low income. Knowledge of this will help you to put across your message in the most appropriate way.
• Discussandagreeonthetopicsyoucanspeakaboutorshouldavoidinadvanceofagreeing to do the interview.
• Asktheproduceroreditorabouttheprogrammebeforeacceptingtheinvitationforaninterview:
◦ What is the name of the programme?
◦ What is the topic – what ‘angle’ they are looking for? What angle will the interviewer be taking on the matter?
◦ What type of questions will they ask?
◦ Will it be a studio broadcast, outside interview, or other format?
◦ How much air-time will your interview be given?
◦ Will the programme be live or pre-recorded? If your interview is to be pre-recorded, ask how many minutes from your interview they plan to broadcast? Be aware that if they interview you for 30 minutes with the intention of selecting just three minutes for actual broadcasting, you have lost editorial control.
◦ Who else is taking part in the programme? Knowing who else is appearing may help you to decide how you will answer.
2. Preparing for the interview • Thinkaboutwhattwopointsyouwanttomake.Preparealistofthetwoorthreemain
points you want to get across in the interview. Stick to the script you have prepared – getting two or three important points across to the audience is the reason you are there.
• Thinkabouttheobviousandmostdifficultquestionsyouarelikelytobeasked?Expectopen questions from journalists – Who? What? Why? When? Where? How? How will you answer them? Do not get angry if a journalist asks you questions you do not want asked. The role of a journalist is to ask you the questions their viewers or listeners would want to ask if they had the chance. Expect the unexpected. Trick questions are part of the media and journalism business and add excitement and interest to an interview. Answer questions as honestly and in as straightforward a way as you can. Never say ‘no comment’. Instead say, ‘I’m not prepared to answer that right now’.
• Prepareandrehearseinadvancewithacolleagueorfriend.Thinkaboutthefollowing:
◦ Why? Think about why you are giving the interview.
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◦ Who? The person you are trying to persuade is the viewer or listener, not the interviewer.
◦ What? What do you want to achieve by this interview? Do you want to motivate viewer or listeners to do something specific? If so what? If you are representing an advocacy strategy your aim is to persuade them to support your cause.
◦ How? Think about how you are going to persuade viewers or listeners to support you. You should talk about the problem you have identified and your suggested solution.
3. During the interview
Behavioural tips:
• Beclearandhaveacalmbutenergetictoneinthesoundofyourvoice
• Remembertosmile
• Saythingssimplyandclearly–donotusejargonandtrytoavoidacronyms
• Paintverbalpictures–thinkabouthowtomakewhatyousaymemorableandinteresting
• Bebriefandtothepoint.Keepyouranswersfocused,speakfornomorethanthreeorfour sentences at a time. Viewers and listeners have very short attention spans
• Keepeyecontactwithyourinterviewer
• Bepunctual
• Switchoffyourmobilephoneandbanishthebabyandthebird!
• Donotdrinkalcoholbeforeaninterview
• Alwayscorrectinaccurateinformationotherwisetheviewerorlistenermayassumeitis correct
• Neverlietoajournalist–alwaystellthetruth
• Donotfidgetoruse‘stutter’words–askfriendstotellyouifyouhaveanylittlehabits such as repeatedly using a ‘stutter’ word, eg: ‘actually’, ‘well’ or ‘ummm’. Listeners will be so busy counting the number of times you say ‘actually’ that they won’t listen to what you are saying.
• Avoidtappingwithapencil,pouringwaterintoaglass,orknockingthewireswhenyou speak. A tapping pencil will sound like a thudding noise; pouring water will sound like you are peeing; and banging the wires will disrupt the quality of sound.
• Stopspeakingwhenyouhavefinishedyourpoint.Ifyoutrytofillanuncomfortablesilence it could lead you to blurt out words you had no intention of saying. It is up to the interviewer, not you, to keep the interview going.
• Beauthoritativewithoutbeingbossy,aknow-all,orcondescending.
• Donotreferopenlytonotesduringatelevisioninterview(althoughyoucanglancebriefly at your cue cards). The information should be inside your head.
• Neverassumeafteryourinterviewhasendedthattherecordingequipmenthasstopped. Many people let their guard drop because they do not realise that the microphone and recording equipment are still switched on and say something that they regret later.
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• Donotloseyourtemperorraiseyourvoice,nomatterhowprovocativethequestionsmay be. Stay calm and never lose your cool. If you get angry it will not help your cause. Some interviewers try to ‘attack’ you because they think controversy makes a good interview. Do not take this personally, it is just a technique. A useful way to deal with a question that has stirred up your anger is to stick to giving factual information.
• Treataradioortelevisioninterviewasifyouarehavingaconversationwithoneor two people. Do not speak as though you are giving a speech to an audience of hundreds of people. Television and radio are personal media – just you and the interviewer talking together on a one to one basis. You will sound better if you act as though you are having a chat with a friend over a cup of coffee.
Interview content tips
• Makeyourmostimportantpointassoonaspossible–mediainterviewsdonotlastlong. Try to use the very first question to turn the interview directly to your reason for being there. If the interviewer is not very knowledgeable on the subject, do not allow this to spoil your interview, quickly lead with the questions you would like to be asked. You can say: ‘I’ll try to come to your question in a minute, but I want to make an important point’.
• Ifyougetthechance,mentionthenameofyourvillage/town/district/country.Viewersand listeners pay more attention to what you say when they hear the name of a place. Say ‘The people in Biratnagar…’ or ‘I know that the people in Nepalganj have a problem of …’, rather than ‘The people in my area/my village/my city….’ or ‘In my district…’
• Illustrateanypointyoumakewithabriefreal-lifeanecdote;thinkofexamplestogowith each of the points you want to make
• Betopical.Makesureyouhaveup-to-the-minuteinformationonthelatestnews,especially on the topic of your interview. This makes the interview more interesting and you are less likely to get caught out by the interviewer. Try to watch or listen to the latest news before your appearance on television or radio. Stay updated by building your own set of informal expert advisers on different topics, as well as a list of useful websites.
• Questionsyoushouldbeabletoanswer:
◦ What exactly is the problem?
◦ What practical alternatives do you propose to solve the problem?
◦ What do citizens think about the issue?
◦ Who else is already conducting a campaign on this issue?
◦ Who are your supporters/ allies?
◦ Who are your opposition and what are their arguments against you?
◦ What is the state of existing legislation on this issue? Does it need amending or is new legislation needed? Does current legislation simply need enforcing?
◦ What international or national agreements or policies exist that may affect your issue?
◦ What is your opinion on the latest development on your issue? (You are especially likely to be asked this question if there is a breaking news story which affects your issue.)
◦ Who will be the winners and losers in your proposed solution?
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83Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Tool 25Training evaluation form
To help us improve the quality of our training, we would appreciate your feedback. Please indicate your response to the questions below by circling the appropriate number:
1 = No 2 = Not really 3 = Not sure 4 = Sort of 5 = Yes
1. Was your interest held?
2. Do you have a better understanding of:
Security system reform
Gender and security system reform
Role of media in civil society in gender and security system reform
Role of civil society in gender and security system reform
3. Did the course give a better understanding about how to:
(To be answered by journalists and editors)
View security issues through the lenses of ‘gender spectacles’
Formulate ideas for new angles, new stories and new ways of
covering security issues
(To be answered by civil society representatives)
Help strengthen your future advocacy on gender and security issues
The remaining questions should be answered by all participants. Please circle the response option that best reflects your evaluation of the training provided:
4. The amount of material covered in the course was:
5. The amount of interaction encouraged was:
6. What did you like most about the course?
7. What did you like least about this course?
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Too little Just right Too much
Too little Just right Too much
84
8. Which session did you like best?
9. Why did you like this session best?
10. Which session did you like least?
11. Why didn’t you like this session?
12. What, if anything, would you recommend to change?
13. Now that you have completed this course, what additional training (if any) would be helpful?
14. Would you recommend this training to others?
15. Other comments, observations, suggestions:
Thank you for your feedback!
Definitely Probably No
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85Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
Tool 26Useful resources on gender and security for the media and civil society Gender and security, peacebuilding, peacekeeping
• AasheimC,BuscherD,PeacockDandNgugiL, Engaging men and boys in refugee
settings to address sexual and gender-based violence: A report from a workshop
held in Cape Town, South Africa, 22-25 September 2008, (UNHCR and Sonke Gender
Justice Network, September 2008). <http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/
reports/doc_download/291-engaging-men-and-boys-in-refugee-settings-to-address-
sexual-and-gender-based-violence>
• ClarkeY,‘SecuritysectorreforminAfrica:Alostopportunitytodeconstructmilitarised
masculinities?’, in Feminist Africa 10 Militarism, Conflict and Women’s Activism,
Issue 10, (African Gender Institute, Cape Town, August 2008), p 49-66. <http://www.
peacewomen.org/portal_resources_resource.php?id=873>
• CoulterC,PerssonMandUtasM,Young female fighters in African wars: Conflict and
its consequences, (Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, 2008). <http://www.gsdrc.org/
go/display&type=Document&id=3543>
• TheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControlofArmedForces(DCAF)producesexcellent tools and resources including:
◦ Bastick M and de Torres D, Implementing the women, peace and security
resolutions in security sector reform, (DCAF/ United Nations International
Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (UN-INSTRAW),
Geneva, 2010). <http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/330D
4109ABFBFF04C12577AE00441B53-DCAF_Sep2010.pdf>
◦ Bastick M and Valasek K (eds), Gender and security sector reform toolkit, (DCAF,
OSCE/ODIHR, UN-INSTRAW, 2008). <http://www.dcaf.ch/gssrtoolkit>
◦ DCAF, ‘Gender and Security Sector Reform Training Resource Website’, GSSR
Training Resource Package, <http://www.gssrtraining.ch/>, May 2011
◦ Gaanderse M, Security for all: West Africa’s good practices on gender in the
security sector, ed. Valasek K, (Geneva: DCAF, 2010). <http://www.dcaf.ch/
Publications/Publication-Detail?lng=en&id=126675>.
• Denov M, Girls in fighting forces: Moving beyond victimhood, (Canadian
International Development Agency, Ottawa, 2007). <http://www.gsdrc.org/go/
display&type=Document&id=2999>
• European Parliament (EP), European Parliament resolution on participation of women
in peaceful conflict resolution (2000/2025(INI)), 30 November 2000, Brussels.
<http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P5-TA-
2000-0541+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN>
• Fant Lt General C G, Gender equality and gender mainstreaming in Swedish armed
forces, (Graz, 10 May 2007). <http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/equal/data/
document/0705-graz-spefant.pdf>
• Farr V, ‘Voices from the margins: A response to security sector reform in developing
86
and transitional countries’, in Berghof handbook for conflict transformation, (Berghof
Research Centre for Constructive Conflict Management, 2004). <http://www.
berghof-handbook.net/uploads/download/dialogue2_farr.pdf> This report discusses
SSR, the importance of women’s participation and the inclusion of women’s issues
and examines the flaws of SSR approaches in relation to the marginal voices of
disempowered groups, such as women and grassroots organisations.
• Harsch E, ‘Security sector reform key to protecting women’, in Africa Renewal Online,
January 2010, p9. <http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol23no4/security-
reform.html>
• Institute for Inclusive Security, Inclusive security: A curriculum for women waging
peace, (2009). <http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7811_inclusive_security_a_
curriculum_for_women_waging_peace.cfm> This is an excellent resource for
policymakers and practitioners who want to include women in peace processes. The
report draws on more than a decade of original research and training by the Institute for
Inclusive Security and accomplished women peace builders from Afghanistan, Bosnia,
Colombia, Haiti, Iraq, Israel and Palestine, Northern Ireland, Rwanda and Sudan.
• International Alert, Integrating gender into security sector reform in Burundi. A study on
women’s perceptions of security, (2009). <http://www.international-alert.org/news/
integrating-gender-security-sector-reform-burundi>. The report is part of programme
aimed at supporting local women’s organisations in the implementation of UNSCR 1325.
• International Fellowship of Reconciliation Women Peacemakers Program, <http://
www.ifor.org/WPP>, May 2011
• International Women’s Tribune Centre ‘Facts about United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1325: Media kit on 1325’, from United Nations Development Fund for
Women (UNIFEM): A Rapid Scan, Organizations Working on Women and Peace in
Nepal, (2006). <http://www.unfpanepal.org/pdf/Media%20kit_final_English.pdf>
• Jennings K, ‘Protecting whom? Approaches to sexual exploitation and abuse in UN
peacekeeping operations’, (2008). <http://www.ssrnetwork.net/document_library/
detail/4780/protecting-whom-approaches-to-sexual-exploitation-and-abuse-in-un-
peacekeeping-operations>
• Lattu, K, Breaking the code, building capacity to investigate sexual abuse and
exploitation by humanitarian workers: Evaluating ICVA’s Building Safer Organizations
project, (Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, June 2006). <http://
www.icva.ch/doc00001781.html>
• Norwegian Refugee Council Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Nepal country page,
<http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountries%29/CC
2C3C0FBDAD8F03C125746D002F61D9?opendocument&count=10000>, May 2011
• Oxfam International (OXFAM), Engaging with communities: The next challenge
for peacekeeping, (22 November 2010). <http://www.peacewomen.org/portal_
resources_resource.php?id=1103>
• PeaceWomen resource list on SSR, <http://www.peacewomen.org/themes_viewAll_
resources.php?theme=47&sub=true,> May 2011
• Salahub J E, and Nerland K, ‘Just add gender? Challenges to meaningful integration of
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87Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
gender in SSR policy and practice’, in The future of security sector reform, ed. Sedra
M, (The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Waterloo, Canada,
2010), ch. 16. <http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/The%20Future%20
of%20Security%20Sector%20Reform.pdf>
• UNDP, Gender approaches in conflict and post-conflict situations, (New York, 2002).
<http://www.undp.org/women/docs/gendermanualfinalBCPR.pdf>
• UNIFEM, Securing the peace: Guiding the international community towards women’s
effective participation throughout peace processes, eds Banaszak K, Conaway C P,
Goetz A M, Iiyambo A and Muna M, (2005). <http://www.unifem.org/attachments/
products/Securing_the_Peace.pdf>
• UNIFEM, Women peace and security: UNIFEM supporting implementation of Security
Council Resolution 1325, eds Banaszak K, Hill F, Iiyambo A and Muna M, (2004).
<http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/supporting1325.pdf>
• United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support, Ten-year impact study on implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000)
on women, peace and security in peacekeeping – final report to the United Nations
Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Department of Field Support, (Peacekeeping
Best Practices Section, United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, 2010),
<http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/10year_impact_study_1325.pdf>
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), Division
for Gender Equality, <http://www.unesco.org/women/index_en.htm>, May 2011
• UnitedNationsInter-AgencyWorkingGrouponDDR,‘Chapter5.10Women,genderand DDR’, in United Nations integrated disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration
standards (IDDRS), (New York, 2006). <http://www.unddr.org/iddrs/05/>
• United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement
of Women (UN-INSTRAW), <http://www.un-instraw.org>, May 2011. Provides a wide
range of resources and information on gender and security sector reform, including
an analytical framework that identifies the barriers to gendering security sector
reform and other needed reform.
• United Nations Security Council, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325
(2000); S/Res/1325 (2000), (31 October 2000). <http://www.un.org/events/
res_1325e.pdf> The resolution on women, peace and security addresses the rights
of those affected by conflict and recognises the disproportionate effect of conflict
on women. It tasks the UN system and member states to ensure that gender
considerations are thoroughly integrated into all aspects of peace and security work.
• Valasek K and Nelson K, Securing equality, engendering peace: A guide to policy
and planning on women, peace and security, (UN-INSTRAW, 2006), <http://www.
ssrnetwork.net/document_library/detail/3400/secur.ing-equality-engendering-
peace-a-guide-to-policy-and-planning-on-women-peace-and-security>
• WomeninInternationalSecurity(WIISBrussels),<http://www.wiis-brussels.org>,
May 2011. WIIS Brussels is an informal international network of women and men
working in international security across all sectors. The network is dedicated to
increasing the influence of women in the field of foreign and defence policy by raising
their numbers, visibility and enhancing dialogue on international security issues.
88
The network covers diverse issues affecting international security ranging from non-
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, human rights, sustainable
development, environmental security and conflict resolution.
• Women’sCommissionforRefugeeWomenandChildren, Displaced women and girls
at risk: Identifying risk factors and taking steps to prevent abuse, (February 2010).
<http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/reports/doc_download/516-displaced-
women-and-girls-at-risk-identifying-risk-factors-and-taking-steps-to-prevent-abuse>
• Women’sCommissionforRefugeeWomenandChildren, Room to maneuver: Lessons
from gender mainstreaming in the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations,
(January 2007). <http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/reports/doc_
download/113-room-to-maneuver-lessons-from-gender-mainstreaming-in-the-un-
department-of-peacekeeping-operations>
• Women’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedom(WILPF),<http://www.wilpfinternational.
org/>, May 2011. WILPF ihe oldest women’s peace organisation in the world,.
Protection of human rights defenders
• CentreforJusticeandInternationalLaw(CEJIL).<http://cejil.org/en/front> Addresses
principles of protection of women against GBV and includes summaries of jurisprudence.
• EuropeanUnion(EU), Ensuring protection – European Union guidelines on
human rights defenders. <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/
GuidelinesDefenders.pdf>
• FrontLineInternationalFoundationfortheProtectionofHumanRightsDefenders.
<http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/about/frontline> Operates an emergency 24-
hour phone line for human rights defenders (Arabic, English, French, Spanish and
Russian language). Founded in Dublin in 2001 with the aim of protecting human rights
defenders at risk, people who work, non-violently, for any or all of the rights enshrined
in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The Foundation aims to address
the protection needs identified by defenders themselves. Hotline +35 31 21 00 489.
• UNSpecialRapporteuronHumanRightsDefenders.<http://www2.ohchr.org/
english/issues/defenders/index.htm>
• Establishedin2000bytheCommissiononHumanRightstosupportimplementation
of the 1998 Declaration on human rights defenders. The Special Rapporteur takes
up individual cases of human rights violations committed against defenders with the
states concerned. Tel. +41 229179006, email <urgent-action@ohchr.org>
• UNGA,Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders,
Margaret Sekaggya (A/HRC/16/44), (20 December 2010). <http://www2.ohchr.org/
english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-44.pdf>
Disarmament, demobilisation & reintegration
• AbdelaL,Gender assessment reintegration of former combatants, (IOM Aceh).
Available from <lesley.abdela@shevolution.com>
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89Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
• BoutaT, Gender and disarmament, demobilization and reintegration: Building blocs
for Dutch policy, (Netherlands Institute of International Relations, the Hague, 2005).
<http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/50/58/35112187.pdf>
• DeWattevilleN,Addressing gender issues in demobilization and reintegration
programs, (World Bank, Washington DC, 2002). <http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/
wp33.pdf>
• KnightM,‘ExpandingtheDDRmodel:Politicsandorganisations’,in Journal of
Security Sector Management, volume 6, no. 1, March 2008
• KnightM, A one way street: Defining a new approach to the disarmament,
demobilisation and reinsertion of ex-combatants during the war-to-peace transition, (University of York Post-war Recovery and Development Unit (PRDU) 2001)
• KnightMandOzerdemA,‘Guns,campsandcash:Disarmament,demobilisationand
reinsertion of former combatants in transitions from war to peace’, in Journal of Peace
Research, 2004, p 499
Security sector reform
• AnderliniSNandConawayCP,‘Securityissues:Securitysectorreform’,in Inclusive
security, sustainable peace: A toolkit for advocacy and action (Hunt Alternatives Fund
and International Alert, 2004). <http://www.huntalternatives.org/download/46_
security_sector_reform.pdf>. Full toolkit: <http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/
files/resources/F5CA2590EBFDEE35C1256F5B003C2399-Women_Peace_Building_
International%20_Alert_Nov_2004.pdf>
• BallNandHendricksonD,Trends in security sector reform (SSR): Policy, practice and
research, (IDRC, Ottawa, Canada, 2006). <http://www.ssrnetwork.net/document_
library/detail/3278/trends-in-security-sector-reform-ssr-policy-practice-and-
research>
• BornH,HaltinerKandMalesicM, Renaissance of democratic control of armed forces
in contemporary societies, (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden Baden, 2004)
• BrydenAandFluriP(eds), Security sector reform: Institutions, society and good
governance, (Nomos, Baden Baden, 2003)
• Fitz-GeraldAandJacksonS,‘Developingaperformancemeasurementsystemfor
security sector interventions’, Journal of Security Sector Management, volume
6, no. 1, March 2008. <http://www.ssronline.org/jofssm/issues/jofssm_0601_
fitzgerald&jackson.pdf?CFID=3472497&CFTOKEN=24086631>
• Fluri,PandSpenceD(eds), The European Union and security sector reform, (DCAF,
Geneva, Switzerland, 2008)
• GreeneOandRynnS,Linking and co-ordinating DDR and SSR for human security
after conflict: Issues, experience and priorities, (Saferworld and University of Bradford
– Centre for International Cooperation and Security, 2008). <http://www.ddr-
humansecurity.org.uk/images/DDR%20Working%20Paper%202.pdf>
• InitiativeforPeacebuilding, Responding to people’s security needs: Improving
90
the impact of EU programming, (Saferworld, London, June 2009). <http://www.
saferworld.org.uk/smartweb/resources/view-resource/397>
• InternationalSecurityInformationService(ISIS).<http://www.isis-europe.org/index.
php?page=gender> Produces a regular update of resources on gender and security in the
EU, EP, UN, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Organisation for Security and Co-operation
in Europe (OSCE) and other documents on gender, peace and security. ISIS also lists
European NAPs on UNSCR 1325 in the Gender and Security section on its website.
• KnightM,‘Securitysectorreform,democracyandthesocialcontract:Fromimplicitto
explicit’, Journal of Security Sector Management, Volume 7, No. 1, February 2009
• OECDDAC, Handbook on security system reform (SSR): Supporting security and
justice, (OECD, Paris, 2007). <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/25/38406485.pdf>
Saferworld was part of the consortium leading the first phase of developing the OECD
DAC Handbook on Security System Reform and sat on the advisory panel. Gender is
mainstreamed throughout the handbook.
• OfficeofthePresidentofKenyawithsupportfromSaferworld, Mwananchi handbook
for community policing, (2009). <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/smartweb/
resources/view-resource/414>
• RynnSandHiscockD,Evaluating for security and justice: Challenges and
opportunities for improved monitoring and evaluation of security system reform
programmes, (Saferworld, London, December 2009). <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/
smartweb/resources/view-resource/415>. (For print copies of Saferworld publications
contact: <publications@saferworld.org.uk>)
• SeniorPoliceAdvisortotheOSCESecretaryGeneral, International police standards:
Guidebook on democratic policing, (DCAF, Geneva, 2009). <http://www.dcaf.ch/
Publications/Publication-Detail?lng=en&id=95670>
• UnitedNationsSecretary-General, Securing peace and development: the role of the
United Nations in supporting security sector reform, A/62/659-S/2008/39, (United
Nations General Assembly Security Council, New York, 23 January 2008). <http://
www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/4425.pdf>
• Thereareover80resourceslistedontheSSRNetworksite:<http://www.
ssrnetwork.net/document_library/search_results.php?search=1&full_
term=Full+search&subject_id=2200&title_term=Search+by+title®ion_
id=0&author_term=Search+by+author&country_id=0&search.x=33&search.y=7>
Nepal specific publications on gender and security
• AbdelaL,‘Nepal’,in Global monitoring checklist on women, peace and security:
Nepal, Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Ch
3, (Gender Action for Peace and Security UK (GAPS UK)). <www.gaps-uk.org/img_
uploaded/Global Monitoring Checklist full resource.pdf>
• AbdelaL, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325: Women’s meaningful
participation in peacebuilding and governance, (CARE Nepal, September 2010).
Further information on the work of CARE International in the field of women´s
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91Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
empowerment or women, peace and security is available from the CARE website at
<http://expert.care.at/de/care-expert/coe-resources/gender.html>.
• AnderliniS, Report on the situation of women in cantonments. Request a copy of the
report from <sanambna@yahoo.com>.
• CARE, From resolution to realty: Lessons learned from Afghanistan, Nepal and Uganda
on women’s participation in peacebuilding and post-conflict governance (London,
CARE, 2010). <http://www.care.org/newsroom/specialreports/UNSCR-1325/CARE-
1325-Report-Women-Peace-Participation.pdf>
• CAREÖsterreichandAustrianDevelopmentAgency, SAKCHAM: Women’s
empowerment for transformation in the Churia areas, Nepal, (April 2010). Request a
copy of the report from <nro.kooperation@ada.gv.at>
• ColekessianA, Reintegrating gender: A gendered analysis of the Nepali rehabilitation
process, (UN-INSTRAW Gender Peace and Security Series Working Paper, 2010).
<http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/4DF98D25D63E585285257
7CA00683717-Full_Report.pdf>
• CottrellJandBylesjôC, Public consultation on a draft constitution with particular
reference to women in Nepal, (International IDEA, 2010). <http://www.idea.int/
resources/analysis/upload/Discussion-5_-English.pdf>
• DalrympleSetal, Common ground? Gendered assessment of needs and priorities
of Maoist army combatants for integration and rehabilitation (Saferworld, 2010).
<http://www.saferworld.org.uk/smartweb/resources/view-resource/502>
• DeubaAR, Changing roles of Nepali women due to ongoing conflict: a national study, (SAMANATA Institute for Social and Gender Equality, Kathmandu, 2005)
• FalchA, Women’s political participation and influence in post-conflict Burundi and
Nepal, (PRIO, 2010). <http://www.prio.no/sptrans/1687871333/Womens-Political-
Participation.pdf>
• GautamS, Study of women living in conflict situation in South Asia, (McGill University,
Canada, 1999)
• GautamS, Women and children in the periphery of people’s war, (McGill University,
Canada, 2001)
• ‘GenderMainstreamingandInclusion’,in Eleventh Three Years Interim Plan, Ch 8,
(National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal, 2008)
• GurungSandLamaS, UNSCR 1325 and 1820: Implementation and monitoring status
in Nepal (Kathmandu, Nepal, Shantimalika, Anamnagar, 2010), Executive Summary
• JobeA, The causes and consequences of re-trafficking: Evidence from the IOM
human trafficking database, (International Organization for Migration, 2010).
<http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_
info&cPath=41_7&products_id=684>
• NCCRNepalResearchGroup, Resource materials in the NCCR North-South South
Asia Coordination Office Library: NNCR North-South JACS SAs bibliography; Vol 1,
No. 1, (Kathmandu, Nepal, December 2007). <http://www.nccr-nepal.org/Library/
NCCR_N-S_JACS_SAs_Bibliography.pdf> Includes useful publications such as:
92
◦ AriñoV,Nepal: a gender view of the armed conflict and the peace process (2008),p11.
◦ ChatterjiS,Gender and Conflict,p126.
• Neglect over the issue of female combatants in the arms management process,
(Integrated Regional Information Networks/ UN OCHA, December 2006). <http://
www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6WU5HY?OpenDocument>
• Nepal: Country code (eleventh amendment) bill and women’s rights, Forum for
Women, Law and Development, (Kathmandu, Nepal). <www.wluml.org/node/732>
• OnslowC, Breaking patterns of sexual and gender-based violence, (International
Alert, 2010). <http://www.international-alert.org/resources/publications/breaking-
patterns-sexual-and-gender-based-violence>
• ‘Peace,Reconstruction,RehabilitationandIntegration’,in Eleventh Three Years
Interim Plan, Ch 7, (National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal, 2008)
• PhuyalH(ed), The security sector legislation of the Federal Democratic Republic
of Nepal, (DCAF, European Studies Centre, Faculty of Humanities, University
Pécs, 2009). <http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/DCAF_
TheSecuritySectorLegislationOfFederalDemocraticRepublicOfNepal.pdf>
• PhuyalHandUrschelerM, The security sector legislation of the Federal Democratic
Republic of Nepal: Commentaries, (DCAF, European Studies Centre, Faculty of
Humanities, University Pécs, 2009). <http://www.dcaf.ch/Publications/Publication-
Detail/?id=115260&lng=en>
• SaferworldandNepalInstituteforPolicyStudies, Gender and security sector
reform: A policy briefing paper, (Saferworld, 2009). <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/
smartweb/resources/view-resource/456>
• ThapaL, Nepal’s widows, (Open Democracy, December 2007). <http://www.
opendemocracy.net/blog/nepals_widows>
• TheAsiaFoundation, Nepal: Preliminary mapping of gender based violence
(UK Department for international Development, TAF, SAATHI, 2010). <http://
asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/GBVMappingNepal.pdf>
• WatsonCandCrozierR, Security for whom? Security sector reform and public security
in Nepal, (International Alert, 2009). <http://www.international-alert.org/resources/
publications/security-whom-security-sector-reform-and-public-security-nepal>
Networks and awards for good journalism
Awards for good journalism benefit the careers of winners. Increasingly, submissions in all media are welcome including blogs, podcasts, online content, print, radio and TV. Categories include ‘Best Newcomer’, ‘Media of the Year’ and ‘Journalist of the Year’. There are still very few Nepali or international awards specifically for gender-sensitive journalism (see Yayori, below) but most awards encompass quality reporting on gender issues.
• The Aftermath Project holds an annual grant competition open to working photographers
worldwide covering the aftermath of conflict. <www.theaftermathproject.org>
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93Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
• The Amnesty International Media Awards recognise excellence in human rights
reporting and acknowledge journalism’s contribution to public awareness and
understanding of human rights issues. Website: <www.amnesty.org.uk>
• The Dart Awards for Excellence in Coverage on Trauma recognise exemplary
journalism on the impact of violence, crime, disaster and other traumatic events on
individuals, families and communities. They are sponsored by the Dart Centre for
Journalism and Trauma. <http://dartcenter.org/awards>
• Gender Links holds Gender Media Awards every two years. Subjects have included
trafficking of women and children; women’s personal and economic security in
conflict/post-conflict settings; and women’s economic empowerment and gender
issues. Email :<execdirector@genderlinks.org.za>, website: <www.genderlinks.org.
za>
• TheLorenzo Natali Prize is sponsored by the European Commission/Reporters
Without Borders and includes the Asia–Pacific Region. The award recognises
journalists who contribute to the cause of development, democracy, human rights
and combating poverty. <www.nataliprize2010.eu/content/en/about/contact/index.
php>
• The One World Media Awards recognise outstanding media coverage of the
developing world and the unique role of journalists and filmmakers in bridging the
divide between different societies and raising awareness of vital development issues,
at <http://oneworldMedia.org.uk/awards/>
• The Rory Peck Awards for camera men and women have a strong track record of
finalists and winners from the developing world. Enquiries to <Info@rorypecktrust.
org>, website: <www.rorypecktrust.org/page/3018/The+Rory+Peck+Awards>
• Search for Common Ground (SCG),is a leading group promoting media for peace in
Africa, Asia and the Middle East. SCG offers ‘Radio for Peacebuilding Africa’ awards
and hosts a newsletter and website for journalists interested in using radio for peace.
Tel. +1 202 777 2256, email <mjobbins@sfcg.org>, or visit <www.sfcg.org> and <www.
radiopeaceafrica.org>.
• The Yayori Journalist Award is sponsored by the Women’s Fund for Peace and Human
Rights and focuses on women journalists and artists (individuals or groups) who
vividly describe and transmit the situation of women in the world with a gender
perspective. Any genres of expression such as films, writings, or printed material are
eligible. Submissions must be translated into Japanese. Enquiries to <info-award@
ajwrc.org>, website: <www.wfphr.org/yayori/English/award/journalist.html>
Of interest in conflict regions
• Guardian International Development Journalism Awards. <www.guardian.co.uk/
journalismcompetition>
• The Kurt Schork Awards for international journalism were created in honour of Kurt
Schork, an American journalist killed in a military ambush on assignment for Reuters
in Sierra Leone. These are the only awards that specifically honour the contributions
of freelance journalists covering foreign news, reporters from the developing world
94
and countries in transition. A cash prize of US$5,000 is presented to two journalists.
<www.ksmfund.org/awards.html>
• The Lifetime Achievement Award recognises a pioneering spirit and determination
that has opened doors for women who aspire to have their voices heard. Candidates
have a credible and continuing record of supporting women in the media, exhibit a
strong commitment to press freedom and are well-respected journalists. Enquiries to
<courage@iwmf.org>
• The UN Population Fund’s UN Population Award is presented annually to an individual
and institution(s) in recognition of outstanding contributions to increasing the
awareness of population questions and human welfare. <www.unfpa.org/public/about/
popaward/>
Journalism networks and organisations
There are many hundreds of journalism organisations worldwide, many operating internationally. All will be willing to offer advice, including legal advice. The following are examples of these organisations:
• Chartered Institute of Journalists (CIOJ). Based in the UK, the CIOJ is the oldest
professional body for journalists in the world. It was founded as the National
Association of Journalists in 1884 and six years later was granted its Royal Charter by
Queen Victoria, to protect and serve those employed in the field of journalism. The
Institute welcomes international members. Tel +44 20 7252 1187, or contact via the
website at: <http://cioj.co.uk/contact-us>
• The East-West Centre grants journalism fellowships and exchanges for working
American and Asia–Pacific journalists, to promote understanding of the complexities
of the Asia–Pacific region through study tours. Intensive dialogue with colleagues,
government officials, business executives and community leaders provides
participants with a means to broaden their network of contacts. More information
from <www.eastwestcenter.org/journalismfellowships>
• GMMP (Global Media Monitoring Project) is a twice-a-decade study which aims to
document the participation and portrayal of men and women in the world’s news
media. <www.whomakesthenews.org>
• IWPR: Institute for War and Peace Reporting is an award-winning educational and
development charity founded in 1991. IWPR informs international debate on conflict
and supports independent media. Tel +44 20 7831 1030, website: <www.iwpr.net>
• International Centre for Journalists <http://www.icfj.org/>
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95Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal
IHRICON
Shobha Gautam, Founder President55/810 Prasutigriha MargThapathali, Kathmandu, NepalPO Box 5188
Tel +977 (0)1 4253943
Fax +977 (0)1 4216148
Email ihricon@mos.com.np shobha.gautam@gmail.com
Web www.ihricon.org.np
Cover: A woman walks with her new born grandchild in a small village near Kathmandu, Nepal © David Longstreath / IRIN
Saferworld
The Grayston Centre28 Charles SquareLondon N1 6HTUnited Kingdom
Tel +44 20 7324 4646
Fax +44 20 7324 4647
Email general@saferworld.org.uk
Web www.saferworld.org.uk
Registered charity no. 1043843A company limited by guarantee no. 3015948
Institute of Human Rights Communication,
Nepal (IHRICON) is a non-profit, non-political
human rights non-governmental organisation
established by a group of media professionals and
is actively involved in human rights monitoring,
reporting and advocacy. IHRICON conducts
in-depth investigations and research along with
implementing innovative and high-profile
advocacy campaigns that endeavour to bring
positive changes to human rights related issues.
Saferworld works to prevent and reduce violent
conflict and promote co-operative approaches to
security. We work with governments, international
organisations and civil society to encourage and
support effective policies and practices through
advocacy, research and policy development and
through supporting the actions of others.
ISBN 978-1-904833-83-3