T R A I N I N G O F T R A I N E R S ’ C O M P A N I O N W O R K B O O K O N

GENDER AND SECURITY FOR THE MEDIA AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN NEPALM AY 2 0 1 1

2

This Companion workbook is designed for use in tandem with the Saferworld/IHRICON Training of trainers’ manual on gender and security for the media and civil society in Nepal. It contains tools, hand-outs, briefing information sheets, selected reading materials for exercises, daily learning diaries and a list of useful resources on gender and security sector reform (SSR) for journalists and civil society. Many of the tools have been included as useful background material for journalists or researchers to keep for future reference.

The Companion workbook can be given to each participant to use in its entirety, or selected pages can be printed out for distribution. The trainer/facilitator can choose to give participants the hand-outs at a relevant time or at the end of each session.

Copyright Saferworld, May 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a re-

trieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording or other-

wise without full attribution. Saferworld welcomes and encourages the utilisation and dissemination of the material

included in this publication.

3Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

The gender – sex quiz

Impact of the conflict on gender roles in Nepal

Who’s who in the security sector in Nepal?

Legislative frameworks – security sector legislation of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

Types of violence commonly experienced by women

Your personal learning diary

Mainstreaming gender into security sector reform (SSR)

Questions to ask in a gender analysis

How can civil society help make security policy gender-friendly?

Media checklist and guidelines for gender and security

Media/civil society dialogue session

Strengthening the gender responsiveness of security agencies in Nepal, policy briefing, 2 March 2011

Interview with Deputy Superintendent of NP stationed in Gorkha

The inclusion of women in rehabilitation and integration

Summary of relevant gender and security-related international resolutions and conventions

DRAFT copy of relevant parts of the Nepal NAP on UNSCRs 1325 and 1820

UNSCR 1325 indicators in relation to Nepal

Instructions for Martian journalists on a mission to Planet Earth!

Lapen scenario

Advocacy tools for civil society on gender and security

What makes a good press release?

Possible topics for gender and security-related stories

Guidance on meeting with decision makers

How to give effective interviews to the media

Training evaluation form

Useful resources on gender and security for the media and civil society

Contents4 Acronyms

6 Tool 1

7 Tool 2

8 Tool 3

10 Tool 4

12 Tool 5

14 Tool 6

16 Tool 7

19 Tool 8

21 Tool 9

22 Tool 10

25 Tool 11

26 Tool 12

34 Tool 13

37 Tool 14

42 Tool 15

49 Tool 16

66 Tool 17

68 Tool 18

69 Tool 19

70 Tool 20

72 Tool 21

74 Tool 22

75 Tool 23

79 Tool 24

82 Tool 25

84 Tool 26

4

Acronyms

AFN Antenna Foundation Nepal

APF Armed Police Force

CA Constituent Assembly

CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement

CSO Civil society organisation

DAC Development Assistance Committee

DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces

DDR Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration

EAN Equal Access Nepal

EU European Union

GBV Gender-based violence

GoN Government of Nepal

FWLD Forum for Women’s Law and Development

IC Interim Constitution

IDA Inter Disciplinary Analysts

IGP Inspector General of the Nepal Police

IHRICON Institute of Human Rights Communication

INGO International non-governmental organisation

MoD Ministry of Defence

MoE Ministry of Education

MoF Ministry of Finance

MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs

MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs

MoHP Ministry of Health and Population

MoIC Ministry of Information and Communications

MoLD Ministry of Local Development

MoLJ Ministry of Law and Justice

MoPR Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction

MoWCSW Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare

NA Nepal Army

NAP National Action Plan

NGO Non-governmental organisation

NP Nepal Police

NPTF Nepal Peace Trust Fund

NSC National Security Council

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

SGBV Sexual and gender-based violence

SSR Security system reform or security sector reform

TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNGA United Nations General Assembly

UNICEF United Nations Fund for Children

UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women (now part of UN Women)

Acronyms

5Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

UNIRP United Nations Integrated Rehabilitation Programme

UN–INSTRAW United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of

Women, <www.un-instraw.org/>

UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution

VAW Violence against women

VDC Village Development Committee

WPCs Women Police Constables

6

Tool 1The gender – sex quiz

To indicate whether you think each statement is related to sex or gender, write ‘S’ or ‘G’ next to each of the following statements:

1. Women give birth to babies. Men do not.

2. Little girls are gentle. Boys are tough.

3. Among Indian agricultural workers, women earn 40-60 percent less than men.

4. Women can breastfeed babies; men can bottle-feed babies.

5. Most construction workers in Britain are men.

6. In ancient Egypt men stayed at home and did the weaving. Women handled family business. Women inherited property and men did not.

7. Men’s voices break at puberty. Women’s do not.

8. A study of 224 cultures showed that, men were responsible for cooking in 5 cultures and women were responsible for building houses in 36 cultures.

9. According to United Nations (UN) statistics, women do 67 percent of the world’s work, but earn only ten percent of the world’s income.

Tool 1

7Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 2Impact of the conflict on gender roles in Nepal

Nepal’s women suffered horribly in the conflict, but destructive events can also open up fleeting windows of opportunity. Nepali women’s civil society was strengthened during the conflict; conducting highly active campaigns for peace and democracy and putting pressure on parties involved in the conflict to bring about a ceasefire. This created a platform from which women have been able to demand recognition and assert their rights.

• Womenbecameleaders/activistsingrassrootsorganisationsandpeacemovements.

• GirlsandwomenbecamecombatantswhentheyjoinedthePeople’sLiberationArmyand fought alongside men, challenging common misperceptions of women only being victims of conflict.

• Menbecameabsenthusbands,brothers,sonsandfathers;womenundertookworkthat was formerly done by men and became heads of households and providers for their families. This has led to heightened levels of alcoholism among men and increased domestic violence in the post-conflict period, as men feel that their traditional role of breadwinner has been taken over by women. Men who were wounded or traumatised in the conflict are now dependent on women, adding to the problem.

• Asignificantnumberofmenhavejoinedcriminalandpolitical-ethnicarmedgroupsin the post-conflict era, as a response to social exclusion and heightened levels of unemployment, and in order to generate income and fulfil their role as ‘providers’.

• Nobodyhascalculatedhowmanyconflictwidowsthereare.Duringtheinsurgency,thousands of women lost their husbands at a young age and now live under profound emotional shock and economic difficulties. They have become prime targets for sexual exploitation and abuse from all sides. Many are illiterate and many live in remote villages.

• Inaculturewhereawoman’sstatusisdefinedasamotherandwife,womenlosttheir identity and income when they were widowed. There are frequent examples of widows being driven out of their homes when their husbands die, leaving them vulnerable to prostitution and sex traffickers.

• Womennowconstitute33percentofthelegislativebody–theConstituentAssembly(CA).

8

Tool 3Who’s who in the security sector in Nepal?

Army Act, 2063 BS

• Article144oftheInterimConstitution(IC)ofNepal2063BS,providesfortheestablishment of the Nepalese Army. It designates control and authority for mobilisation and management to Cabinet Ministers. Cabinet Ministers are also authorised to appoint the Chief of Army Staff.

• Article145providesforthecreationofaNationalSecurityCouncil(NSC)forthemobilisationand employment of the Nepal Army (NA). The Prime Minister is the Chair of the NSC; the Defence Minister, the Home Minister and three other ministers (appointed by the Prime Minister) are members. The Chief of Army Staff and three-star Lieutenant Generals (national level) and Brigadier Generals (regional level) are responsible for implementation.

• ThekeydepartmentswithintheNAdealingwithgenderandsecurity-relatedissuesaretheDirectorate of Public Relations, the Directorate of Research and Development, the Office of the Master General of Ordinance, the Office of the Director General of Development and Construction, the Military Finance Administrative Department, the Military Secretariat, the Office of the Adjutant General overseeing the Directorate of Human Rights, the Directorate of Recruitment, the Directorate of Military Education and the Legal Department. The Office of the Chief of Staff directly oversees the Directorate of Welfare Schemes.

Nepal Police Act and Nepal Police Regulation

• TheNepalPoliceAct2012BSandtheNepalPoliceRegulation2015BSweredeveloped to manage the Nepal Police (NP) system, i.e. police recruitment, promotion and punishment, discipline, implementation of security policy and other related issues. The following are responsible for implementing the act:

◦ Minister for Home Affairs (policy level)

◦ Inspector General of the Nepal Police (IGP) (national level)

◦ Eight Additional Inspector Generals of NP (national level)

◦ Thirty two Deputy Inspector Generals of Police (regional level)

• TherearefourdepartmentsintheNPthatdealwithgenderandsecurity-relatedissues: the Administration Department, the Operations Department, the Criminal Investigation Department and the Human Resource Development Department. Additionally, the Metropolitan Police Service Department oversees security provisions within Kathmandu. The National Police Academy undertakes training for NP recruits (both senior and junior officers, at national and regional levels).

Armed Police Force Act

• ThisActwasdevelopedtomanagetheArmedPoliceForce(APF)system,i.e.policerecruitment, promotion and punishment, discipline, implementation of security policy and other related issues. The following are responsible for implementing the act:

◦ Minister for Home Affairs (policy level)

◦ Inspector General of the APF and Additional Inspector General of the APF (national level)

◦ Five Additional Inspector Generals (national level)

◦ Chiefs (Deputy Inspector Generals of the APF) of the departments of

Tool 3

9Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Administration, Operations, Human Resource Development, Academy and Border Security (directly responsible to the IGP)

• TheDepartmentofAdministrationisresponsiblefortherecords,posting,transferandpromotion of APF personnel throughout the country, for gazette-level officers (internally known as senior officers), various ceremonies and legal and medical services1.

• TheDepartmentofOperationsismainlyresponsibleforoperations,planning,policy,staffduties,human rights, intelligence and deployment of APF personnel to security-related facilities such as airports, telecommunication towers and correction centres. Further responsibilities include rations, clothing, weapons, ammunition and explosives and equipment.

• TheDepartmentofHumanResourceDevelopmentisresponsiblefortrainingathomeandabroad, recruitment, welfare, development of syllabuses and UN peacekeeping operations.

• TheNationalArmedPoliceForceAcademyisresponsibleforbuildingthecapacityofofficers through various training events, and preparing and amending the training syllabus according to requirements.

• TheDepartmentofBorderSecurityisresponsibleforformulatingplansanddirectivesfordeployment to border areas. Its main task is to protect the border and the border pillars.

Armed Police Force Act 2058 BS

• TheHomeSecretarychairstheCentralSecurityCouncilresponsiblefortheimplementationof this act. The Central Security Council is comprised of the Chief of Army Staff of NA, the Inspector General of NP, the Inspector General of APF, the Inspector General of the National Investigation Department and the Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA). The Minister for Home Affairs has overall responsibility for the APF. The current command and control organisation of the NA is set out in the 1990 Constitution and the IC. The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has overall responsibility for the NA.

Special Security Plan

• TheGovernmentdevelopedtheSpecialSecurityPlantocontrolarmedviolenceinthe Tarai Region of Nepal. The Special Security Plan was implemented in 15 districts where there was a perceived security threat. The Government of Nepal (GoN), Chief of Police and Chief District Officers are responsible for implementing this plan.

National Security Council2

• TheNSCwasestablishedin2002underArticle145oftheIC.TheChairoftheNSCisthe Prime Minister and the Defence Minister and Home Minister are members. The Secretary of the MoD is the Secretary of the NSC.

• TheNSCisresponsibleforpreparingapolicy,planandprogrammeregardingthemobilisation, operation and use of the NP and for reaching agreement on the approach by the GoN to national security, including the development of a National Security Strategy. The NSC focuses on issues relating to national security including responsible sovereignty; national integrity; political, diplomatic, economic, social scientific and environment issues; good governance; development; human rights and other areas.

1 Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home Affairs, Armed Police Force introduction, <http://www.apf.gov.np/introduction/introduction.php>, March 2011

2 Acharya N, ‘Chapter IV: The security providers – the Nepalese army’, in The Nepal Security Sector: An Almanac, Sapkota B (ed), (Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland, 2009), pp121-138. <http://www.swisspeace.ch/typo3/fileadmin/user_upload/Media/Countries/Nepal/Sapkota_Bishnu_Nepali_Security_Sector.pdf>

10

Tool 4Legislative frameworks – security sector legislation of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

Legislative frameworks for security providers

• ArmyAct,2063BS

• ArmedPoliceForceAct2058BS

• ArmedPoliceForceRegulation2060BS

• PoliceAct2012BS

• PoliceRegulation2049BS

• ProvisionsConcerningPrivateSecurityGuards

• InstrumentsgoverningtherecruitmentofGhurkhastotheBritishandIndianArmies

• LocalAdministrationAct2028BS

Legislative frameworks for ensuring state security

• EspionageAct2018BS

• NepalSpecialServiceAct2042BS

• OffenceAgainstStateAndPunishmentAct2046BS

• PublicSecurityAct2046BS

• TerroristAndDisruptiveActivitiesAct(PreventionandPunishment)2058BS(expired)

• TerroristAndDisruptiveActivitiesOrdinance(ControlandPunishment)2058BS(expired)

• TheEssentialGoodsControl(Empowerment)Act2017BS

• TheEssentialServicesMobilizationAct2014BS

• TheStateCasesAct2049BS

• TheStateCasesRegulation2055BS

• ThePublicOffencesandPenaltiesAct2027BS

Legislative frameworks for law enforcement and detention

• PrisonAct2019BS

• PrisonRegulation2020BS

• ForestAct2049BS

• ForestRegulation2051BS

• NationalParksandWildlifeConservationAct2029BS

Legislative frameworks for review and complaint procedures

• CourtMartialRegulation2064BS

• NAandhumanrights:

◦ The Torture Compensation Act 2052 BS

◦ Human Rights Commission Act 2053 BS

Tool 4

11Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Legislative frameworks for migration

• ExtraditionAct2055BS

• ImmigrationAct2049BS

• ImmigrationRegulation2051BS

• PassportAct2024BS

• PassportRegulation2059BS

Legislative frameworks for arms and explosives

• ExplosiveSubstanceAct2018BS

• ArmsandMunitionsAct2019BS

• ArmsandAmmunitionRegulation2019BS

Legislative frameworks for trafficking and sexual exploitation

• NationalPlanofActionagainstTraffickinginChildrenandtheirCommercialSexualExploitation 2060 BS

• HumanTrafficking(Control)Regulation2064BS(enactedtoimplementtheprovisionsof the Human Trafficking Control Act of 2007 effectively)

12

Tool 5Types of violence commonly experienced by women

Examples of types of violence commonly experienced by women

1 Domestic violence: Violence against women in the family occurs in developed and developing countries alike. For a long time domestic violence was considered a private matter by bystanders, including family, neighbours, the community and government. In the United States, a woman is beaten every 18 minutes; indeed, domestic violence is the country’s leading cause of injury among women of reproductive age. In Peru, 70 percent of all crimes reported to the police involve women beaten by their husbands. According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, of the 400 cases of domestic violence reported in 1993 in the province of Punjab, nearly half ended with the death of the wife.

2 Traditional practices: In many countries, women fall victim to traditional practices that violate their human rights. The persistence of the problem has much to do with the fact that most of these physically and psychologically harmful customs are deeply rooted in the tradition and culture of society.

3 Female genital mutilation: According to the World Health Organization, 85–115 million girls and women have undergone some form of female genital mutilation and suffer from its adverse health effects. Every year an estimated two million young girls undergo this procedure. Most live in Africa and Asia, but an increasing number can be found among immigrant and refugee families in Western Europe and North America and the practice has been outlawed in some European countries. There is a growing consensus that the best way to eliminate these practices is through educational campaigns that emphasise their dangerous health consequences. Several governments have been actively promoting such campaigns in their countries.

4 Preference for sons: Son preference affects women in many countries, particularly in Asia. Its consequences can be anything from foetal or female infanticide to neglect of a girl child over her brother in terms of essential needs, such as nutrition, basic health care and education. In China and India some women choose to terminate their pregnancies when expecting daughters, but carry their pregnancies to term when expecting sons. Indian gender-detection clinics drew protests from women’s groups after the appearance of advertisements suggesting that it was better to spend US$38 now to terminate a female foetus, than US$3,800 later on her dowry.

5 Dowry-related violence and early marriage: In some countries, weddings are preceded by the payment by the bride’s family of an agreed dowry. Failure to pay the dowry can lead to violence towards women. For example in Bangladesh, a bride whose dowry was deemed too small was disfigured after her husband threw acid in her face. Early marriage, especially without the consent of the girl, is another common form of human rights violation.

6 Rape: Rape can occur even in the family, where it can take the form of marital rape or incest. It also occurs in the community, where a woman can fall prey to any abuser. Previously, in many countries, sexual assault of a wife by her husband was not considered to be a crime; a wife was expected to submit. This has changed and marital rape is treated as a crime in many countries, including the United Kingdom. Rape (of men and women) is often used as a weapon of war and for perpetuating power dynamics between conflicting groups.

7 Sexual harassment: Sexual harassment in the workplace is a large and still-growing concern for women. Employers abuse their authority to seek sexual favours from their

Tool 5

13Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

female co-workers or subordinates, sometimes promising promotions or other forms of career advancement or simply creating an untenable and hostile work environment. Women who refuse to give in to such unwanted sexual advances often run the risk of demotion or dismissal. But in recent years more women have come forward to report such practices, some taking their cases to court.

8 Prostitution and trafficking: Many women are forced into prostitution either by their parents, husbands or boyfriends, or as a result of the difficult economic and social conditions in which they find themselves. They are also lured into prostitution, sometimes by ‘mail-order bride’ agencies that promise to find them a husband or a job in a foreign country. As a result, they often find themselves illegally confined in brothels, living in slave-like conditions, where they are physically abused and their passports are withheld. Once they are caught up in this, there is practically no way out and they find themselves in a very vulnerable situation. In one incident five young prostitutes burned to death in a brothel fire because they had been chained to their beds. Since prostitution is illegal in many countries, it is difficult for prostitutes to come forward to ask for protection if they become victims of rape or want to escape from brothels. Customers, on the other hand, are rarely the object of penal laws. In Thailand, prostitutes who complain to the police are often arrested and sent back to the brothels upon payment of a fine. The extent of trafficking in women and girls has reached alarming proportions, especially in Asian countries such as Nepal. Many women and girls are trafficked across borders, often with the complicity of border guards.

9 Violence against women migrant workers: Female migrant workers typically leave their countries for better living conditions and better pay, but the real benefits accrue to both the host countries and the countries of origin. For home countries, money sent by migrant workers is an important source of hard currency, while receiving countries are able to find workers for low-paying jobs that might otherwise go unfilled. However, migrant workers themselves fare badly, sometimes with tragic consequences. Many become virtual slaves, subject to abuse and rape by their employers. In the Middle East and Persian Gulf region there are an estimated 1.2 million women, mainly Asians, employed as domestic servants. According to Human Rights Watch, in the Middle East, female migrant workers in Kuwait often suffer beatings and sexual assaults at the hands of their employers. In many cases, women who report being raped by their employer are sent back to them, or are even assaulted at the police station. Working conditions are often appalling and employers prevent women from escaping by seizing their passports or identity papers.

10 Custodial violence against women (VAW): Violence against women by the very people who are supposed to protect them – members of law enforcement and criminal justice systems – is widespread. Women are physically or verbally abused; they also suffer sexual and physical ill treatment. According to Amnesty International, thousands of women held in custody are routinely raped in police detention centres worldwide.

11 Violence against refugee and displaced women: Women and children form the great majority of refugee populations all over the world and are especially vulnerable to violence and exploitation. In refugee camps they are sometimes raped and abused by military and immigration personnel, bandit groups, male refugees and rival ethnic groups. They are also forced into prostitution.

14

Tool 6Your personal learning diary

It is important you complete this diary each day. You will have learned many new things in the workshop and the purpose of this diary is to record the points that you found most interesting and potentially useful in your future work.

Please spend 10 minutes each evening or early the next morning on this task.

Day one

What seemed the most significant elements of the day for you?

What insights have you gained?

How will you apply what you learned to your work and activities in the future?

Day two

What seemed the most significant elements of the day for you?

What insights have you gained?

Tool 6

15Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

How will you apply what you learned to your work and activities in the future?

Day three

What seemed the most significant elements of the day for you?

What insights have you gained?

How will you apply what you learned to your work and activities in the future?

16

Tool 7Mainstreaming gender into security sector reform (SSR)

Section A: Why is it important to mainstream gender into SSR?

• MainstreaminggenderintoSSRensuresthatthesecuritysectorismoreaccountableand there is greater local ownership.

• Enhancedaccountabilityofthesecuritysectorcaninturnhelptoaddresssexualandgender-based violence (SGBV) and discrimination within the security sector; such as enforcing property rights of widows and addressing impunity for SGBV in the justice system.

• Increasingtheparticipationofwomenandgenderexpertsintheoversightofthesecurity sector can make oversight bodies more representative and effective.

• Itensuresthatthesecuritysectorismoreinclusiveandrespondsequallytothedifferent security needs of men and women.

• Itensuresthatwomenarerepresentedwithinthesecurityagencies,leadingtogreater operational effectiveness, as women play a key role in the provision of security, particularly in cases involving women and SGBV.

• Compliancewithinternational,regionalandlocallawsandresolutionsconcerningsecurity and gender: the international community has acknowledged the importance of a gender-responsive security sector, for example in the Beijing Platform for Action and UN Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR) 1325, 1820, 1888, 1889 and 1960.

Section B: What does mainstreaming gender into SSR involve?

• Providinggendertrainingforsecuritysectorpersonnelinallranksanddepartments.

• Settingcleartargetsforwomen’srecruitmentandretentioninsecurityagenciesandpromotingan increase in proportion of women at decision making levels within security agencies.

• Ensuringwomenaretreatedequallytomenintermsofrank,promotionandtraining.

• Ensuringthatthereareseparatefacilitiesforwomen,includingtoilets,washingfacilitiesand sleeping quarters, in order to reduce the risk of SGBV within security agencies.

• Makingprovisionforchild-careandeducationservicesforpersonnelbasedinremotelocations (i.e. barracks).

• Ensuringgenderpoliciesareinplacewhichmakeprovisionsforadequatematernityand parental leave.

• VettingpersonnelforhumanrightsviolationsincludingSGBVandestablishinggendercells for monitoring and responding to cases of SGBV within security agencies.

• Ensuringsecuritysectoragenciesabidebyinternationallawandsocontributetonational and international goals of peace and security.

• Takingstepstochangetheattitudeandbehaviourofsecurityagencypersonneltowards the role and participation of women within security agencies, in order to foster long-term cultural change and encourage the retention and representation of women in security agencies.

• Includingindicatorsforgendermainstreamingintocross-agencymonitoringandevaluation frameworks.

Tool 7

17Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

• EnsuringwomenareonSSRassessmentandevaluationteams.

• Conductingareviewofpublicsecurityexpendituretoensurethatfundsarebeingequally allocated to men and women.

Section C: Examples of mainstreaming gender into SSR programmes

Sweden (particularly regarding the integration of gender into armed forces)

• TheSwedishArmedForceshavetheirownexpertswhocarryouttrainingonUNSCR1325 prior to deployment. Every soldier and officer going on an operation/mission has at least three hours training on UNSCR 1325 and gender.

• Gendertrainingisincludedinallmilitaryschoolsandmainstreamedthroughoutthemilitary education system for two years military training.

• TheSwedishmilitarymainstreamsgenderbymakingemployeesandcommandersaware of, and responsible for, gender issues. Gender advisers and gender experts support, facilitate and monitor that process.

• In2006,theSwedishArmedForcescontributedtotheEuropeanUnionForce(EUFOR)in the Democratic Republic of Congo and applied gender mainstreaming in practical terms, to make UNSCR 1325 operational. Lt-General Claes-Göran Fant of the Swedish Armed Forces states: “This task was very successful. The basic gender training given to the 250 participants was crucial. The system of gender focal points was a very important factor with the work on developing the gender reporting system. Implementing gender into military and other organisations is about fundamental human rights, democracy and efficiency. If you talk to women as well as men in an area of operation then the facts, analysis, assessment and subsequent actions will be more correct, something that has not always been the case before.”4

South Africa: mainstreaming gender into the military and police

• SouthAfricahasbeenrecruitingfemaletroopsandpolicesinceitstartedrestructuring its security agencies in the mid-1990s.

• SouthAfricarecentlyincreaseditsquotaforwomen,forbothinstitutions(armyandpolice), to 40 percent in an effort to speed up the process. After a gender-mainstreaming audit which highlighted shortcomings at the command levels of the South African National Defence Force, eight female brigadier generals were appointed in 2007.

Section D: Examples of actions specifically targeted at men and women as part of mainstreaming gender into SSR

• Fundingtheestablishmentofwomen’spoliceunits,orstationsthatdealspecificallywith cases involving women.

• Trainingprisonstafftopreventtherapeoffemale(ormale)prisoners.

• Encouragingcollaborationwithwomen’sorganisationstoimproveservicestotrafficked women and girls.

• Conductinganassessmentofmeasurestopreventandrespondtomaleyouthviolence5.

4 Fant Lt General C G, Gender equality and gender mainstreaming in Swedish Armed Forces, (10 May 2007). <http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/equal/data/document/0705-graz-spefant.pdf>

5 Organisation for Economic Co-operation (OECD) and Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Handbook on security system reform, (2007). <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/25/38406485.pdf>

18

6 Harsch E, ‘Security sector reform key to protecting women’, in Africa Renewal Online, January 2010, p9. <http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol23no4/security-reform.html>

Case study from Liberia of activity directed specifically to increase the number of women in the police

• Withthehelpofnearly60femaleinstructorsfromtheUNpeacekeepingmission,thefirst all-female class of police cadets graduated in 2009, bringing the force’s total proportion of women to 12 percent.

• Earlier,thePresidentofLiberia,EllenJohnsonSirleafnamedawoman,BeatriceMunah Sieh, as Inspector General of Police.

• TofurtherimprovefemalerecruitmenttotheLiberianpolicewithoutcompromisingthe educational requirements, an accelerated learning programme has been introduced. Young women applicants who have not completed a secondary education are enrolled at a local polytechnic school to obtain their certificates6.

Tool 7

19Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

7 From: Bastick M and Valasek K (eds), Gender and security sector reform toolkit, (DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN-INSTRAW, 2008). <www.dcaf.ch/gssrtoolkit>

Tool 8Questions to ask in a gender analysis7

General

• Aregendersecurity-relatedissuesbeingtargetedspecifically?

• Istheemphasisonnationalorhumansecurity?

• Isthepolicy/programmeinlinewithinternational,regionalandnationalpoliciesandresolutions on gender and security?

• Doesthepolicy/programmeseektoovercomegenderinequalitiesinparticular?

Data collection

• Howhavewomenandmenbeenconsulted?

• Dopartnerorganisationstrulyreflectthevoicesofthemenandwomenexpectedtobenefit from the policy?

• Whatisthegendermake-upofthepeopleaffectedbythepolicy/programme?

• Howcandataandstatisticalinformationbecollectedbysex,ethnicity,disability,age,religion and sexual orientation?

Implementation

• Willthepolicy/programmebeexperiencedoraccesseddifferentlybyawomanorman?

• Dothoseimplementing/deliveringthepolicyorservicerepresentthediversityofthecommunity being served? Are women equally involved in implementation?

• Havespecificandsufficientresources(financialandhuman)beenallocatedtoenablethe achievement of gender equality?

• Howdoestheprogramme/policyimpactpositivelyornegativelyonwomenandmen?

• Doesthepolicy/programmereinforceorchallengetraditionalorstereotypedperceptions of women and men?

• Howhasthepolicy/programmebeencommunicatedtomenandwomen?Whatifmenor women are illiterate or speak a different language?

• Havegender-sensitivelanguage,symbolsandexamplesbeenusedinthematerialscommunicating the policy?

Objectives

• Aretheobjectivesgender-sensitive,soastotakeintoaccountspecificgenderissues?

Monitoring

• Dofemaleandmalebeneficiariesparticipateequallyinthemonitoringprocess?

• Howcanexternalorganisationsrepresentingdifferentgroupsinthecommunityhelpto monitor policy outcomes?

• Aremechanismsinplacetoinitiateaninvestigation,ortochangethepolicy,ifitis

20

not delivering either the equality objective defined at the outset of the project or equality of opportunity for women and men?

Evaluation

• Isthepolicypromotinganddeliveringequalityofopportunityforwomenandmen?Have the objectives been met for women and men?

• Didonegroupreceivegreaterbenefitthanothers?Ifso,howwilltheimbalancebeaddressed? Were inputs allocated equitably?

• Whatistheoverallimpactonthestatusandqualityoflifeforwomenandmen?

• Didtheimplementationinvolvewomenandmen?

• Isthereaneedforadditionaldatacollectionanddotargetsandindicatorsneedadjusting in the light of experience?

• Whatlessonsarethereforimprovingfuturepoliciesandprogrammesintermsofgendersensitivity? Who needs to be informed and how is the information to be presented?

Tool 8

21Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 9How can civil society help make security policy gender-friendly?

• Conductadvocacywithgovernmentforimplementationofinternationalresolutionsand policies relating to gender and security, e.g. National Action Plan (NAP).

• Actasaco-ordinatedoversightbody,holdinggovernmentandsecurityandjusticeagencies accountable for their commitments.

• Supportsecurityandjusticeagenciestoundertakegenderassessments(includinganalysis of policies) and implement recommendations.

• Undertakeresearchonthesecurityandjusticeneedsofmenandwomenandfeedthis into security and justice policy and programme development.

• Developcapacityforgendermainstreaminginlocalpeacebuilding,communitysecurity and informal justice mechanisms.

• Buildcapacityandconducttrainingongendermainstreaming(notjustonSGBV)forsecurity and justice agencies and the government.

• Raisepublicawarenessongender-sensitivesecurityandjustice.

• Supportattitudinalandbehaviourchangeinsecurityandjusticeagencies.

22

Tool 10Media checklist and guidelines for gender and security

Section A: Check-list for media coverage on gender and security

• Ask“whyisthishappening?”and“wherearetheproblemareas?”

• Findoutwhatledtotheviolence.Isitanormaloccurrence?

• Lookbehindtheevent;speaktomultiplesources.

• Considerifthisanisolatedincident,orifthereisapattern.

• LookforstatisticsandbackgroundinformationfromUNagencies,civilsocietyorganisations (CSOs), security agencies and academic institutes/think tanks.

• Lookforthehumanstorybehindthestatistics.

• Ask“whoarethekeypeoplewithresponsibilityforaddressingtheseissues?”and“what is being done to address the problem?”

• Ask“whichstrategiesforaddressingtheproblemarecurrentlyappliedinpractice?”and “by whom?”

• Ask“whichstandardsandguidelinesexisttoaddressgender-relatedinsecurityinNepal?”

• Ask“whichstrategiesexisttoengagemenaswellaswomen?”

• Lookatstateresponsibility,oraccountabilityfromotherinstitutions.

• Preserveanonymityofthevictim.

• Thinkcarefullyabouttheheadline.Don’tperpetuatestereotypesaboutgenderdivisions.

Section B: Guidelines for journalists on gender-sensitive media coverage

1 Make sure women are seen and heard in the media. Action: Conduct a gender audit of key programmes during the past month. Make sure an equal balance of women and men appear on television and radio; in the written press, as commentators; and in debate programmes on politics and current affairs.

2 Build gender-balanced lists of contacts who can speak on security-related topics (see list of women non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and leaders working on gender and security). Avoid common excuses such as: “Yes, we know we should have included an equal number of women and men in the TV discussion programme, but we didn’t know any suitable women who would be capable of commenting.” There are plenty of articulate women in every country – widen your contact lists!

3 Look behind the storyline – investigate the women’s perspective on existing security-related news stories. Do not assume there is only one point of view – a male’s. Always seek the views of women and women’s organisations to see whether there is an alternative interpretation, or a different and more significant storyline to be presented.

4 Who controls the news, current affairs and political agenda? Avoid dividing the media profession based on traditional perceptions about gender roles, where ‘hard’ news stories (such as security, politics, wars and economics) become the domain of male journalists and ‘soft’ news (such as social issues and the environment) are allocated to female journalists.

5 Increase understanding among journalists and editors of differing male and female perceptions about which security-related stories should top the news agenda and ensure that both perceptions are taken into account.

Tool 10

23Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

6 How are women and men portrayed in pictures in your newspaper/television programmes? Action: Conduct a mini-survey of pictures for the past week. How many women/men appear as the main subjects of the pictures? Do the pictures depict men and women in stereotype roles, e.g. men as professionals, business leaders and politicians, with women only shown in support roles?

7 Portrayal of women and men in media stories: Does your paper/radio station/television station give women stereotypical labels? Action: If you wouldn’t normally describe the parental and marital status of a male professional then don’t describe the parental and marital status of a female professional. When describing men, journalists usually define their job or position. It is rare that a journalist will mention the number of his children or his marital status. Too often journalists fall into the trap of describing a professional woman as ‘mother of three’ or ‘the wife of’. Describe men and women in the same way.

8 Media coverage of men will usually focus on their achievements and not their physical appearance. Journalists should also focus on a woman’s achievements and not her physical appearance. If you wouldn’t normally focus on a detailed description of a man’s appearance and clothes, then don’t focus on a woman’s appearance and clothes in detail. This trivialises a woman’s professional status in comparison to her male colleagues.

9 Are your media stories helping to advance gender equality and equity in society, or are they angled and nuanced in a way that maintains traditional attitudes, even when these values contradict human rights? Promote gender equality and respect for human rights in the way you report.

10 Avoid confining media stories about women’s lives to topics which portray women as perpetual victims. Women also contribute greatly in social, political and economic spheres. Look for success stories and examples of women who have acted as role models. For example, refer to the role of Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) Gita Upreti (in Tool 13: Interview with Deputy Superintendent from the NP Stationed in Gorkha).

11 In media stories about sex trafficking and other forms of SGBV is the victim of the crime portrayed in a negative light to suggest that she, or he, deserves the violence? Action: avoid making comments such as:

◦ “She was just a prostitute (i.e. so she deserved to be raped).”

◦ “She was dressed in a provocative way, so she deserved to be raped.”

◦ “The woman would not obey her husband, so she deserved to be beaten.”

12 Avoid words that are highly sexist and offensive to those against whom they are used. Offensive stereotypes such as “all women are gossips” or “women can’t keep secrets” should not be used as they perpetuate negative stereotypes of women.

13 Is your vocabulary gender-sensitive? Your vocabulary and language should be inclusive of women and men, for example:

◦ Instead of ‘businessman’ or ‘businessmen’ use ‘business manager’, ‘executive’, ‘entrepreneur’, ‘business community’, ‘business people’ etc.

◦ Instead of ‘cameraman’ use ‘camera operator’, ‘film-maker’, ‘camera crew’.

◦ Instead of ‘chairman’ use ‘chair’ , ‘chairperson’, or ‘president’.

◦ Instead of ‘fireman’ use ‘fire-fighter’, ‘fire crew’ or ‘fire brigade’.

◦ Instead of ‘policeman’ use ‘police officer’ or ‘police’.

◦ Instead of ‘spokesman’ use ‘spokesperson’ or ‘representative’.

24

Section C: Common challenges in reporting on gender and security

Numerous stories miss the opportunity to create awareness about international resolutions and laws to protect human rights or gender equality. The Global Media Monitoring Project in 20108 found that:

◦ A high proportion of stories reinforce gender stereotypes on peace (64 percent), development (59 percent), conflict (56 percent) and gender-based violence (56 percent).

◦ Forty two percent of the online news stories were found to reinforce gender stereotypes, only four percent challenged them and the majority (54 percent) neither reinforced nor challenged stereotypes.

◦ The greater proportion of news items on important topics appear to be gender-blind. They neither challenge nor reinforce stereotypes. However neutrality perpetuates subtle or unquestioned gender bias and cements discrimination.

◦ Only ten percent of stories quote or refer to relevant local, national, regional or international legal instruments on gender equality and/or human rights.

8 Macharia S, O’Connor D and Ndangam L, Who makes the news? The Global Media Monitoring Project 2010, (World Association for Christian Communication (WACC), 2010). <http://www.whomakesthenews.org/>

Tool 10

25Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 11Media/civil society dialogue session

If any civil society participant has a story they believe will be of interest to the public they should outline it briefly in their group and ask advice on developing it into a newsworthy story.

Civil society participants can also raise questions they have from any previous experience of dealing with the media, both positive and negative. Did they get the action they wanted from the media? Ask the advice of the media about how to do it better in the future.

Similarly, media participants can raise any issues (positive and negative) they have from previous experience of dealing with civil society.

Questions the media could ask civil society:

◦ What issues related to gender and security is your CSO working on?

◦ Do you have any specific events coming up related to gender and SSR?

◦ What are the gender and SSR topics your CSO would like to see covered by the media in Nepal?

◦ Do you have any interesting stories you are keen to get into the media?

◦ Will you be organising any events on gender and SSR that we should cover?

Questions civil society could ask the media:

◦ Describe your publication/newspaper/radio programme/TV programme.

◦ How do you prefer to be contacted? What time of week? What time of day? When is the best time to contact you and when is a bad time? What day of the week gives you best opportunity for getting coverage?

◦ Find out when journalists have their deadlines, when they plan what they will cover and when they like to be contacted. Some radio and television programmes have a forward planning unit you can notify weeks ahead of an upcoming event. Time your events carefully – choose a time likely to get you maximum coverage. If it is a fast-breaking story you want on the television evening news, you must schedule the event for early afternoon at the latest.

◦ How do you prefer to be contacted: e-mail, telephone, press release, Twitter etc?

◦ What type of audience does your outlet/programme attract? (Age group, regional/national or other, stories with a regional bias, stories about older/younger people, rural/urban etc).

◦ What type of stories or ideas would interest you on gender and SSR?

◦ What type of stories are you not interested in?

Once you identify who might be interested in your issue arrange to meet them or to be in contact after the workshop. Editors and journalists are easily approachable, particularly if you offer them something newsworthy.

26

Tool 12Strengthening the gender responsiveness of security agencies in Nepal, policy briefing, 2 March 2011

Acknowledgements

This briefing paper was jointly developed by Antenna Foundation Nepal (AFN), Equal Access Nepal (EAN), Forum for Women Law and Development (FWLD), Institute for Human Rights and Communication Nepal (IHRICON), International Alert and Saferworld, drawing on primary research, analysis of district assessments carried out in Nepal 2009 and previous work of a number of organisations.

The development and production of this brief was made possible by the support of the Embassy of Denmark.

1. Introduction

This policy briefing paper is aimed at policy makers of security agencies to highlight existing challenges faced within Nepali security agencies on gender responsiveness, make recommendations to address the existing gaps identified and strengthen mechanisms for responding better both to the security needs of women in society and also to those of female personnel within security agencies themselves. It draws upon analysis of district assessments carried out in Nepal 2009 by Nepali CSOs, with technical assistance from international organisations9 and previous work of a number of organisations. This is particularly timely given the recent adoption of the NAP on UNSCR 1325 and 1820 by the Cabinet on 1 February 2011, which promotes the participation of women in the prevention and resolution of conflict and peace and security. The recommendations outlined in this paper build upon, are in line with and seek to support the implementation of the NAP.

The brief is prepared in consultation with CSOs and partner international organisations, with the following objectives:

• Toinformpolicy-makersandsecurityagenciesoftheexistinggenderrelatedsecuritysituation and challenges in responding to gender responsiveness within the security sector, and

• Tomakepolicylevelrecommendationsonpriorityissuesofconcern.

Gender equality: The equal representation of men and women in the decision-making, policy and programme development and implementation of programmes.

Gender sensitivity: The consideration of the impact of all policies and programmes on women, men, girls and boys.

Gender responsiveness: Ensuring policies and programmes are both gender sensitive and gender equal (i.e. both of the above).

Sexual and gender-based violence: Violence based on the socially ascribed differences between men and women.

9 The district assessments are done by FWLD and IHRICON with technical support from International Alert, Saferworld, EAN and AFN.

Tool 12

27Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

2. Background

The current gender-related security situation in Nepal

Gender inequality and women’s rights are a significant problem in Nepal, which is one of the few countries in the world where women have a lower life expectancy than men, a direct reflection of the underprivileged status of women. Also as a result of this, women face greater levels of insecurity than men.

In particular, SGBV was identified as a key and growing concern in all districts assessed by the consortium in 200910. SGBV was perceived to be the number one security threat faced by women and cases of rape and other kinds of sexual violence, including marital rape, were mentioned during focus group discussions undertaken as part of this research11. In support of these findings, research undertaken by Saferworld and Interdisciplinary Analysts (IDA) in 2009 found that women perceive themselves to face greater risks of being a victim of crime than do men - identifying SGBV as a particular risk within the household and outside the household after dark, particularly in urban areas12. Research undertaken by Advocacy Forum in the Eastern Terai revealed that marginalised (lower caste) women are more vulnerable to sexual violence, mainly from higher caste men (particularly Brahmin and Yadav) and members of criminal groups operating in the border areas13.

3. Challenges in responding to gender responsiveness within the security sector

Mandates of different security agencies:

• NP:Responsibleforeffectivedeliveryofpublicsecurityandmaintaininglawandorder in society. They are the first point-of-contact for communities to approach when seeking security.

• APF:Originallyestablishedin2001asapara-militaryforcemandatedtocombattheMaoistInsurgency and other issues threatening national security, the APF supplements the role of the NP. With the recent creation of a Special Task Force as an outcome of the Special Security Plan (2009), which seeks to tackle insecurity, particularly in the Terai, the APF is responsible for maintaining border and highway security and combating armed group activities and thus has more interaction with the community than during the conflict.

• NA:ResponsibleforprotectingNepal’snationalintegrityandsovereigntyasdefinedby the Constitution.

10 The Domestic Violence (Offence and Punishment) Act 2009 defines ‘sexual harm/violence’ as “sexual misbehaviour, humiliation, discouragement or harm in self respect of any person; or any other act that hampers safe sexual health”. CEDAW defines ‘gender based violence’ as “a form of discrimination that seriously inhibits women’s ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men.”

11 AFN et al, Security and justice in Nepal, (2010), p8. <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/Security%20and%20justice%20in%20Nepal.pdf>

12 Hiscock D, Sharma S, On track for improved security? A survey tracking changing perceptions of public safety, security and justice provision in Nepal, (Saferworld and IDA, 2009). <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/smartweb/resources/view-resource/394>

13 Pathak K, Massage I, Torture and extra-judicial executions amid widespread violence in the Terai, (Advocacy Forum, 2010), p vii. < http://www.advocacyforum.org/downloads/pdf/terai-report-english.pdf>

28

3.1 Challenges in responding to insecurity faced by women in society:

The capacity of security institutions that are responsible for providing security to communities (i.e. the NP and APF) to respond to security concerns experienced by women and SGBV cases in particular, is weak. This can be attributed to a number of factors:

• Under-representationofwomeninsecurityagencies.Therepresentationofwomeninsecurity agencies is particularly important in terms of ensuring that security agencies are inclusive, transparent, accountable, in line with international best practice and are able to respond adequately to crimes and disputes involving women, particularly SGBV. Recent estimates however suggest that women comprise approximately seven percent of the NP, and two percent of the NA14. The district assessments undertaken by project partners in 2009 identified that there were only six female police officers out of a total of 224 in Jumla district and no female staff in Siraha District Court15. Under-representation of women is largely attributed to the difficulties faced in recruiting qualified women in security agencies. Security agency personnel reported that they faced challenges in recruiting women, because qualified women are often more attracted to better paid work in other sectors and overseas16.

• WeakcapacitiesforrespondingtoSGBVandothercasesinvolvingwomen.Districtassessments on security and justice undertaken by the consortium in 200917 identified a number of cases reported by community members where police did not have the capacity or skills to respond to criminal SGBV cases and instead referred these cases to NGOs or community groups to deal with18. Research undertaken in three districts by International Alert and Shanti Malika in 2010, found that many women police constables (WPCs) are unable to provide adequate services to those who need them, despite female personnel being more accepted within Nepali culture to respond to SGBV cases and other cases involving women. Although staff receive some training, they remain acutely under qualified to deal with SGBV cases, particularly rape. The under-representation of women in higher-ranking and specialist positions has exacerbated this capacity gap, As provided for in the Domestic Violence Act (2009), police are now required to strengthen their capacity to mediate SGBV and domestic violence cases.

• Inadequateresourcesexacerbatechallengesfacedbysecurityagenciesinaddressingcases involving women. Women and Children Service Centres19 – which play a central role in responding to cases involving women, including SGBV – are under-resourced and under-represented. There are no resources currently available for improving their capacities and those that do exist with limited resources suffer from many constraints such as a lack of telephones, furniture, space for interviewing women individually and temporarily housing for women suffering from and at risk of further violence20. WPCs too suffer from similar resource constraints21. Moreover, district assessments on

14 Key informant interviews were conducted with high-raking personnel in the NP and NA in July 2010, as part of research for Common Ground? Gendered Assessment of the Needs and Concerns of Maoist Army Combatants for Integration and Rehabilitation, (Saferworld, 2010).

15 Op cit AFN, p36. 16 Key informant Interviews taken with high-raking personnel in the NP and NA in July 2010 as part of research

for Common Ground? Gendered Assessment of the Needs and Concerns of Maoist Army Combatants for Integration and Rehabilitation, (Saferworld, 2010).

17 Op cit AFN, p8. 18 Mapping of Informal Justice Mechanisms in Nepal, (Saferworld 2010), (internal document). 19 Established in 1983 and currently operating in all districts.20 Key informant Interviews taken with high-raking personnel in the NP and NA in July 2010 as part of

research for Dalrymple S, Common ground? Gendered assessment of the needs and concerns of Maoist Army combatants for integration and rehabilitation, (Saferworld, 2010). <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/Common%20ground_%20LR.pdf>

Tool 12

29Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

security and justice undertaken by the consortium in 2009 found that women in rural areas walk a number of days to reach police services22.

• Exclusionofwomenfromsecurity-relatedpolicymaking.Decisionmakingaroundthe development and implementation of national security-related policies (such as the National Security Strategy and Special Security Plan (2009), undermines the effectiveness of security agencies in responding to the security needs of women. Women do not generally hold senior level positions in the ministries or committees responsible for developing security-related policies, such as the MoHA and the Ministry of Law and Justice (MoLJ).

3.2 Challenges faced by female personnel in security agencies

All security agencies struggle to recruit enough women into their ranks. In the case of the NP, even when there are sufficient female personnel, these personnel are often not sent to district postings, due to a lack of adequate infrastructure. The following are the key challenges that female personnel face on entering security agencies and attaining senior positions:

• Weakinfrastructureforwomeninsecurityagencies.Womeninsecurityagencieshaveidentified the lack of separate facilities for female personnel, such as washing and sleeping facilities and toilet facilities for female Traffic Police, as a key issue undermining the recruitment and promotion of women in security agencies and their human rights. Lighting facilities in barracks were also identified as a key issue, because they are perceived necessary to prevent cases of SGBV within security agencies.

• Publicandculturalattitudestowardswomenwithinsecurityagencies.Negativesocietaland cultural attitudes towards women’s participation in security agencies undermine the recruitment and equal participation of women in security agencies. Linked to culturally defined gender roles, it is widely believed that women should be the key providers for their husbands and children and not in employment, particularly that which involves them working alone with male personnel. Disrespect from community members towards female security agency personnel when they are sent to investigate a case undermines their authority and ability to carry out their responsibilities effectively23.

• Attitudestowardswomenandcasesinvolvingwomenwithinsecurityagencies.Womenwithin security agencies also specified that they face gender-based discrimination from colleagues, which undermines their opportunities for promotion and their ability to carry out their duties effectively24. An extreme example is the case of Suntali Dhami, a female police personnel who was raped by her colleagues while working in the District Police Office in, Achham on September 27, 200925. What is more, cases involving women, such as SGBV, are often seen as ‘petty’ cases by police personnel26.

• PoorservicesforaddressingcasesofSGBVwithinsecurityagencies.Womenwithinall security agencies highlighted the need for new mechanisms to be established for responding to incidents and reducing the vulnerability of women within security agencies to SGBV. It was felt that adequate mechanisms for this purpose do not exist,

21 Onslow C, Breaking patterns of sexual and gender based violence: Security and justice provision in post-conflict Nepal, (International Alert , 2010). < http://www.international-alert.org/sites/default/files/publications/1211IFPnepalgender_2.pdf>

22 Op cit AFN, p8.23 Key informant interviews undertaken by Saferworld in 2011, as part of research in preparation for a

docudrama on gender and security in Dhanusha, Kaski and Doti.24 ibid25 ‘Achham case: Rape by own colleagues’, Article from Kathmandu Post, 11 January, 2010 (Kathmandu, Nepal, 2010).26 op cit Onslow.

30

although efforts have begun to be made, for example the recent establishment of Women’s Cells in the NA27. Women and Children Service Centres in the NP focus on addressing cases of women from society and do not address internal SGBV cases against female police personnel.

The GoN is accountable, as a member state of the United Nations (UN) and as a party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW, to UNSCRs 132528, 182029, 188830 and 188931. The Government is therefore responsible for strengthening the gender-responsiveness of security agencies and security provision. There is some progress being made with developing the NAP on gender based violence (GBV) (2010) and the provision of a toll free number - 1111 - for complaints against any GBV to the Prime Minister’s office. The Government also recently passed a NAP on UNSCR 1325 and 1820 (February 2011), while the 2009 Domestic Violence Act (2009) stipulates that the police are required to respond to cases of domestic violence within 30 days. The GoN also declared 2010 the ‘Year against Gender Based Violence’32. However, there is currently limited action at local and national level to ensure that public security policy and programming is accountable to these resolutions, legislation and commitments and inclusive of both women and men. Increased capacity and political will is required.

Current efforts and achievements in strengthening gender responsiveness within security agencies

NP: The NP are currently undergoing a thorough review of gender throughout the institution and taking significant steps to strengthen gender responsiveness. A process for reviewing the gender policy, as part of the broader Police Act (1956), is underway. Recent steps have been undertaken to revise recruitment policies so as to strengthen the representation of women and other marginalised groups in all departments and structures of the NP, based on a quota system and open competition. In addition, the NP has been working with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) since mid-2010 to develop plans for strengthening the capacity of personnel in all departments to respond to gender-related issues, including SGBV, through training and to strengthen gender aspects of induction training. The NP is also making plans for the expansion of the Women and Children Service Centres to all districts, although this is dependent upon accessing additional resources.

APF: The APF are also currently reviewing their gender and recruitment policies and drawing lessons from a similar process to that being undertaken by the NP. Discussions are ongoing regarding strengthening and mainstreaming gender responsiveness, although little progress has been made to date.

NA: The NA has recently reviewed and amended recruitment policies to encourage the participation of women and other marginalised groups based on a quota system (45 percent,

27 Key informant interviews conducted with high-raking personnel in the NP and NA in July 2010, as part of research, op cit Dalrymple.

28 UNSCR 1325 calls for the integration of a gender perspective in all aspects of conflict prevention, resolution, peacebuilding and post-conflict resolution.

29 UNSCR 1820 calls for UN-led SSR or DDR activities to explicitly include consultations with women’s organisations.

30 UNSCR 1888 addresses the need to end sexual violence against women in conflict-affected countries.31 UNSCR 1889 calls for measures to improve women’s participation during all stages of peace processes, particularly

in conflict resolution, post-conflict planning and peacebuilding, including through gender mainstreaming.32 GoN, National Plan of Action Against Gender Based Violence, (2009). <http://webapps01.un.org/

vawdatabase/uploads/National%20Plan%20of%20Action%20for%20Year%20Against%20Gender%20Based%20Violence%20-%202010.pdf>

Tool 12

31Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

of which 20 percent are to be women) and open competition (55 percent). A strategic plan has been developed for increasing the percentage of women in the NA over a number of years, particularly in combat roles. Discussions are also currently being held regarding the establishment of women’s cells in at least 20 locations across Nepal for responding to SGBV cases occurring within the NA, although additional resources are required to support this. In addition, the MoD has recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the United Nations Fund for Children (UNICEF) to build the capacity of personnel within the Peacekeeping and Training departments of the NA to respond to internal SGBV and HIV/AIDS cases through a series of training events. A code of conduct was developed in 2010 for all personnel, to prevent SGBV within the NA. Women in the NA are also encouraged to, and are participating in, UN peacekeeping missions to strengthen their capacity.

4. Recommendations for further strengthening gender responsiveness

4.1 To the GoN:

The following recommendations relate specifically to the MoHA, the MoD, the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare (MoWCSW) and the MoLJ.

Increase the participation of women in decision making on justice and security sector reform issues. This will include reaching out to informed sectors of civil society, such as women’s networks and women’s rights organisations, to share information on the security needs of women and to engage these sectors in consultations around policy-making processes. This could also be done through training to enhance the capacities of women to hold decision making positions within the government and by creating an environment for the meaningful participation of women in decision making roles, through the provision of training and awareness-raising events for male staff on the importance of having women in senior positions.

Ensure that budget allocations for security providers reflect government priorities and commitments. Political leaders have voiced the commitment of the GoN to reduce SGBV and VAW, mainstream gender throughout security provision and improve responses to these widespread crimes. The MoHA and MoD should ensure budgets allocated to security providers contain protected funds for the activities, infrastructure and personnel that will contribute to an improvement in the way security providers respond to the security needs of women.

4.2 To the NP:

Increase the number of female personnel overall and the number of female officers in senior positions. This will include reaching out to the public to change existing attitudes towards women in the NP. This can be done through raising communal awareness on the important and necessary role women play in the provision of security, particularly in terms of responding to cases involving women and SGBV. It will also include encouraging the recruitment of women into the NP by conducting outreach to schools and universities to attract female graduates. This could be done by senior female police officers sharing their positive experiences of being a part of the NP.

Strengthen police responses to cases involving women, particularly SGBV. This should include delivering training to all ranks and within all departments on integrating gender

32

across the institution to respond to SGBV cases and other cases involving women. It should also include work with local CSOs and government bodies (such as the Women’s Development Office) to ensure stronger, more co-ordinated responses to SGBV. Finally, the NP should develop indicators for measuring the progress in strengthening gender responsiveness in cross-organisational strategic planning processes and the development of monitoring and evaluation frameworks, currently being created by the NP.

Establish and strengthen Women and Children Service Centres for responding to SGBV cases and other types of cases involving women. Women and Children Service Centres should be established in all districts. These should maintain victim anonymity and tackle reported cases of sexual, physical and psychological harassment, rape and other abuse. Provision of medical services, trauma counselling services and legal services for complaint procedures should be made available through these centres. In order to reach women and children in rural areas, these structures should be decentralised further to the village development committee (VDC) level and/or adequate referral systems established to enable victims/survivors of SGBV to also access services provided by other actors, such as civil society. WPCs should be headed by a female police officer, of Assistant Sub-Inspector rank or above. The MoHA and the international community should provide additional funds for this purpose.

4.3 To the APF:

The recommendations provided to the NP also largely apply to the APF. In addition, as a new organisation, the APF have the opportunity to establish comprehensive structures for mainstreaming gender across all aspects of the institution.

Develop and implement a comprehensive gender policy, which includes:

• Equalopportunitiesfortrainingandpromotiontoallpositions.Revisionstorecruitment policies currently taking place should include provision for quotas for allocating one-third of positions across all ranks to women.

• Approvedproceduresforaddressingreproductivehealthissues,intermsofmedicaltreatment and arrangements for leave, adequate maternity and paternity cover and guarantees of the continuation of appropriate duties during and after pregnancy.

• Acodeofconductwhichreferstorequirementstoadheretotheprinciplesofgenderequality and non-discrimination, a disciplinary code which proscribes discrimination, intimidation and VAW (and others) and a mechanism to ensure compliance with these aspects of the disciplinary code.

Provide training to personnel in all departments and ranks, to strengthen gender responsiveness at institutional and operational levels. In particular, the training should focus on awareness of SGBV and its impact on individuals, families and the community; the role women play in supporting effective security provision; UNSCRs 1325, 1820, 1888 and 1889 and the NAPs on 1325, 1820 and GBV. Follow-up training should be implemented on a regular basis and efforts should be made to apply knowledge generated through this training into practise. The APF and the international community should provide additional funds for this purpose.

Tool 12

33Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

4.4 To the NA:

Develop and implement a comprehensive gender policy which includes:

• Equalopportunitiesfortrainingandpromotioninallpositions,includingcombatroles.Approved procedures for addressing reproductive health issues in terms of medical treatment and arrangements for leave, adequate maternity and paternity cover and guarantees of the continuation of appropriate duties during and after pregnancy. The policy of not recruiting married women into the NA should be abandoned.

• Acodeofconductwhichreferstorequirementstoadheretotheprinciplesofgenderequality and non-discrimination, a disciplinary code which proscribes discrimination, intimidation and VAW (and others) and a mechanism to ensure compliance with these aspects of the disciplinary code.

Strengthen the focus and reach of gender responsiveness training: Training being conducted in collaboration with UNICEF for the Peacekeeping and Training departments on preventing and responding to SGBV and HIV/AIDS and awareness raising on international human rights standards and resolutions (including UNSCR 1325 and 1820) are a positive step. These training events should be rolled out to all departments and ranks. In addition, training should be provided to all departments and ranks on mainstreaming gender responsiveness across the institution, which is broader than SGBV. The MoD and the international community should provide funds for the training activities identified.

Make infrastructural and logistical provisions to provide women with separate services such as toilets, sleeping and washing facilities and lighting in barracks to reduce their vulnerability to SGBV and to strengthen the recruitment of women, as well as to better enforce respect for human rights. The Government (particularly the MoD) and the international community should allocate fund specifically for these purposes.

34

Tool 13Interview with Deputy Superintendent of NP stationed in Gorkha

Excerpts from an interview in 2008, between Mikel Dunham and Deputy Superintendent Police Chief Gita Upreti, the DSP of Gorkha, the only woman to hold this position in all 75 districts in Nepal33.

MD: “When did you join the police?”

GU: “After college. There were very few women in the police force at that time. You could count them on one hand. That was the beginning of my career. It was very unusual for the people to see a woman in a police uniform. When we passed down the road all the guys would stare at us.”

MD: “Was it the fact that you were wearing trousers?”

GU: “That uniform was similar to the one I’m wearing now. It was not accepted. People wondered if we would be able to provide quality service. They doubted a woman’s abilities.”

MD: “Within the force, how did the men treat you?”

GU: “There were two aspects of acceptance: One was within the police force and one was outside, within society. Both groups doubted our abilities.

“In terms of women being given responsibilities, the police force didn’t trust our abilities. They wanted to show society that they had hired women and they could do anything, but in reality, the police force was not giving us the responsibility that would prove that we could do anything.”

MD: “They didn’t want to take a chance on you?”

GU: “That’s right. After a long, long time I was given the opportunity to become District Chief of Gorkha. They should have given this to me earlier. My male peers got the same promotion much earlier in their careers. The leaders are still hesitant to give women positions of higher responsibility and opportunity.”

MD: “How many district chiefs are women?”

GU: “In the 75 districts, I’m the only one.”

MD: “Has the situation improved now, when younger women enter the police force?”

GU: “Yes. For one thing there are a lot more women coming in. We need to bring women into the decision making levels. If the Government wants to hire more women in the police, they should develop an inclusive system based on sex, caste, religion and so on. Right now we don’t have that particular system. And that should be implemented as early as possible.

“I hope there will be some change from the grassroot level up. There has to be specific

33 Dunham M, Women in Nepal update: Interview with DS Police Chief Gita Upreti, (14 October 2008). <http://www.mikeldunham.blogs.com/mikeldunham/2008/10/update-on-nepali-womens-issues-interview-with-ds-police-chief-gita-upreti.html>

Tool 13

35Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

criteria, special protection and inclusion to bring more women into the police force. We have 57,000 personnel in the police force, nation-wide. Within that group there are only 2,000 women in the force.”

MD: “Are they all in the lower ranks?”

GU: “Yes.”

MD: “Another problem in Nepal, relating to women, is the sex trade: abductions of girls. Nepal has a tragic number of girls that are trafficked each year.”

GITA: “Yes. I used to be in charge at the headquarters of the Women and Children Service Centre in Kathmandu. I have lots of experience – twelve years – working with women and children issues. At that time, my job was to train women police officers and work as an investigator on women’s cases and trafficking prevention. The Women and Children Service Centre helped in the investigation process.

“Also we established many small units along the Indian border where women would stop young girls attempting to cross and ask them where they were going and who they were with. It was intervention, but it also helped us to identify pimps. Sometimes we worked hand in hand with other organisations like Maiti Nepal.

“And now we have ex-sex workers who work at the borders – women who know what’s going on – who intervene with innocent girls and identify traffickers, so that we, the police, can arrest them. This network between the police and women’s organisations continues to grow. And we need that growth because the Nepali border is so porous. We have sectors that are controlled but we can’t possible seal off the entire border.”

MD: “From a judicial standpoint, what laws are in place to punish traffickers apprehended in Nepal?”

GU: “Based on the severity of the crime, traffickers will be imprisoned from five to 20 years. At this time 42 percent of the traffickers tried in court go on to serve time in prison. The percentage is improving because of our improved ability to get women to come forward with evidence.

“Women are hesitant to talk to male police. But what has happened is, with the advent of the Women and Children Centre, we have women who are trained in counselling, who are sensitised and are, at the same time, well trained in investigative techniques. That is making a big difference. The victims find it much easier to speak to women police, to talk about the ugly details, what happened to them after they were abducted and mistreated. Now, violated women are coming forward and registering complaints. In front of male police, it’s too hard to talk. Men don’t understand as well how painful and traumatic the sex-worker experience really is to women, and sometimes men even suspect that it was the girl’s fault for being lured by the pimps.”

MD: “What about domestic abuse in Nepal? Are the police improving their ability to address spousal abuse and rape?”

GU: “The Women and Children Service Centre has also worked in this area and with good results. But when we first began working with domestic violence, people said, ‘What the hell are you doing?! It’s not a matter for the police. It’s not a crime!’ They were so much intimidated! They regarded domestic violence as a private issue, not a social concern.

36

In the beginning, very few abused women came to the centre and when they did, they were very shy and quiet, not sure what to do. They would only talk if they were taken to a separate room where no one could hear what they wanted to report. So I would tell them, ‘You can tell me whatever you want. There is nothing you can’t tell me about what has happened – both inside and outside. You are safe here.’

“But it was hard to convince the victims at first. Again, I was fighting two kinds of resistance; resistance from within the police system itself and resistance from outside society. Day by day, the number of women coming in increased. Now there are more than a thousand cases reported each year. Now women are beginning to feel that they have access to justice.

“We also co-ordinate with other organisations to support our efforts. These cases can’t be dealt with in isolation, with only the police involved. We need a lot of outside support: medical, moral, financial, legal support.”

MD: “Getting back to you and your career: How hard has it been to rise through the ranks of the police force.”

GU: “It’s been a really challenging job. Women in a police uniform must always stay on the right track. We are always being watched, our every move scrutinised, monitored. Even the most basic daily activities are monitored.

“And if you are talking about the police force: don’t just promote women, give them the responsibility that goes with the promotion. That is an issue that has to be evaluated. If we are given a promotion, we expect added responsibility. Otherwise the promotion is empty.”

Tool 13

37Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 14The inclusion of women in rehabilitation and integration

Definition of female beneficiaries

Section A: How have women been excluded from rehabilitation and integration to date?

• TherearenowomenpresentontheSpecialCommitteefortheSupervision,Integration and Rehabilitation of Maoist Army combatants, which, from January 2011, is responsible for the management of Maoist Army combatants and overseeing their rehabilitation and integration.

• NoformalprofilingofMaoistArmycombatantshasbeenundertaken.Thisisnecessary for acquiring information on where female and male combatants are from, their age, ethnic group, caste, life experiences, healthcare needs, educational qualifications, skills, capacities and psychosocial needs. The scope for ensuring gender-sensitive rehabilitation and integration is therefore limited.

• ResearchundertakenbySaferworldontheneedsandconcernsoffemaleandmaleMaoist Army combatants, for integration and rehabilitation, found that 80 percent of current combatants believe former women combatants would face more difficulties in returning to society than men35. This concern is validated by the experience of the discharged female combatants36 who have already returned to society. As a result of

1. Female combatants

Women and girls who have participated in armed conflicts as active combatants, using arms.

2. Female supporters / females associated with armed forces and groups

Women and girls who have participated in armed conflicts in supportive roles, whether

by force or voluntarily. Rather than being members of a civilian community, they are

economically and socially dependent on the armed force or group for their income and

social support (examples: porter, cook, nurse, spy, administrator, translator, radio

operator, medical assistant, public information officer, camp leader, sex worker/slave.

3. Female dependents

Women and girls who are part of ex-combatants’ households. They are mainly socially

and financially dependent on ex-combatants, although they may also have kept

community ties (examples: wives/war wives, children, mothers/parents, female siblings

and female members of the extended family)34

34 UN DDR Resource Centre, ‘Chapter 5.10: Women, Gender and DDR’, in Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards (IDDRS), (UN, 01 August 2006). <http://www.unddr.org/iddrs/05/>

35 op cit Dalrymple.36 Discharged combatants refers to the 4,008 late recruits and minors who had failed to meet the criteria

established by the UN Mission in Nepal.

38

inter-caste marriages (common within the Maoist Army, but not accepted by wider society) and the perpetuation of the myth that ex-female combatants are promiscuous and aggressive, many female ex-combatants have been rejected from their husband’s families and communities. In some cases this has led to female ex-combatants leaving (often with their children), to find work in the sex industry in India, thus heightening their vulnerability and the isolation of ex-combatants within society37.

• Participationofwomenintheinitialstagesofthedischargedrehabilitationprogramme is being co-ordinated by the United Nations Integrated Rehabilitation Programme (UNIRP), established in February 2010. Gender was initially excluded from the programme in the following ways38:

◦ The absence of a socio-economic profiling exercise and therefore comprehensive gender-sensitive programming in the initial stages of the programme design and implementation undermined the ability of UNIRP to ensure that the different needs and priorities of men and women in the rehabilitation process were identified and addressed.

◦ The information leaflets on the programme provided to combatants during the discharge ceremony did not provide adequate information on the different options and support available to women, including provisions for supporting dependents while participating in training and accessing family allowances.

◦ The lack of family allowances and need to travel long distances from home to participate in training is a primary reason why many women were unable to participate in the packages. They emphasised the importance of increasing the monthly stipend for single women with children and discharged married couples with children to include adequate costs for travel to training centres, accommodation, childcare and subsistence for all dependents.

Case study example of women being excluded from a disarmament, demobilisation and reintegra-tion process (DDR) (referred to as ‘rehabilitation and integration’ in Nepal), Liberia, 2004:

• Fromtheoutset,theDDRplaninLiberiaanticipatedspecialarrangementsforfemalecombatants. These included separate interim care centres in the cantonment sites where women receive special assistance in such areas as reproductive health, counselling, training on women’s human rights and sexual trauma support.

• TherewasnotenoughhighlevelpoliticalsupporttomakesurethatDDRstafffollowedthe UN’s DDR Standards and involved women ex-combatants in the planning and implementation. Women were often reluctant to identify themselves as fighters, or as being associated with the fighting forces, out of fear of being stigmatised, which played a much greater role for girls and women than for boys and men. These factors and others, including fear of reprisals from former male commanders and a lack of childcare facilities or the option of evening classes, discouraged women and girls from participating fully in the DDR programmes and has hampered further reintegration into civilian life.

Section B: Why is it important for rehabilitation and integration to include women?

The UN Peacekeeping Operations Gender Resource Package states: “By overlooking those who do not fit the category of a ‘male, able-bodied combatant’, i.e. women ex-combatants, DDR activities are not only less efficient but run the risk of reinforcing existing gender inequalities in local communities and exacerbating economic hardship for women and

37 op cit Dalrymple.38 op cit Dalrymple.

Tool 14

39Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

girls participating in armed groups and forces. Some of them may have unresolved trauma due to violence experienced during the conflict. Such conditions are fertile ground for re-recruitment into armed groups and forces; together with the presence of small arms, these factors undermine the peace-building potential of DDR processes.”

Gender sensitivity is critical to the success of rehabilitation and integration processes and is key to implementing international and national policies and resolutions that the GoN is committed to, including the following:

• UNSCR1325,whichstatesinparagraph13that:“allthoseinvolvedintheplanningfor disarmament, demobilization and reintegration [are] to consider the different needs of female and male ex-combatants and to take into account the needs of their dependants.”

• Therecently-endorsedNAPon1325and1820,whichmakesprovisionsfortheinclusion of gender in rehabilitation processes under the Relief and Recovery pillar on Relief and Recovery. See Tool 16: DRAFT Copy of Relevant Parts of the Nepal NAP on UNSCRs 1325 and 1820.

• Increasedrehabilitationassistancetowomencombatantsinthetransitionfromtheircombatant role to civilian life.

The fact that the GoN has committed to a gender sensitive rehabilitation and integration process is highly positive. There are numerous reasons why the specific needs of women must be taken into account, including the following:

• Formerwomencombatantsfacethesamechallengesasmalesinfindinganewlivelihood, education and training opportunities in the civilian world. Neglecting this need risks putting former women combatants and their children into a vulnerable position with limited means of economic support and possibilities for social reintegration.

• Failingtoassistformerwomencombatantsfindanalternativemeansofsupportleaves them at greater vulnerability to engaging in high-risk livelihoods such as prostitution.

• Includingwomenandutilisingtheirpeacebuildingandcooperativecapacitiesmay help to reduce some of the tensions and conflicts that are inherent to many rehabilitation and integration processes.

• Formerwomencombatantsarefrequentlyresponsibleforpeopleotherthanthemselves. They often find themselves heads of households and solely responsible for providing their children with upkeep and education, or responsible for financially supporting disabled members of the family, including husbands and family members injured during violent conflict.

• Globally,anincreaseindomesticviolencebyformermalecombatantshasoftenbeen observed as they can perceive that their traditional gender role as bread winner has been replaced by women. It is impossible to address issues regarding the rehabilitation of female ex-combatants without paying attention to how men’s experiences and expectations also shape gender relations. One of the challenges is to design rehabilitation and integration processes for men in such a way that they will learn to resolve interpersonal conflicts without using violence to do so. This will increase the security of their families and broader communities.

40

Section C: What steps should be undertaken to ensure that gender is mainstreamed into the rehabilitation and integration processes?

General

• Consultationswithcurrentcombatantsontheirneedsandconcernsforrehabilitationand integration and a socio-economic profiling of female and male Maoist Army combatants should be undertaken, to ensure that their needs and concerns are responded to equally.

Integration

• Conducttrainingongendersensitivityforsecurityagencies.

• Establishof‘gendercells’insecurityagenciestoreducetheriskofandrespondtoSGBV in security agencies.

• Ensureequalopportunitiesfortraining,rankallocationandpromotionofmaleandfemale personnel in security agencies.

• Introduceapprovedproceduresforaddressingreproductivehealthissuesinsecurityagencies in terms of medical treatment and arrangements for leave, adequate maternity and paternity cover.

• Makeinfrastructuralandlogisticalprovisionsinsecurityagenciestoreducethevulnerability of women and improve the general working environment, including separate washing, sleeping and toilet facilities for women.

• Providesupporttodependentsofsingleandmarriedpersonnelwithinsecurityagencies, particularly those who are barracked or residing in remote locations.

Rehabilitation

• Providevocationaltrainingoptions,aspartoftherehabilitationprogramme,thatarein line with opportunities identified through a national and local labour market needs assessment and, where possible, in professions acceptable to both male and female current combatants.

• Consultwithcommunitiesthatex-combatantsarelikelytoreturnto,inordertoidentify the different social, economic, political, environment and security needs and views and concerns regarding the rehabilitation of men and women in the community. These concerns and needs must also be responded to in the rehabilitation process, through a community approach.

• Providesocialisationandorientationtrainingaspartoftherehabilitationprogrammefor all returning male and female former combatants, to help prepare them mentally for their return and build their capacity to take a proactive and leading role in promoting social cohesion and gaining acceptance into the community.

• Establishmechanismsaspartoftherehabilitationprogrammetosupportsinglefemale ex-combatants with children or married ex-combatants in accessing economic rehabilitation options – for example childcare centres, family allowances and transportation costs for relocating to areas where training activities are offered.

• Establishmechanismstosupportallreturningfemaleandmaleex-combatants(aswellasthose entering into state security agencies) to apply for birth, citizen and marriage certificates.

• Provideindividualandgrouppsychosocialtraumacounsellingformenandwomenincommunities and former male and female combatants as part of the rehabilitation programme.

Tool 14

41Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

• Strengthenlocalhealthservicesinareasthatex-combatantsaremostlikelytoreturnto, in order to respond to the health care needs of male and female ex-combatants identified (ideally) through a socio-economic profiling exercise.

• Developandimplementacommunicationstrategyaspartoftherehabilitationprogramme, advocating for the rights of women, reducing stigma about female ex-combatants being promiscuous and aggressive and sensitising others, particularly in the communities that ex-combatants are most likely to return to, on the specific needs of female ex-combatants.

• Undertakeeffortstocommunicateefficientlyandindividuallywithmaleandfemaleex-combatants on the options available to them through the rehabilitation packages.

• Establishoutreachandtargetedcommunicationforwomen,women’sgroupsanddependents as part of the rehabilitation programme, in order to fill the information gap and strengthen the uptake of rehabilitation packages by women.

• Ensureagender-sensitiveapproachtorehabilitationisunderstoodbyallstakeholders and receives the necessary political, financial and logistical support.

Case study of women playing a positive role in DDR in Eritrea, 2002:

• AfteraceasefireinthewarsbetweenEthiopiaandEritrea,manyEritreanwomenex-fighters found they were unfairly denied employment opportunities because of prejudice about their military past and gender. Many were unskilled and had been unable to complete their schooling because of the war.

• Inresponse,1,000femaleex-combatantswhohadfoughtintheconflictcametogether and pooled the one-off lump sum of money each had been given as part of the DDR programme. They invested it in their own company; the BANA Share Company. The main objective of the company was to provide secure employment for all its members. BANA provided training courses for members, mainly in the field of self-employment. Women were trained in truck driving, carpentry, fish-processing, information technology and the construction trade. BANA established its own a fish-market and a woodwork factory exporting furniture to South Korea.

42

Tool 15Summary of relevant gender and security-related international resolutions and conventions

1. International policies and resolutions

1.1 UNSCR 1325 (2000)

• UNSCR1325waspassedon31October2000.ItisthefirstresolutioneverpassedbytheUN Security Council to address specifically the impact of conflict on women, the protection of women in war and women’s contributions to conflict resolution and sustainable peace.

See <www.womenwarpeace.org/toolbox/toolbox.htm> for more details.

• UNSCR1325isan18-pointdocumentfocusingonfourinter-relatedthematicareas:

1 The participation of women at all decision making levels and in peace processes;

2 The inclusion of gender training in peacekeeping operations;

3 The protection of the rights of girls and women, and

4 The mainstreaming of those rights in UN reporting and implementation systems.

• UNSCR1325providesaplatformforcivilsocietytodemandaccountabilityfromtheirgovernments for the mainstreaming of gender into conflict resolution, peacebuilding and security.

• UNSCR1325callsfor:

• Ensuringequalparticipationofwomenandmenatalldecisionmakinglevelsinthe prevention, management and resolution of conflict;

• Includingcivilsocietygroupsinpeaceprocesses,SSRandintheimplementation of peace agreements;

• Supportingwomen’slocalpeaceinitiatives;

• Increasingtheparticipationofwomenatalldecisionmakinglevelsinnational,regional and international institutions and mechanisms for the prevention, management and resolution of conflict;

• Implementinginternationalhumanitarianandhumanrightslawprotectingtherights of women and girls during and after conflict;

• Mainstreamingagenderperspectiveintoallpeaceandsecuritypoliciesand practices, including support for displaced people and Peace Support Operations;

• Improvedprotectionofwomeninconflictzones;

• Protectionoftherespectforhumanrightsofwomenandgirls,particularlyas they relate to the constitution, the electoral system, the police and the judiciary, and

• Encouragementofallthoseinvolvedintheplanningfordisarmament,demobilisation and integration to consider the different needs of female and male ex-combatants.

Tool 15

43Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

1.2 UNSCRs 1820, 1888, 1889 and 1960

UNSCRs 1820, 1888 and 1889 are sister resolutions to UNSCR 1325 and compliment and build upon the provisions made on women, peace and security in UNSCR 1325:

• UNSCR1820(2008)

• Endimpunityandprosecutethoseresponsibleforcrimesagainsthumanityandwar crimes, including those relating to sexual violence against women and girls.

• UNSCR1820condemnstheuseofrapeandotherformsofsexualviolenceinconflict situations, stating that rape can constitute a war crime, a crime against humanity, or a constitutive act with respect to genocide. The resolution calls on Member States to comply with their obligations to prosecute the perpetrators of sexual violence, to ensure that all victims of sexual violence have equal protection under the law and equal access to justice and to end impunity for sexual violence.

• UNSCR1888(2009)

• UNSCR1888buildsonUNSCR1820andrequeststheUNSecretaryGeneraltorapidly deploy a team of experts to situations of particular concern regarding sexual violence. The resolution further calls for the appointment of a special representative to lead efforts to end conflict-related sexual violence against women and children and to include information about the prevalence of sexual violence in reports by UN peacekeeping missions to the Security Council.

• In2010,MargaretaWallströmwasappointedUNSpecialRepresentativeonSexualViolence in Conflict. Margareta Wallström stated that “long after the guns fall silent, the consequences of rape remain.” She emphasised the imperative to ensure conflict-related sexual violence no longer goes unreported, unaddressed or unpunished.

• UNSCR1889(2009)

• UNSCR1889reaffirmstheprovisionsofUNSCR1325,stressingtheneedforMember States to effectively implement it. UNSCR 1889 also calls on the Secretary General to develop a strategy, including through appropriate training, to increase the number of women appointed to pursue good offices on his behalf and to submit within six months a set of indicators to track implementation of the resolution.

• UNSCR1960(2010)

• UNSCR1960establishesinstitutionaltoolstocombatimpunityandoutlinesspecific steps needed for both the prevention of and protection from sexual violence in conflict.

All the resolutions listed above share the following principles on gender and security, peace and conflict. They:

1 Demand women’s participation in decision making at all levels.

2 Reject VAW because it impedes the advancement of women and maintains their subordinate status.

3 Demand equality of women and men under the law; protection of women and girls through the rule of law.

4 Demand that security agencies and systems to protect women and girls from SGBV.

5 Recognise that the distinct experiences and burdens of women and girls come

44

from systemic discrimination.

6 Demand that women’s experiences, needs and perspectives are incorporated into the political, legal and social policies that determine the achievement of a just and lasting peace.

1.3 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (1948)

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) states that each individual should enjoy his/her freedoms and rights “without distinction of any kind” (article 2) and that “all are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law” (article 7).

1.4 CEDAW

CEDAW was adopted in 1979 by the UNGA. The Convention further emphasises the equality of men and women and their equal entitlement to fundamental freedoms and human rights (article 1). Based on these premises the Convention holds state parties responsible for the adoption of appropriate legislation and other measures, such as repealing discriminatory national penal provisions. It also highlights women’s right “to participate in the formulation of government policy and implementation thereof and to hold public office and perform all public functions at all levels of government” (article 7 b). Equal employment opportunities and remuneration are also among the commitments made in the Convention.

1.5 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) adopted by the UNGA

• Thisisthefirstinternationalhumanrightsinstrumenttoexclusivelyandexplicitlyaddress the issue of VAW.

• ItaffirmsthatVAWviolates,impairsornullifieswomen’shumanrightsandtheirexercise of fundamental freedoms.

• Untilthisinstrumentwaspassed,governmentstendedtoregardVAWlargelyasaprivate matter between individuals and not as a pervasive human rights problem requiring state intervention.

• TheDeclarationprovidesadefinitionofgender-basedabuseas“anyactofgender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life”.

• ThedefinitionisamplifiedinArticle2oftheDeclaration,whichidentifiesthreeareasin which violence commonly takes place:

◦ Physical, sexual and psychological violence that occurs in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation;

◦ Physical, sexual and psychological violence that occurs within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution, and

Tool 15

45Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

◦ Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the state, wherever it occurs.

1.6 The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995)

The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action was adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women as an instrument for implementing commitments made under CEDAW. It focuses explicitly on 12 areas of concern and demands a gender balance in international judicial bodies and gender-sensitivity training for peacekeepers39. In 2005 the Commission on the Status of Women (Beijing+10) was convened to review progress on the 12 areas of concern and the broader implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action. Further commitments to the implementation of the platform were made and the need to generate broader international support was recognised.

1.7 The Commission on Human Rights (adopted resolution 1994/45 of 4 March 1994)

• ToappointaSpecialRapporteuronVAW,includingitscausesandconsequences.

• TheSpecialRapporteurhasamandateto:

◦ Collect information on VAW and its causes and consequences from sources such as governments, treaty bodies, specialised and inter-governmental agencies and NGOs and to respond effectively to such information.

◦ Recommend measures, ways and means to eliminate VAW and its causes, at national, regional and international levels and to remedy its consequences.

◦ Work closely with other special rapporteurs, special representatives, working groups and independent experts of the Commission on Human Rights.

1.8 Other international declarations, conventions and resolutions relevant to gender and security:

• UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,1948

• ViennaDeclarationandProgramofAction,1993

• UNGeneralAssemblyConventionAgainstTortureandOtherCruel,InhumaneorDegrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984

• UNGeneralAssemblyDeclaration3318ontheProtectionofWomenandChildreninEmergency and Armed Conflict, 1974

• UNSecurityCouncilResolution1265ontheProtectionofCiviliansinArmedConflict,1999

• UNGeneralAssemblyResolution3519onWomen’sParticipationintheStrengthening of International Peace and Security, 1975

• BeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction,ChapterE:WomenandArmedConflict,1995

• RomeStatuteoftheInternationalCriminalCourt,1998

• GenevaConventionsandAdditionalProtocols,1949;1977

• EuropeanConventionfortheProtectionofHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedoms,1950

• EuropeanCouncilResolutiononIntegratingGenderinDevelopment,1995

39 op cit Bastick and Valasek.

46

• EuropeanParliamentResolutionontheApplicationoftheGenevaConventionsrelating to the Status of Refugees, 1984

• EuropeanParliamentResolutionsontheRapeofWomenintheFormerYugoslavia,1992 and 1993

• OutcomedocumentsofPublicHearingsonGender-SpecificHumanRightsViolationsand Rape as a War Crime in Bosnia, 1993; 1995

• EuropeanParliamentResolutiononWomeninDecisionmaking,2000

2. National policies

2.1 Nepal NAP on UNSCR 1325 and 1820

Nepal is the first country in South Asia to publish a NAP for implementation of UNSCR 1325. The Nepal NAP is structured around the following five pillars and objectives:

• Participation:Ensureparticipationofwomenatalllevelsofdecisionmaking,conflicttransformation and peace processes.

• Protectionandprevention:Ensuretheprotectionofwomenandgirls’rightsandprevention of violations of these rights in conflict and post-conflict situations.

• Promotion:Promotewomenandgirls’rightsandmainstreamthegenderperspectivein all aspects of conflict prevention, conflict resolution and peacebuilding.

• Reliefandrecovery:Addressthespecificneedsandensuretheparticipationof women and girls in the design and implementation of all relief and recovery programmes.

• Resourcemanagementandmonitoringandevaluation:Institutionalisemonitoringand evaluation and ensure required resources for the implementation of the NAP, through the collaboration and co-ordination of all stakeholders.

Each pillar and general objective has corresponding strategic objectives, specific actions, desired results and indicators. The NAP identifies the responsible actors and the time-frame for each action.

The Nepal NAP monitoring and evaluation system includes the following progress indicators:

• NumberofLocalPeaceCommitteesestablished

• NumberofwomeninLocalPeaceCommittees

• GenderissuesareaddressedbytheLocalPeaceCommittees

• NumberofspecificprovisionsonthepreventionofandresponsetoSGBVintegratedin ceasefire and peace agreements

• SGBVprovisionsinpeaceandceasefireagreementsareobserved

• ReducedincidenceofSGBV

Who is responsible in Nepal for implementing the NAP?

The Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction (MoPR), currently Mr Sadu Ram Sapkota, is the member secretary of the High Level Steering Committee for the implementation of UNSCR 1325 and is responsible for the implementation of NAP within the Government. See Tool 16: DRAFT Copy of Relevant Parts of the Nepal NAP on UNSCRs

Tool 15

47Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

1325 and 1820 for more detailed information on the content of the NAP.

2.2 Domestic Violence (Office and Punishment) Act (2009)

• TheNepalDomesticViolenceBillwasenactedMay2009.

• TheDomesticViolence(OfficeandPunishment)Actwasenactedin2009.Itdefinesdomestic violence as physical, mental, sexual, financial and behavioural violence.

• TheActprovidesforuptofourmonthsimprisonmentandfinesof6,000Nepalirupees (NR) for perpetrators and 3,000 NRs for accomplices. In case of physical or psychological injuries to the victim, the perpetrator bears all treatment costs.

• TheActmakesprovisionsfortheNPtoplayagreaterroleinmediatingdomesticviolence cases.

Who is responsible for implementing the Act?

Government agencies have the responsibility to implement the Act, including security agencies; particularly the MoWCSW and women and children cells within the NP.

3. Milestones for gender and security in Nepal• 1999–TheLocalSelfGovernanceAct–introducesmandatoryrepresentationof

women in local Government

• 1999–AdoptionoftheNationalPlanofActionagainstTraffickinginChildrenandtheir Commercial Sexual Exploitation

• 2000–AdoptionoftheUNSecurityCouncilResolution1325

• 2002–NationalWomen’sCommissionestablished

• 2003–ViolenceagainstwomenaddressedinCEDAWShadowReport,Nepal

• 2003–DraftBillonCriminalisationofDomesticViolence;notyetpassed

• 2004–EleventhAmendmenttotheCountryCodeBill.Allowswomenalimonyrights,property rights, abortion rights, adoption rights, increased punishment for rape and stipulates that the minimum legal age for marriage is 18 years for both sexes.

• 2006-MoWCSWdevelopsaDraftBillonVAW;notyetpassed(2011)

• 2006–GenderEqualityBillpassedtoamendactssothattheyincreasegenderequality:Provision of citizenship rights under mother’s name, marital rape included within definition of rape and as grounds for women to divorce, removal of provision depriving a mother of guardianship of a child after divorce, a mother to have first guardianship of a child if the child is a minor, increase in the imprisonment term for those involved in performing abortion on any woman by force, coercion or undue influence, daughters to be included within the definition of family under the act relating to land

• 2008–Electedwomencomprise33percentoftheCAandfourwomengovernmentministers appointed

• 2009–DomesticViolence(OfficeandPunishment)Actenacted;makesprovisionsfor the police to play a greater role in mediating domestic violence, and for fines and imprisonment for perpetrators and accomplices

• 2011–NAPonUNSCR1325adoptedbyGoN

48

4. Examples of steps taken in other countries to criminalise VAW

In recent years some countries have taken significant steps towards improving laws relating to VAW. For example:

• InJuly1991,Mexicoreviseditsrapelawinseveralimportantways.Aprovisionwaseliminated that allowed a man who rapes a minor to avoid prosecution if he agrees to marry her. Judges are now required to hand down a decision regarding access to an abortion within five working days.

• On9June1994,theOrganisationofAmericanStatesadoptedtheInter-AmericanConvention to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence against Women (also called Convention of Belém do Parà), a new international instrument that recognizes all SGBV as an abuse of human rights. This Convention provides an individual right of petition and a right for NGOs to lodge complaints with the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights.

• InAustralia,aNationalCommitteeonViolenceagainstWomenwasestablishedtoco-ordinate the development of policy, legislation and law enforcement at the national level as well as community education on VAW.

• In1991,theGovernmentofCanadaannouncedanewfour-yearFamilyViolenceInitiative intended to mobilise community action, strengthen Canada’s legal framework, establish services on Indian reserves and in Inuit communities, develop resources to help victims and stop offenders, and provide housing for abused women and children.

• InTurkey,aMinistryofStateforWomenhasbeenestablished.Amongitsmaingoals are, the promotion of women’s rights and the strengthening of women’s role in economic, social, political and cultural life. Legal measures are being adopted towards the elimination of VAW. The establishment of special courts to deal with violence is envisaged. Psychological treatment for abused women is also planned, along with the establishment of women’s shelters around the country. Specially trained female police officers could provide assistance to victims of violence.

• Somecountrieshaveintroducedpoliceunitsspeciallytrainedindealingwithspousalassault. In Brazil, specific police stations have been designated to deal with women’s issues, including domestic violence. These police stations are staffed entirely by women.

Tool 15

49Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 16DRAFT copy of relevant parts of the Nepal NAP on UNSCRs 1325 and 182040

Excerpt from section 7 onwards:

7.1 Definition:

Unless otherwise stated in this NAP:

a. “Armed conflict” should be understood as the armed conflict between the State side and the then Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) that took place from 13 February 1996 to 21 November 2006 and this term also denotes the armed activities carried out by various groups in different parts of the country after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord.

b. “Former women combatants” should be understood as the women verified by the UN Mission in Nepal and currently living in the cantonments. This term also denotes the women discharged after they were disqualified by the UN verification process.

c. “Girl child” should be understood as any girl who has not completed 18 years of age.

d. The term “conflict-affected women and children” should be understood as women and children who due to the impact of armed conflict, or as a result of that are suffering from the following conditions notwithstanding their present status:

1. Women or girls displaced from their place of living.

2. Single women.

3. Women or girls, or their husbands or parents, who are themselves physically disabled or have lost their limbs or are maimed due to the explosion of landmine or Improvised Explosive Devices, or due to the use of weapons or any other reason.

4. Women or girls who have been separated from their husbands or parents, or from their families.

5. Former women and girl combatants who are pregnant or nursing mothers or have infants with them and who are either living in the cantonments or outside.

6. Mentally-affected women and girls.

7. Women or girls who could not continue their studies because the school they were studying in was rendered inaccessible (damaged by fighting, occupied by combatants etc.), because of fear and insecurity, or because of the displacement of teachers.

8. Women or girls who suffered from sexual exploitation or rape.

9. Women or girls who because of sexual exploitation or rape became pregnant and were compelled to give birth or to undergo abortion.

10. Women or girls against whom action has been taken in suspicion of being affiliated to the security forces or armed groups, or helping such forces or groups.

11. Women or girls who are in detention or in prison or who have undergone imprisonment.

12. Women or girls living in protection homes or child rehabilitation homes.

13. Girls against whom cases have been registered in courts for any charges.

40 GoN, MoPR, Draft copy of relevant parts of the Nepal National Action Plan on United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820, (01 February 2011)

50

14. Women or girls who have been abducted or have been made to disappear or the women and girls from families whose members have been abducted or disappeared.

e. “Rehabilitation and reintegration” should be understood as the works of rehabilitating women and girls affected by the armed conflict in their family or society and enabling them to utilise the available opportunities to play a meaningful role for the protection of their rights.

f. “Counselling service centre” should be understood as the counselling service centres established by the government and NGOs for providing services like advice, counselling, information and recommendation necessary for women or girls victimised by SGBV or who are at risk or likely to be at risk from such violence.

g. “Special needs of women or girls” should be understood as the special needs of women and girls in special biological or reproductive conditions such as menstruation, pregnancy and nursing, and the food, care, proper accommodation, toilet and medical treatment required for addressing these conditions.

h. “Women-friendly” should be understood as the suitable environment equipped with all public facilities established in service providing centres, by taking into account the special needs of women so that they can express their sentiments without any inhibition and can easily acquire information, services and facilities.

i. “Sexual violence” should be understood as any type of sexually explicit behaviour or conduct carried out against the will of women or girls, any attempts to forcibly have sex, the use of vulgar words or vulgar behaviour against their will, efforts made to sell women or girls for the purpose of sex or any activity done against the sexual orientation of any person.

7.2 Co-ordination and collaboration for the implementation of the NAP:

There has been collaboration between the different government agencies, development partners, donor organisations, international NGOs (INGOs) and civil society. Because of this, it has been easy to consult directly with the concerned stakeholders, seek their input and strengthen ownership of the NAP, which are all necessary and important steps for ensuring the effective implementation of the women, peace and security agenda in Nepal.

The GoN recognises the important role played by different government agencies, development partners, donor organisations, INGOs and civil society and it anticipates the same level of collaboration during the implementation phase as well.

7.3 NAP – matrix:

The GoN has developed the UNSCR 1325 & 1820 for implementation in the next five years – 2011/12 to 2016/17. The action plan has the following goal and objective:

• Goal:Toachievesustainablepeaceandjustsociety

• Objective:Toensureproportionalandmeaningfulparticipationofwomenatalllevelsofconflict transformation and peace processes and the protection of women and girls’ rights

• Inordertoachievetheabove-statedgoalandobjectivetheNAPisstructuredaround five pillars: Participation, Protection and prevention, Promotion, Relief and recovery and Resource management, monitoring and evaluation; Each pillar with its corresponding general objective, strategic objectives, specific actions, desired results and indicators, as well as the responsible actors and a timeframe for each action, is presented below.

Tool 16

51Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

527.

3.1

Part

icip

atio

n

Obj

ecti

ve: T

o en

sure

equ

itab

le, p

ropo

rtio

nal a

nd m

eani

ngfu

l par

tici

pati

on o

f wom

en a

t all

leve

ls o

f dec

isio

n m

akin

g of

con

flict

tran

sfor

mat

ion

and

peac

ebui

ldin

g pr

oces

ses

Str

ateg

ic o

bjec

tive

s

Spe

cific

act

ions

R

esul

t sta

tem

ent

Ind

icat

ors

Impl

emen

ting

age

ncie

sTi

me

Fram

e

Agen

cies

re

spon

sibl

e S

uppo

rtin

g ag

enci

es

1. F

orm

ulat

e an

d re

vise

exi

stin

g po

licie

s an

d la

ws

for

prom

otin

g w

omen

’s p

arti

cipa

tion

as

nece

ssar

y1.

Iden

tify

the

gaps

in

exis

ting

pol

icie

s an

d la

ws

- inc

ludi

ng in

the

secu

rity

se

ctor

, tha

t obs

truc

t w

omen

’s p

arti

cipa

tion

and

re

vise

or f

orm

ulat

e po

licie

s fo

r pro

mot

ing

wom

en’s

pa

rtic

ipat

ion

•Nec

essa

rypolicies

and

law

s fo

r pro

mot

ing

wom

en’s

par

tici

pati

on

deve

lope

d or

revi

sed

•Num

bero

fpoliciesan

dla

ws

form

ulat

ed a

nd

revi

sed

•Num

bero

fpoliciesan

dla

ws

impl

emen

ted

•MoP

R•MoH

A•MoD

•MoW

CSW

•MinistryofForeign

Af

fair

s (M

oFA)

•MoL

J•MinistryofFinan

ce

(MoF

)•Nationa

lWom

en’s

Com

mis

sion

•NGOs

Up

to fi

ve

year

s fr

om

the

first

ye

ar

2. T

o en

sure

pro

port

iona

l and

mea

ning

ful

part

icip

atio

n of

wom

en w

hen

mak

ing

appo

intm

ents

to

and

no

min

atio

ns fo

r pos

itio

ns o

f pub

lic

impo

rtan

ce, s

peci

al ta

skfo

rces

and

pea

ce

nego

tiat

ions

1. E

nsur

e pr

opor

tion

al a

nd

mea

ning

ful p

arti

cipa

tion

of

wom

en in

pea

ce

nego

tiat

ions

, inf

orm

al

talk

s, d

iscu

ssio

ns, s

peci

al

task

forc

es, n

atio

nal a

nd

fore

ign

mis

sion

s, a

s w

ell a

s in

all

aspe

cts

of

peac

ebui

ldin

g pr

oces

ses

•Pr

opor

tion

aland

m

eani

ngfu

l par

tici

pati

on

of w

omen

in s

truc

ture

s an

d pr

oces

ses

of

peac

ebui

ldin

g, a

s w

ell a

s in

all

spec

ial c

omm

itte

es,

task

forc

es, p

eace

ne

goti

atio

ns a

nd in

form

al

talk

s

•Num

bero

fwom

enin

pe

ace

nego

tiat

ions

and

sp

ecia

l tas

kfor

ces

•Issu

esprese

nted

by

wom

en o

ccup

ying

thes

e po

siti

ons

•Office

ofthe

Pr

ime

Min

iste

r an

d Co

unci

l of

Min

iste

rs•MoP

R

•Po

liticalparties

U

p to

five

ye

ars

from

th

e fir

st

year

2. E

nsur

e pr

opor

tion

al a

nd

mea

ning

ful p

arti

cipa

tion

of

wom

en in

the

Coun

cil

of M

inis

ters

, the

Nat

iona

l Pl

anni

ng C

omm

issi

on,

as o

ffice

bea

rers

of o

ther

co

mm

issi

ons,

nat

iona

l ob

serv

ers,

adv

isor

s an

d in

oth

er im

port

ant p

ublic

po

siti

ons,

as

wel

l as

at a

ll le

vels

of s

tate

mec

hani

sms

•Pr

opor

tion

aland

m

eani

ngfu

l par

tici

pati

on

of w

omen

in th

e Co

unci

l of

Min

iste

rs, t

he N

atio

nal

Plan

ning

Com

mis

sion

, as

offi

ce b

eare

rs o

f oth

er

com

mis

sion

s, n

atio

nal

obse

rver

s, a

dvis

ors

and

in o

ther

impo

rtan

t pu

blic

pos

itio

ns a

s w

ell,

as a

t all

leve

ls o

f sta

te

mec

hani

sms

•Num

bero

fwom

en

in im

port

ant p

ublic

po

siti

ons

as w

ell a

s at

all

leve

ls o

f sta

te

mec

hani

sms

•Issu

esre

gard

ingwom

en

and

child

ren

addr

esse

d by

thes

e m

echa

nism

s

•Office

ofthe

Pr

ime

Min

iste

r an

d Co

unci

l of

Min

iste

rs•MoF

A

•MoL

JU

p to

five

ye

ars

from

th

e fir

st

year

3. C

ondu

ct c

apac

ity

build

ing

prog

ram

mes

, fro

m lo

cal

to c

entr

al le

vel,

for t

he

mea

ning

ful p

arti

cipa

tion

of

wom

en in

all

peac

e, s

ecur

ity

and

judi

cial

mec

hani

sms

•Issu

escon

cern

ingge

nder

in th

e pe

ace,

sec

urit

y an

d ju

dici

al m

echa

nism

s ar

e

effe

ctiv

ely

addr

esse

d by

w

omen

who

se c

apac

ity

has

been

enh

ance

d

•Issu

esonge

nderto

pic

rais

ed b

y w

omen

•Num

bero

fcap

acity-

build

ing

prog

ram

mes

and

nu

mbe

r of p

arti

cipa

nts

•MoH

A•MoD

•MoL

J

•MoP

R•Re

latedag

encies

Up

to fi

ve

year

s fr

om

the

first

ye

ar

Tool 16

53Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

7.3.

1 Pa

rtic

ipat

ion

Obj

ecti

ve: T

o en

sure

equ

itab

le, p

ropo

rtio

nal a

nd m

eani

ngfu

l par

tici

pati

on o

f wom

en a

t all

leve

ls o

f dec

isio

n m

akin

g of

con

flict

tran

sfor

mat

ion

and

peac

ebui

ldin

g pr

oces

ses

Str

ateg

ic o

bjec

tive

s

Spe

cific

act

ions

R

esul

t sta

tem

ent

Ind

icat

ors

Impl

emen

ting

age

ncie

sTi

me

Fram

e

Agen

cies

re

spon

sibl

e S

uppo

rtin

g ag

enci

es

1. F

orm

ulat

e an

d re

vise

exi

stin

g po

licie

s an

d la

ws

for

prom

otin

g w

omen

’s p

arti

cipa

tion

as

nece

ssar

y1.

Iden

tify

the

gaps

in

exis

ting

pol

icie

s an

d la

ws

- inc

ludi

ng in

the

secu

rity

se

ctor

, tha

t obs

truc

t w

omen

’s p

arti

cipa

tion

and

re

vise

or f

orm

ulat

e po

licie

s fo

r pro

mot

ing

wom

en’s

pa

rtic

ipat

ion

•Nec

essa

rypolicies

and

law

s fo

r pro

mot

ing

wom

en’s

par

tici

pati

on

deve

lope

d or

revi

sed

•Num

bero

fpoliciesan

dla

ws

form

ulat

ed a

nd

revi

sed

•Num

bero

fpoliciesan

dla

ws

impl

emen

ted

•MoP

R•MoH

A•MoD

•MoW

CSW

•MinistryofForeign

Af

fair

s (M

oFA)

•MoL

J•MinistryofFinan

ce

(MoF

)•Nationa

lWom

en’s

Com

mis

sion

•NGOs

Up

to fi

ve

year

s fr

om

the

first

ye

ar

2. T

o en

sure

pro

port

iona

l and

mea

ning

ful

part

icip

atio

n of

wom

en w

hen

mak

ing

appo

intm

ents

to

and

no

min

atio

ns fo

r pos

itio

ns o

f pub

lic

impo

rtan

ce, s

peci

al ta

skfo

rces

and

pea

ce

nego

tiat

ions

1. E

nsur

e pr

opor

tion

al a

nd

mea

ning

ful p

arti

cipa

tion

of

wom

en in

pea

ce

nego

tiat

ions

, inf

orm

al

talk

s, d

iscu

ssio

ns, s

peci

al

task

forc

es, n

atio

nal a

nd

fore

ign

mis

sion

s, a

s w

ell a

s in

all

aspe

cts

of

peac

ebui

ldin

g pr

oces

ses

•Pr

opor

tion

aland

m

eani

ngfu

l par

tici

pati

on

of w

omen

in s

truc

ture

s an

d pr

oces

ses

of

peac

ebui

ldin

g, a

s w

ell a

s in

all

spec

ial c

omm

itte

es,

task

forc

es, p

eace

ne

goti

atio

ns a

nd in

form

al

talk

s

•Num

bero

fwom

enin

pe

ace

nego

tiat

ions

and

sp

ecia

l tas

kfor

ces

•Issu

esprese

nted

by

wom

en o

ccup

ying

thes

e po

siti

ons

•Office

ofthe

Pr

ime

Min

iste

r an

d Co

unci

l of

Min

iste

rs•MoP

R

•Po

liticalparties

U

p to

five

ye

ars

from

th

e fir

st

year

2. E

nsur

e pr

opor

tion

al a

nd

mea

ning

ful p

arti

cipa

tion

of

wom

en in

the

Coun

cil

of M

inis

ters

, the

Nat

iona

l Pl

anni

ng C

omm

issi

on,

as o

ffice

bea

rers

of o

ther

co

mm

issi

ons,

nat

iona

l ob

serv

ers,

adv

isor

s an

d in

oth

er im

port

ant p

ublic

po

siti

ons,

as

wel

l as

at a

ll le

vels

of s

tate

mec

hani

sms

•Pr

opor

tion

aland

m

eani

ngfu

l par

tici

pati

on

of w

omen

in th

e Co

unci

l of

Min

iste

rs, t

he N

atio

nal

Plan

ning

Com

mis

sion

, as

offi

ce b

eare

rs o

f oth

er

com

mis

sion

s, n

atio

nal

obse

rver

s, a

dvis

ors

and

in o

ther

impo

rtan

t pu

blic

pos

itio

ns a

s w

ell,

as a

t all

leve

ls o

f sta

te

mec

hani

sms

•Num

bero

fwom

en

in im

port

ant p

ublic

po

siti

ons

as w

ell a

s at

all

leve

ls o

f sta

te

mec

hani

sms

•Issu

esre

gard

ingwom

en

and

child

ren

addr

esse

d by

thes

e m

echa

nism

s

•Office

ofthe

Pr

ime

Min

iste

r an

d Co

unci

l of

Min

iste

rs•MoF

A

•MoL

JU

p to

five

ye

ars

from

th

e fir

st

year

3. C

ondu

ct c

apac

ity

build

ing

prog

ram

mes

, fro

m lo

cal

to c

entr

al le

vel,

for t

he

mea

ning

ful p

arti

cipa

tion

of

wom

en in

all

peac

e, s

ecur

ity

and

judi

cial

mec

hani

sms

•Issu

escon

cern

ingge

nder

in th

e pe

ace,

sec

urit

y an

d ju

dici

al m

echa

nism

s ar

e

effe

ctiv

ely

addr

esse

d by

w

omen

who

se c

apac

ity

has

been

enh

ance

d

•Issu

esonge

nderto

pic

rais

ed b

y w

omen

•Num

bero

fcap

acity-

build

ing

prog

ram

mes

and

nu

mbe

r of p

arti

cipa

nts

•MoH

A•MoD

•MoL

J

•MoP

R•Re

latedag

encies

Up

to fi

ve

year

s fr

om

the

first

ye

ar

3. T

o In

crea

se w

omen

’s p

arti

cipa

tion

at a

ll le

vels

of

polit

ical

par

ties

, civ

il so

ciet

y, th

e pr

ivat

e se

ctor

and

N

GO

s

1. E

ncou

rage

and

sup

port

w

omen

to fi

le c

andi

dacy

in

elec

tion

s

•Wom

enw

illhav

ebe

come

capa

ble

of b

ecom

ing

cand

idat

es fo

r diff

eren

t po

litic

al p

osit

ions

•Num

bero

fwom

en

cand

idat

es in

ele

ctio

ns•MoH

A•Office

ofthe

Prime

Min

iste

r and

Cou

ncil

of M

inis

ters

•Elec

tion

Com

mission

•Po

liticalparties

Up

to fi

ve

year

s fr

om

the

first

ye

ar

2. I

ncre

ase

prop

orti

onal

pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of w

omen

at

all l

evel

s of

pol

itic

al p

arti

es

by c

ompl

ying

wit

h th

e qu

ota

syst

em

•Wom

enpropo

rtiona

lly

repr

esen

ted

in a

ll le

vels

of

polit

ical

par

ties

•Num

bero

fwom

en

in d

iffer

ent l

evel

s o

f po

litic

al p

arti

es•Th

eim

portan

ceand

su

ppor

t acc

orde

d by

po

litic

al p

arti

es to

gen

der

issu

es

•Office

ofthe

Pr

ime

Min

iste

r an

d Co

unci

l of

Min

iste

rs•MoH

A

•Elec

tion

Com

mission

•Po

liticalparties

Up

to fi

ve

year

s fr

om

the

first

ye

ar

3. E

xpan

d th

e pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of w

omen

in lo

cal p

eace

co

mm

itte

es o

n a

prop

orti

onal

ba

sis

•Lo

calp

eace

com

mittees

ar

e co

nsti

tute

d w

ith

prop

orti

onal

par

tici

pati

on

of w

omen

•Num

bero

floc

alpea

ce

com

mit

tees

con

stit

uted

an

d nu

mbe

r of w

omen

m

embe

rs in

the

com

mit

tee

•Gen

deriss

ues

addr

esse

d by

loca

l pea

ce

com

mit

tees

•MoP

R•Office

ofthe

Prime

Min

iste

r and

Cou

ncil

of M

inis

ters

•Po

liticalparties

•Civils

ociety

•NGOs

Firs

t yea

r

4. E

ncou

rage

pro

port

iona

l and

m

eani

ngfu

l par

tici

pati

on o

f w

omen

in a

ll le

vels

of c

ivil

soci

ety,

the

priv

ate

sect

or

and

NG

Os

•Pr

opor

tion

aland

m

eani

ngfu

l par

tici

pati

on

of w

omen

in a

ll le

vels

of

civi

l soc

iety

, pri

vate

sec

tor

and

NG

Os

•Num

bero

fwom

enin

di

ffer

ent l

evel

s of

civ

il so

ciet

y, th

e pr

ivat

e se

ctor

an

d N

GO

s

•MoH

A•MoW

CSW

•Pr

ivatese

ctor

•NGOFed

eration

Two

year

s fr

om th

e fir

st y

ear

4. T

o st

reng

then

adv

ocac

y an

d ra

ise

broa

d aw

aren

ess

at a

ll le

vels

on

prom

otin

g w

omen

’s p

arti

cipa

tion

1. E

nhan

ce a

dvoc

acy

skill

s of

civ

il se

rvan

ts, p

olit

ical

ac

tivi

sts,

hum

an ri

ghts

de

fend

ers,

jour

nalis

ts a

nd

orga

nisa

tion

s w

orki

ng in

the

area

of p

eace

, dev

elop

men

t an

d ge

nder

equ

alit

y

•Stron

gera

ndeffec

tive

ad

voca

cy p

rogr

amm

es

for i

ncre

asin

g w

omen

’s

part

icip

atio

n

•Num

bero

fadv

ocac

ysk

ills

deve

lopm

ent

trai

ning

act

ivit

ies

and

num

ber o

f par

tici

pant

s•Ty

pesofadv

ocac

ysk

ills

deve

lopm

ent t

rain

ing

acti

viti

es a

nd p

ublic

aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

mes

co

nduc

ted

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•Ministryof

Info

rmat

ion

and

Com

mun

icat

ions

(M

oIC)

•Po

liticalparties

•Civils

ociety

•NGOs

•Med

ia

Up

to fi

ve

year

s fr

om

the

first

ye

ar

2. L

aunc

h m

ulti

lingu

al

advo

cacy

pro

gram

mes

th

roug

h m

edia

and

co

mm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls

and

orga

nisa

tion

s w

orki

ng

for w

omen

’s ri

ghts

and

pr

omot

ing

wom

en’s

pa

rtic

ipat

ion

•Greaterawaren

esson

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f wom

en’s

pa

rtic

ipat

ion

in a

ll pe

ace

proc

esse

s

•Num

bero

fmultilin

gual

prog

ram

mes

con

duct

ed/

publ

ishe

d/ b

road

cast

fr

om d

iffer

ent m

edia

and

co

mm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls•Pr

ogrammes

thatare

init

iate

d fo

r inc

reas

ing

wom

en’s

par

tici

pati

on

as a

resu

lt of

aw

aren

ess

rais

ing

prog

ram

mes

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•MoIC

•Civils

ociety

•Don

orage

ncies

•NGOs

•Med

iaand

co

mm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls

Up

to fi

ve

year

s fr

om

the

first

ye

ar

547.

3.2

Pro

tect

ion

and

Prev

enti

on

Obj

ecti

ve: T

o en

sure

the

prot

ecti

on o

f wom

en a

nd g

irls

’ rig

hts

and

prev

ent o

f the

vio

lati

on o

f the

se ri

ghts

in c

onfli

ct a

nd p

ost c

onfli

ct s

itua

tion

s

Str

ateg

ic o

bjec

tive

s

S

peci

fic a

ctio

ns

Res

ult s

tate

men

tIn

dica

tors

Impl

emen

ting

age

ncie

sTi

me

fram

e

Agen

cies

resp

onsi

ble

Sup

port

ing

age

ncie

s

1. T

o en

d im

puni

ty b

y in

stit

utin

g ne

cess

ary

refo

rms

in th

e ju

stic

e an

d se

curi

ty s

yste

m to

en

able

them

to re

spon

d pr

ompt

ly to

cas

es o

f S

GB

V

1. P

ut in

pla

ce th

e ne

cess

ary

mec

hani

sms,

with

requ

ired

refo

rms,

for c

arry

ing

out i

mm

edia

te

inve

stig

atio

n an

d ac

tion

in

inci

dent

s of

SG

BV a

nd m

aint

aini

ng

confi

dent

ialit

y an

d di

gnity

•Re

form

edand

stren

gthe

ned

just

ice

and

secu

rity

sys

tem

that

is

able

to e

ffec

tive

ly a

nd e

ffici

entl

y ad

dres

s ca

ses

of S

GB

V

•Ev

iden

ceofa

nim

prov

edju

stice

and

secu

rity

sys

tem

•Num

bero

fSGBVca

ses

inve

stig

ated

pro

secu

ted

and

pena

lised

•Fo

rmulationofla

wpertainingto

confi

dent

ialit

y

•MoH

A•MoD

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•MoL

J

•Office

ofthe

Prime

Min

iste

r and

Cou

ncil

of

Min

iste

rs•Civils

ociety

•NGOs

Up

to fi

ve y

ears

fr

om th

e fir

st

year

2. P

rovi

de a

pro

mpt

and

free

le

gal s

ervi

ce to

wom

en a

nd g

irls

af

fect

ed b

y co

nflic

t

•Co

nflict-affected

wom

enand

girls

have

eas

y ac

cess

to p

rom

pt a

nd

free

lega

l ser

vice

s

•Num

bero

fcon

flict-affec

ted

wom

en a

nd g

irls

rece

ivin

g p

rom

pt

and

free

lega

l ser

vice

•MoW

CSW

•MoL

J•MoP

R

•Nep

alBarAss

ociation

•NGOs

•DistrictR

esou

rceCe

ntre

?

3. B

uild

the

capa

city

of o

ffice

-be

arer

s in

the

just

ice

and

secu

rity

sec

tor t

o pr

ovid

e pr

ompt

an

d ef

fect

ive

serv

ices

to v

icti

ms

of S

GB

V

•Effectivede

liveryofservice

sto

vic

tim

s of

SG

BV

thro

ugh

the

incr

ease

d ca

paci

ty o

f mem

bers

of

the

just

ice

and

secu

rity

sec

tor

•Num

bero

fcap

acitybu

ilding

prog

ram

mes

and

num

ber o

f pa

rtic

ipan

ts•Num

bero

fSGBVvictim

srece

iving

effe

ctiv

e se

rvic

e

•MoW

CSW

•MoH

A•MoD

•MoL

J

•MoP

RTw

o ye

ars

from

th

e fir

st y

ear

4. M

ake

nece

ssar

y le

gal p

rovi

sion

s fo

r pro

secu

ting

per

petr

ator

s of

se

xual

vio

lenc

e du

ring

a c

onfli

ct

peri

od

•Pe

rpetratorsofs

exua

lviolenc

edu

ring

a c

onfli

ct a

re p

rose

cute

d an

d pe

nalis

ed

•Num

bera

ndty

pesofle

gal

prov

isio

ns in

pla

ce•Num

bero

fcas

esofs

exua

lvi

olen

ce w

here

per

petr

ator

s ar

e pr

osec

uted

and

pen

alis

ed

•MoP

R•MoL

J•MoH

A

•Office

ofthe

Attor

ney-

Gen

eral

Firs

t yea

r

5. M

ake

chan

ges

in th

e ex

isti

ng

law

s w

itho

ut re

stri

ctin

g th

e ti

me

limit

for fi

ling

com

plai

nts

in

conn

ecti

on w

ith

inci

dent

s of

rape

•Cu

lpritsofrap

edu

ring

a

confl

ict p

erio

d ar

e pr

osec

uted

an

d pe

nalis

ed o

n th

e ba

sis

of

impr

oved

lega

l pro

visi

on

•Th

eam

endm

entinth

eex

isting

le

gal p

rovi

sion

•Num

bero

frap

eca

seswhe

reth

epe

rpet

rato

r is

pros

ecut

ed a

nd

pena

lised

•MoP

R•MoH

A•MoD

•MoL

J F

irst

yea

r

6. M

aint

ain

zero

tole

ranc

e re

gard

ing

sexu

al v

iole

nce

in th

e se

curi

ty s

ecto

r

•Pe

rpetratorsin

volved

inin

cide

nts

of s

exua

l vio

lenc

e in

the

secu

rity

se

ctor

are

pro

secu

ted

•Num

bera

ndkinds

ofa

ctions

take

nag

ains

t the

per

petr

ator

s of

sex

ual

viol

ence

in th

e se

curi

ty s

ecto

r

•MoH

A•MoD

•MoP

RFi

ve y

ears

from

th

e fir

st y

ear

2. T

o ad

dres

s th

e sp

ecia

l ne

eds

of c

onfli

ct-

affe

cted

wom

en a

nd

girl

s

1. P

rovi

de p

rom

pt a

nd fr

ee

med

ical

ser

vice

and

psy

cho-

soci

al a

nd le

gal c

ouns

ellin

g to

w

omen

and

gir

l vic

tim

s of

SG

BV

duri

ng a

tim

e of

con

flict

•Wom

enand

girlsvictimsofSGBV

rece

ive

prom

pt a

nd fr

ee m

edic

al

serv

ices

and

psy

cho-

soci

al a

nd

lega

l cou

nsel

ling

•Th

esp

ecialn

eeds

ofw

omen

and

gi

rls

are

prom

ptly

and

eff

ecti

vely

ad

dres

sed

•Dec

reas

einin

cide

ntsofgen

der-

base

d vi

olen

ce

•Num

bero

fwom

enand

girlv

ictims

of s

exua

l vio

lenc

e re

ceiv

ing

med

ical

ser

vice

s an

d ps

ycho

-so

cial

and

lega

l cou

nsel

ling

•MinistryofHea

lth

and

Popu

lati

on

(MoH

P)•MoL

J•MoW

CSW

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

Tool 16

55Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

7.3.

2 P

rote

ctio

n an

d Pr

even

tion

Obj

ecti

ve: T

o en

sure

the

prot

ecti

on o

f wom

en a

nd g

irls

’ rig

hts

and

prev

ent o

f the

vio

lati

on o

f the

se ri

ghts

in c

onfli

ct a

nd p

ost c

onfli

ct s

itua

tion

s

Str

ateg

ic o

bjec

tive

s

S

peci

fic a

ctio

ns

Res

ult s

tate

men

tIn

dica

tors

Impl

emen

ting

age

ncie

sTi

me

fram

e

Agen

cies

resp

onsi

ble

Sup

port

ing

age

ncie

s

1. T

o en

d im

puni

ty b

y in

stit

utin

g ne

cess

ary

refo

rms

in th

e ju

stic

e an

d se

curi

ty s

yste

m to

en

able

them

to re

spon

d pr

ompt

ly to

cas

es o

f S

GB

V

1. P

ut in

pla

ce th

e ne

cess

ary

mec

hani

sms,

with

requ

ired

refo

rms,

for c

arry

ing

out i

mm

edia

te

inve

stig

atio

n an

d ac

tion

in

inci

dent

s of

SG

BV a

nd m

aint

aini

ng

confi

dent

ialit

y an

d di

gnity

•Re

form

edand

stren

gthe

ned

just

ice

and

secu

rity

sys

tem

that

is

able

to e

ffec

tive

ly a

nd e

ffici

entl

y ad

dres

s ca

ses

of S

GB

V

•Ev

iden

ceofa

nim

prov

edju

stice

and

secu

rity

sys

tem

•Num

bero

fSGBVca

ses

inve

stig

ated

pro

secu

ted

and

pena

lised

•Fo

rmulationofla

wpertainingto

confi

dent

ialit

y

•MoH

A•MoD

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•MoL

J

•Office

ofthe

Prime

Min

iste

r and

Cou

ncil

of

Min

iste

rs•Civils

ociety

•NGOs

Up

to fi

ve y

ears

fr

om th

e fir

st

year

2. P

rovi

de a

pro

mpt

and

free

le

gal s

ervi

ce to

wom

en a

nd g

irls

af

fect

ed b

y co

nflic

t

•Co

nflict-affected

wom

enand

girls

have

eas

y ac

cess

to p

rom

pt a

nd

free

lega

l ser

vice

s

•Num

bero

fcon

flict-affec

ted

wom

en a

nd g

irls

rece

ivin

g p

rom

pt

and

free

lega

l ser

vice

•MoW

CSW

•MoL

J•MoP

R

•Nep

alBarAss

ociation

•NGOs

•DistrictR

esou

rceCe

ntre

?

3. B

uild

the

capa

city

of o

ffice

-be

arer

s in

the

just

ice

and

secu

rity

sec

tor t

o pr

ovid

e pr

ompt

an

d ef

fect

ive

serv

ices

to v

icti

ms

of S

GB

V

•Effectivede

liveryofservice

sto

vic

tim

s of

SG

BV

thro

ugh

the

incr

ease

d ca

paci

ty o

f mem

bers

of

the

just

ice

and

secu

rity

sec

tor

•Num

bero

fcap

acitybu

ilding

prog

ram

mes

and

num

ber o

f pa

rtic

ipan

ts•Num

bero

fSGBVvictim

srece

iving

effe

ctiv

e se

rvic

e

•MoW

CSW

•MoH

A•MoD

•MoL

J

•MoP

RTw

o ye

ars

from

th

e fir

st y

ear

4. M

ake

nece

ssar

y le

gal p

rovi

sion

s fo

r pro

secu

ting

per

petr

ator

s of

se

xual

vio

lenc

e du

ring

a c

onfli

ct

peri

od

•Pe

rpetratorsofs

exua

lviolenc

edu

ring

a c

onfli

ct a

re p

rose

cute

d an

d pe

nalis

ed

•Num

bera

ndty

pesofle

gal

prov

isio

ns in

pla

ce•Num

bero

fcas

esofs

exua

lvi

olen

ce w

here

per

petr

ator

s ar

e pr

osec

uted

and

pen

alis

ed

•MoP

R•MoL

J•MoH

A

•Office

ofthe

Attor

ney-

Gen

eral

Firs

t yea

r

5. M

ake

chan

ges

in th

e ex

isti

ng

law

s w

itho

ut re

stri

ctin

g th

e ti

me

limit

for fi

ling

com

plai

nts

in

conn

ecti

on w

ith

inci

dent

s of

rape

•Cu

lpritsofrap

edu

ring

a

confl

ict p

erio

d ar

e pr

osec

uted

an

d pe

nalis

ed o

n th

e ba

sis

of

impr

oved

lega

l pro

visi

on

•Th

eam

endm

entinth

eex

isting

le

gal p

rovi

sion

•Num

bero

frap

eca

seswhe

reth

epe

rpet

rato

r is

pros

ecut

ed a

nd

pena

lised

•MoP

R•MoH

A•MoD

•MoL

J F

irst

yea

r

6. M

aint

ain

zero

tole

ranc

e re

gard

ing

sexu

al v

iole

nce

in th

e se

curi

ty s

ecto

r

•Pe

rpetratorsin

volved

inin

cide

nts

of s

exua

l vio

lenc

e in

the

secu

rity

se

ctor

are

pro

secu

ted

•Num

bera

ndkinds

ofa

ctions

take

nag

ains

t the

per

petr

ator

s of

sex

ual

viol

ence

in th

e se

curi

ty s

ecto

r

•MoH

A•MoD

•MoP

RFi

ve y

ears

from

th

e fir

st y

ear

2. T

o ad

dres

s th

e sp

ecia

l ne

eds

of c

onfli

ct-

affe

cted

wom

en a

nd

girl

s

1. P

rovi

de p

rom

pt a

nd fr

ee

med

ical

ser

vice

and

psy

cho-

soci

al a

nd le

gal c

ouns

ellin

g to

w

omen

and

gir

l vic

tim

s of

SG

BV

duri

ng a

tim

e of

con

flict

•Wom

enand

girlsvictimsofSGBV

rece

ive

prom

pt a

nd fr

ee m

edic

al

serv

ices

and

psy

cho-

soci

al a

nd

lega

l cou

nsel

ling

•Th

esp

ecialn

eeds

ofw

omen

and

gi

rls

are

prom

ptly

and

eff

ecti

vely

ad

dres

sed

•Dec

reas

einin

cide

ntsofgen

der-

base

d vi

olen

ce

•Num

bero

fwom

enand

girlv

ictims

of s

exua

l vio

lenc

e re

ceiv

ing

med

ical

ser

vice

s an

d ps

ycho

-so

cial

and

lega

l cou

nsel

ling

•MinistryofHea

lth

and

Popu

lati

on

(MoH

P)•MoL

J•MoW

CSW

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

2. E

stab

lish

tem

pora

ry re

side

ntia

l ho

mes

for w

omen

and

gir

ls a

t ri

sk, a

s ne

cess

ary

•Sec

urityofw

omen

and

girlsat

risk

is e

nhan

ced

•Num

bero

ftem

poraryre

side

ntial

hom

es e

stab

lishe

d•Ty

pesan

dqu

alityofservice

spr

ovid

ed to

wom

en a

nd g

irls

at

risk

•MoW

CSW

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

3. S

tren

gthe

n th

e ex

istin

g W

omen

an

d Ch

ildre

n Se

rvic

e Ce

ntre

s of

the

NP

and

prov

ide

serv

ices

to w

omen

an

d gi

rl vi

ctim

s of

SG

BV fr

om a

se

para

te b

uild

ing

away

from

the

gene

ral p

olic

e st

atio

ns a

nd o

ffice

s

•Wom

enand

girlsvictimsofSGBV

have

eas

y ac

cess

to g

ende

r se

nsit

ive

and

effe

ctiv

e se

rvic

es

•Num

bero

fWom

enand

Children

Ser

vice

Cen

tres

est

ablis

hed

in

sepa

rate

bui

ldin

gs•Num

bero

fwom

enand

girls

rece

ivin

g se

rvic

es fr

om th

ese

cent

res

•MoH

A•MoP

R•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

4. G

radu

ally

ass

ign,

at t

he le

ast

at in

spec

tor l

evel

, wom

en p

olic

e of

ficer

s to

hea

d th

e W

omen

and

Ch

ildre

n Se

rvic

e Ce

ntre

s of

the

NP

•En

hanc

edand

stren

gthe

ned

Wom

en a

nd C

hild

ren

Ser

vice

Ce

ntre

s th

at a

re a

ble

to p

rovi

de

effe

ctiv

e se

rvic

es to

wom

en a

nd

girl

vic

tim

s of

SG

BV

•Num

bero

fWom

enand

Children

Ser

vice

Cen

tres

hea

ded

by

insp

ecto

r lev

el w

omen

pol

ice

offic

ers

•MoH

A•MoP

R•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

3. T

o en

d im

puni

ty b

y ad

dres

sing

issu

es

rela

ting

to S

GB

V ca

ses

that

occ

urre

d du

ring

co

nflic

t and

tran

siti

onal

pe

riod

1. A

ddre

ss is

sues

of S

GB

V in

all

peac

e ag

reem

ents

•En

dofim

punityre

latedtocas

es

of S

GB

V, d

ue to

it b

eing

eff

ecti

vely

ad

dres

sed

in a

ll ce

asefi

re a

nd

peac

e ag

reem

ents

•Pr

ovisions

estab

lishe

din

ceas

efire

and

pea

ce a

gree

men

ts

for

addr

essi

ng S

GB

V

•Office

ofthe

Prime

Min

iste

r and

Co

unci

l of M

inis

ters

•MoP

R

•Co

nflicting

parties

•Civils

ociety

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

2. E

xclu

de in

cide

nts

of ra

pe

and

atte

mpt

ed ra

pe fr

om th

e pr

ovis

ion

of g

ener

al a

mne

sty

whi

le s

igni

ng p

eace

agr

eem

ents

•Incide

ntsofra

peand

attem

pted

ra

pe a

re e

xclu

ded

from

the

prov

isio

n of

gen

eral

am

nest

y in

pe

ace

agre

emen

ts, l

eadi

ng to

en

ding

impu

nity

•Kind

sofprovision

srelatedto

SG

BV

inco

rpor

ated

in c

ease

fire

and

peac

e ag

reem

ents

•Dec

reas

eininc

iden

tsofS

GBV

case

s

•MoH

A•MoL

J•MoP

R

•Co

nflicting

parties

•Civils

ociety

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

4. T

o es

tabl

ish

the

Trut

h an

d Re

conc

iliat

ion

Com

mis

sion

(TRC

)

1. S

et u

p th

e in

fras

truc

ture

ne

cess

ary

for e

stab

lishi

ng th

e TR

C

•TR

Ces

tablishe

dan

dfunc

tion

al•Num

bero

finv

estiga

tion

sca

rried

out i

n re

gard

to in

cide

nts

of S

GB

V ca

ses

•Num

bero

fcas

esprose

cutedan

dth

e ki

nd o

f pro

cess

ado

pted

•Re

paration

rece

ived

byth

evictim

s

•Office

ofthe

Prime

Min

iste

r and

Co

unci

l of M

inis

ters

•MoP

R•MoL

J

•Le

gislativepa

rliamen

t F

irst

yea

r

5. T

o tr

ain

offic

ials

of t

he

secu

rity

sec

tor o

n S

GB

V1.

Pro

vide

trai

ning

to o

ffice

-be

arer

s at

all

leve

ls o

f the

se

curi

ty s

ecto

r on

issu

es o

f SG

BV

righ

t fro

m th

e ti

me

of jo

inin

g se

rvic

e

Offi

cial

s of

NP,

APF

and

NA

are

capa

ble

of h

andl

ing

SG

BV

case

s ef

fect

ivel

y an

d se

nsit

ivel

y

Num

ber o

f tra

inin

g ac

tivi

ties

co

nduc

ted

on

SG

BV

for N

P,

APF

and

NA

and

num

ber o

f pa

rtic

ipan

ts

MoP

R M

oHA

MoD

NG

Os

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

2. C

onti

nue

prov

idin

g tr

aini

ng

on U

NS

CR 1

325

and

1820

to

NP,

APF

and

NA

pers

onne

l pri

or

to g

oing

on

UN

pea

ceke

epin

g m

issi

ons

Pers

onne

l of N

P, A

PF a

nd N

A as

sign

ed to

pea

ceke

epin

g fo

rce

are

not e

ngag

ed in

any

form

s of

S

GB

V

Num

ber o

f tra

inin

g ac

tivi

ties

on

UN

SCR

132

5 an

d 18

20 a

nd

num

ber o

f par

tici

pant

s

MoP

R M

oHA

MoD

NG

Os

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

567.

3.3

Prom

otio

n

Obj

ecti

ve: T

o pr

omot

e th

e ri

ghts

of w

omen

and

gir

ls, a

nd m

ains

trea

m g

ende

r per

spec

tive

s in

all

aspe

cts

and

stag

es o

f con

flict

tran

sfor

mat

ion

and

peac

e bu

ildin

g pr

oces

ses

Str

ateg

ic o

bjec

tive

s S

peci

fic a

ctio

ns

Resu

lt st

atem

ent

Indi

cato

rsIm

plem

enti

ng a

genc

ies

Tim

e fr

ame

Agen

cies

re

spon

sibl

eS

uppo

rtin

g Ag

enci

es

1. T

o ra

ise

awar

enes

s by

co

llect

ing

data

on

all f

orm

s of

SG

BV

agai

nst w

omen

and

gi

rls

1. C

olle

ct a

nd d

ocum

ent d

ata

incl

udin

g th

e ca

uses

of S

GB

V pe

rpet

rate

d on

wom

en a

nd g

irls

af

fect

ed b

y co

nflic

t

•Sex

disag

greg

ated

data

on S

GB

V ca

ses

incl

udin

g ca

uses

of s

uch

viol

ence

ag

ains

t wom

en a

nd g

irls

af

fect

ed b

y co

nflic

t are

id

enti

fied

and

docu

men

ted

•Statisticalre

portalong

withth

ean

alys

is

of S

GB

V pe

rpet

rate

d ag

ains

t wom

en a

nd

girl

s af

fect

ed b

y co

nflic

t

•MoH

A•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•Lo

calp

eace

com

mittees

•Lo

calag

encies

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

2. S

et u

p in

form

atio

n ce

ntre

s on

w

omen

, pea

ce a

nd s

ecur

ity

at

cent

ral a

nd d

istr

ict l

evel

•Inform

ationce

ntreson

w

omen

, pea

ce a

nd s

ecur

ity

are

set u

p an

d fu

ncti

onal

at

cent

ral a

nd d

istr

ict l

evel

s

•Num

bero

finfor

mationce

ntres

esta

blis

hed

•MoP

R•MoH

A•MoW

CSW

•Nationa

lWom

en's

Com

mis

sion

•Lo

calp

eace

com

mittees

•Lo

cala

genc

ies

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

3. T

rans

late

UN

SCR

132

5 &

182

0 an

d ot

her r

elat

ed in

tern

atio

nal

docu

men

ts o

n th

e ri

ghts

of

wom

en in

to d

iffer

ent l

ocal

la

ngua

ges

and

diss

emin

ate

them

thro

ugh

vari

ous

med

ia

and

com

mun

icat

ion

chan

nels

•Allc

once

rned

stake

holders

awar

e an

d in

form

ed a

bout

U

NS

CR 1

325

& 1

820

due

to

the

avai

labi

lity

of th

ese

docu

men

ts in

diff

eren

t lo

cal l

angu

ages

•Num

berd

ifferen

tloc

alla

ngua

gesinto

whi

ch U

NS

CR 1

325

& 1

820

are

tran

slat

ed

and

num

ber o

f pro

gram

mes

con

duct

ed

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•MoIC

•MoL

J•Don

orage

ncies

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

4. In

corp

orat

e w

omen

, pea

ce

and

secu

rity

issu

es in

to

the

scho

ol c

urri

culu

m a

nd

othe

r non

-for

mal

edu

cati

on

prog

ram

mes

•Wom

en,p

eace

and

sec

urity

issu

es a

re

incl

uded

in

the

scho

ol c

urri

culu

m a

nd

othe

r non

-for

mal

edu

cati

on

prog

ram

mes

•Kind

sofis

sues

onwom

en,p

eace

and

se

curi

ty in

corp

orat

ed in

the

scho

ol

curr

icul

um a

nd o

ther

non

-for

mal

ed

ucat

ion

prog

ram

mes

and

num

ber o

f sc

hool

s co

mpl

ying

wit

h it

•Ministryof

Educ

atio

n (M

oE)

•MoW

CSW

•MoP

R•NGOsNetwor

k•Allia

nceofSch

ools

Thre

e ye

ars

from

the

first

ye

ar

5. C

ondu

ct a

war

enes

s-ra

isin

g pr

ogra

mm

es fo

r cre

atin

g a

cond

uciv

e en

viro

nmen

t for

th

e re

habi

litat

ion

of c

onfli

ct-

affe

cted

wom

en, g

irls

and

fo

rmer

wom

en c

omba

tant

s in

th

eir f

amili

es a

nd s

ocie

ty

•Co

nflict-affected

wom

en

and

girl

s an

d fo

rmer

w

omen

com

bata

nts

are

reha

bilit

ated

in th

eir

fam

ilies

and

soc

iety

•Num

bero

fawaren

ess-related

prog

ram

mes

con

duct

ed a

nd n

umbe

r of

part

icip

ants

•Num

bero

fcon

flict-affec

tedwom

enand

gi

rls

and

form

er w

omen

com

bata

nts

reha

bilit

ated

•Ch

ange

inattitud

inaltr

eatm

enttow

ards

co

nflic

t-af

fect

ed w

omen

and

gir

ls a

nd

form

er w

omen

com

bata

nts

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•Civils

ociety

•NGOs

•MoH

A•MoD

Thre

e ye

ars

from

the

first

ye

ar

6. C

ondu

ct o

rien

tati

on

prog

ram

mes

on

UN

SCR

132

5 &

182

0 fo

r diff

eren

t med

ia a

nd

com

mun

icat

ion

chan

nels

•UNSCR

s13

25&

182

0are

prio

riti

sed

by d

iffer

ent

med

ia a

nd c

omm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls

•Num

bero

forien

tation

program

mes

co

nduc

ted

and

mat

eria

ls p

ublis

hed

or

diss

emin

ated

by

diff

eren

t med

ia c

hann

els

•Th

eim

portan

ceaccorde

dby

themed

ia

to is

sues

rela

ted

to w

omen

, pea

ce a

nd

secu

rity

•MoP

R•MoIC

•MoW

CSW

•NGOs

•Med

ia•Fe

deration

ofN

epali

Jour

nalis

ts

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

Tool 16

57Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

7. D

isse

min

ate

info

rmat

ion

on re

lief a

nd re

para

tion

in a

tr

ansp

aren

t man

ner

•Co

nflict-affected

peo

ple,

part

icul

arly

wom

en a

nd

girl

s, re

ceiv

e in

form

atio

n on

relie

f and

repa

rati

on in

a

tran

spar

ent a

nd ti

mel

y m

anne

r

•Th

epr

oces

sap

pliedinth

ediss

emination

of in

form

atio

n•Th

enu

mbe

rofc

onflict-affec

tedwom

en

and

girl

s re

ceiv

ing

info

rmat

ion

•MoP

R•MoIC

•MoH

A•MoE

•MoH

P•MinistryofLoc

al

Dev

elop

men

t (M

oLD

)•MinistryofLab

oura

nd

Tran

spor

t Man

agem

ent

Five

yea

r fro

m

the

first

yea

r

2. T

o en

sure

that

gen

der

pers

pect

ives

are

m

ains

trea

med

in a

ll as

pect

s of

con

flict

tran

sfor

mat

ion

and

peac

e bu

ildin

g pr

oces

ses

1. In

corp

orat

e ge

nder

pe

rspe

ctiv

es in

pol

icie

s an

d pr

ogra

mm

es re

late

d to

con

flict

tr

ansf

orm

atio

n an

d pe

ace

build

ing

proc

esse

s

•Po

liciesan

dpr

ogrammes

re

late

d to

con

flict

tr

ansf

orm

atio

n an

d pe

ace

build

ing

are

gend

er

sens

itiv

e

•Num

bero

fgen

ders

ensitive

policiesan

dpr

ogra

mm

es o

n co

nflic

t tra

nsfo

rmat

ion

and

peac

e bu

ildin

g

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•MoF

•Office

ofthe

Prime

Min

iste

r and

Cou

ncil

of

Min

iste

rs•MoW

CSW

•MoH

A•MoD

Two

year

s fr

om

the

first

yea

r

2. A

ppoi

nt fo

cal p

erso

ns in

all

conc

erne

d ce

ntra

l and

loca

l le

vel a

genc

ies

and

build

thei

r ca

paci

ty fo

r the

impl

emen

tati

on

of U

NS

CR13

25 &

182

0

•Fo

calp

erso

nsfo

rthe

im

plem

enta

tion

of U

NS

CR

1325

&1

plac

e in

all

rela

ted

agen

cies

and

are

act

ive

•Num

bero

ffoc

alperso

nsapp

ointed

and

th

eir r

ole

•MoP

R•Office

ofthe

Prime

Min

iste

r and

Cou

ncil

of

Min

iste

rs•MoW

CSW

•MoH

A•MoD

Two

year

s fr

om

the

first

yea

r

3. B

uild

the

capa

city

of m

embe

rs,

espe

cial

ly w

omen

mem

bers

, of

the

Loca

l Pea

ce C

omm

itte

es

cons

titu

ted

in th

e di

stri

ct a

nd

the

Mun

icip

alit

y/VD

C le

vel

•Th

ewom

enm

embe

rs

of th

e Lo

cal P

eace

Co

mm

itte

es h

ave

the

skill

s an

d ca

n ca

rry

out t

heir

re

spon

sibi

litie

s ef

fect

ivel

y

•Num

bero

fcap

acitybu

ildingpr

ogrammes

co

nduc

ted

and

num

ber o

f par

tici

pant

s •Issu

esprese

nted

bywom

enin

the

com

mit

tees

and

the

role

they

pla

y

•MoP

R•MoL

D•Po

liticalparties

Two

year

s fr

om

the

first

yea

r

4. I

ncor

pora

te is

sues

rela

ted

to

wom

en, p

eace

and

sec

urit

y in

to

the

new

Con

stit

utio

n

•Issu

esofw

omen

,pea

ce

and

secu

rity

are

add

ress

ed

and

inco

rpor

ated

into

the

new

Con

stit

utio

n

•Th

ekind

san

dnu

mbe

rofp

rovision

son

w

omen

, pea

ce a

nd s

ecur

ity

addr

esse

d in

th

e Co

nsti

tuti

on

•CA

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•NGOs

Firs

t yea

r

5. P

olit

ical

par

ties

to in

clud

e is

sues

on

wom

en, p

eace

an

d se

curi

ty in

thei

r tra

inin

g pr

ogra

mm

es

•Issu

esre

latedtow

omen

,pe

ace

and

secu

rity

are

ad

dres

sed

in th

e tr

aini

ng

prog

ram

mes

con

duct

ed b

y th

e si

ster

org

anis

atio

ns o

f al

l pol

itic

al p

arti

es a

nd a

s a

resu

lt m

embe

rs o

f pol

itic

al

part

ies

are

mor

e se

nsit

ive

tow

ards

the

issu

e

•Num

bero

ftrainingpr

ogrammes

on

wom

en, p

eace

and

sec

urit

y co

nduc

ted

by

polit

ical

par

ties

•Po

liticalparties

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om

the

first

yea

r

6. E

ncou

rage

the

form

atio

n of

a

dist

rict

leve

l net

wor

k am

ong

orga

nisa

tion

s w

orki

ng in

the

sector

ofw

omen

and

wom

en's

righ

ts

•Ac

tivities

relatedtow

omen

an

dwom

en'srigh

tsat

dist

rict

leve

l are

car

ried

out

in

a c

o-or

dina

ted

man

ner

thro

ugh

netw

ork

form

atio

n

•Num

bero

fnetwor

ksestab

lishe

dat

dist

rict

leve

l and

the

num

ber o

f co-

ordi

nate

d pr

ogra

mm

es c

ondu

cted

by

the

netw

orks

•Effectiven

essofprogram

mes

im

plem

ente

d at

dis

tric

t lev

el

•MoH

A•MoW

CSW

•MoP

R•NGOs

Two

year

s fr

om

the

first

yea

r

587.

3.4

Relie

f and

reco

very

Obj

ecti

ve: T

o en

sure

the

dire

ct a

nd m

eani

ngfu

l par

tici

pati

on o

f con

flict

-aff

ecte

d w

omen

in th

e fo

rmul

atio

n an

d im

plem

enta

tion

of r

elie

f, re

cove

ry a

nd re

habi

litat

ion

prog

ram

mes

and

to a

ddre

ss th

e sp

ecifi

c ne

eds

of w

omen

and

gir

ls

Str

ateg

ic o

bjec

tive

sS

peci

fic a

ctio

ns

Resu

lt st

atem

ent

Indi

cato

rsIm

plem

enti

ng a

genc

ies

Agen

cies

resp

onsi

ble

Sup

port

ing

agen

cies

Ti

me

fram

e

1. F

orm

ulat

e an

d im

plem

ent r

elie

f and

re

cove

ry p

rogr

amm

es

wit

h th

e pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of

wom

en a

nd g

irls

aff

ecte

d by

con

flict

as

per t

heir

ne

eds

and

cond

itio

n

1. Id

enti

fy th

e ac

tual

con

diti

on

(hea

lth,

edu

cati

on, fi

nanc

ial a

nd

econ

omic

sta

tus)

of c

onfli

ct-

affe

cted

wom

en, g

irls

and

form

er

wom

en c

omba

tant

s, w

ith

thei

r pa

rtic

ipat

ion

•Nee

dsofc

onflict-affec

tedwom

en,

girl

s an

d fo

rmer

wom

en c

omba

tant

s ar

e id

enti

fied

and

effe

ctiv

ely

addr

esse

d by

relie

f and

reco

very

pr

ogra

mm

es

•Study

repo

rtsreve

alingth

eac

tual

cond

itio

n of

con

flict

-aff

ecte

d w

omen

and

gir

ls

•MoP

R•NGOs

Firs

t yea

r

2. F

orm

ulat

e an

d im

plem

ent

gend

er s

ensi

tive

imm

edia

te

relie

f pro

gram

mes

, wit

h th

e pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of c

onfli

ct-a

ffec

ted

wom

en, g

irls

and

form

er w

omen

co

mba

tant

s an

d in

co-

ordi

nati

on

wit

h co

ncer

ned

stak

ehol

ders

•Co

nflict-affected

wom

en,g

irlsand

fo

rmer

wom

en c

omba

tant

s re

ceiv

e re

lief a

s pe

r the

ir s

peci

fic n

eeds

•Num

bera

ndkinds

ofrelief

prog

ram

mes

form

ulat

ed w

ith

the

part

icip

atio

n of

wom

en, g

irls

and

fo

rmer

wom

en c

omba

tant

s •Num

bero

fwom

en,g

irlsand

fo

rmer

com

bata

nts

rece

ivin

g re

lief

aid

and

the

qual

ity

of th

e re

lief

prog

ram

me

•Nationa

lPlann

ing

Com

mis

sion

•MoP

R•MoL

D•MoH

P•MoE

•MoH

A

•NGOs

Two

year

s fr

om th

e fir

st

year

3. F

acili

tate

the

prep

arat

ion

and

proc

essi

ng o

f doc

umen

ts (e

.g.

citi

zens

hip

card

, bir

th c

erti

ficat

e,

scho

ol c

erti

ficat

e, m

arri

age

cert

ifica

te) t

hat g

uara

ntee

the

righ

ts o

f con

flict

-aff

ecte

d w

omen

an

d gi

rls

•Ea

syacces

stogov

ernm

ents

ervice

san

d fa

cilit

ies

thro

ugh

the

faci

litat

ion

of d

ocum

ents

(e.g

. cit

izen

ship

car

d,

birt

h ce

rtifi

cate

, sch

ool c

erti

ficat

e,

mar

riag

e ce

rtifi

cate

) tha

t gua

rant

ee

the

righ

ts o

f wom

en a

nd g

irls

livi

ng

in c

onfli

ct-a

ffec

ted

situ

atio

ns

•Num

bero

fwom

enand

girls

gett

ing

docu

men

ts (e

.g.

citi

zens

hip

card

, bir

th c

erti

ficat

e,

scho

ol c

erti

ficat

e, m

arri

age

cert

ifica

te)

•MoH

A•MoL

D•MoP

R

•Lo

calag

encies

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st

year

4. M

ake

prov

isio

n fo

r chi

ld c

are

faci

litie

s ta

rget

ed to

war

ds

confl

ict-

affe

cted

em

ploy

ees

or

wor

king

wom

en a

s pe

r the

nee

d

•Ch

ildcarefacilitiesareinplace

in

gov

ernm

ent a

nd p

riva

te s

ecto

r of

fices

and

at c

omm

unit

y le

vel f

or

confl

ict-

affe

cted

em

ploy

ees

and

wor

king

wom

en

•Num

bero

fchildrenan

dem

ploy

ees,

or w

orki

ng w

omen

re

ceiv

ing

and

acqu

irin

g th

e fa

cilit

ies

•Num

bero

fchildcarece

ntresan

dth

e qu

alit

y of

ser

vice

pro

vide

d by

th

e ce

ntre

s

•MoW

CSW

•Ce

ntralC

hildW

elfare

Boa

rd

•MoP

R•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st

year

5. W

ith

the

part

icip

atio

n of

the

confl

ict-

affe

cted

wom

en a

nd

girl

s an

d in

co-

ordi

nati

on

wit

h co

ncer

ned

stak

ehol

ders

, fo

rmul

ate

and

impl

emen

t gen

der

sens

itiv

e he

alth

, edu

cati

on,

phys

ical

, fina

ncia

l and

eco

nom

ic

reco

very

pro

gram

mes

bas

ed a

s pe

r the

nee

d

•Co

nflict-affected

wom

enand

girls

rece

ive

relie

f and

reco

very

pac

kage

s as

per

thei

r nee

d

•Num

bero

fwom

enparticipa

ting

in

the

form

ulat

ion

of p

rogr

amm

es

•Num

bero

fwom

enand

girls

gett

ing

repa

rati

on fo

r dam

ages

•Ty

peofrep

arationan

dam

ount

•Nationa

lPlann

ing

Com

mis

sion

•MoP

R•MoL

D•MoH

P•MoE

•MoH

A

•MoW

CSW

•MoF

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st

year

Tool 16

59Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

6. M

ake

arra

ngem

ents

for t

he

trea

tmen

t and

reha

bilit

atio

n of

wom

en w

ho a

re m

enta

lly

dist

urbe

d, d

ue to

con

flict

, and

w

hose

fam

ilies

hav

e no

t bee

n id

enti

fied

•Wom

enw

hohav

elostm

ental

bala

nce,

due

to c

onfli

ct, o

r who

se

fam

ilies

hav

e no

t bee

n tr

aced

re

ceiv

e th

e tr

eatm

ent t

he re

quir

e an

d ar

e re

habi

litat

ed

•Th

etype

ofs

ervice

provide

dan

dth

e nu

mbe

r of b

enefi

ciar

ies

•MoP

R•MoH

P•MoW

CSW

•NGOs

Two

year

s fr

om th

e fir

st

year

7. I

mpl

emen

t sch

olar

ship

s an

d in

cent

ive

prog

ram

mes

for c

onfli

ct-

affe

cted

gir

ls

•Co

nflict-affected

girlsareableto

cont

inue

thei

r edu

cati

on

•Num

bero

fgirlsgetting

sc

hola

rshi

ps•Num

bero

fprogram

mes

co

nduc

ted

•MoE

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•NGOs

•Sch

ools

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st

year

8. P

rovi

de b

ridg

ing

cour

se a

nd

non-

form

al e

duca

tion

to c

onfli

ct-

affe

cted

wom

en a

nd g

irls

, who

du

e to

the

confl

ict w

ere

not

able

to c

onti

nue

thei

r stu

dies

or

mis

sed

scho

ol

•Co

nflict-affected

wom

enand

gi

rls

have

acc

ess

to a

ppro

pria

te

educ

atio

n

•Num

bero

fbridg

ingco

urse

san

d th

e no

n-fo

rmal

edu

cati

on

prog

ram

mes

ope

rate

d an

d th

e nu

mbe

r of p

arti

cipa

nts

•MoE

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•NGOs

•Pr

ivatese

ctor

Two

year

s fr

om th

e fir

st

year

9. I

mpl

emen

t spe

cial

ski

ll-or

ient

ed

trai

ning

and

inco

me-

gene

rati

ng

prog

ram

mes

for t

he b

enefi

t of

confl

ict-

affe

cted

wom

en a

nd g

irls

ba

sed

on th

eir i

nter

ests

, abi

lity

and

mar

ket p

oten

tial

s

•Co

nflict-affected

wom

enand

girls

are

enga

ged

in in

com

e-ge

nera

tion

ac

tivi

ties

or g

et e

mpl

oym

ent a

s pe

r th

eir s

kills

•Num

bero

fskill-or

iented

tr

aini

ng a

ctiv

itie

s an

d nu

mbe

r of

part

icip

ants

•Num

bero

ftho

segetting

em

ploy

men

t and

the

type

of

empl

oym

ent

•Th

equ

alitativeim

prov

emen

tin

the

livin

g st

anda

rd o

f wom

en

as a

resu

lt of

the

impl

emen

ted

prog

ram

mes

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•MinistryofIn

dustry

•MinistryofLab

our

and

Tran

spor

t M

anag

emen

t•MoE

•Ministryof

Agri

cultu

re a

nd C

o-op

erat

ives

•NGOs

•Lo

calo

rgan

isations

Thre

e ye

ars

from

the

first

yea

r

10.

Prov

ide

seed

mon

ey o

r in

tere

st-f

ree

loan

s to

con

flict

-af

fect

ed w

omen

and

gir

ls

who

hav

e re

ceiv

ed tr

aini

ng

or a

ppre

ntic

eshi

p fo

r inc

ome

gene

rati

on

•Co

nflict-affected

wom

enand

gi

rls

gett

ing

the

seed

mon

ey a

nd

inte

rest

-fre

e lo

ans

star

t the

ir o

wn

ente

rpri

ses

and

are

sel

f em

ploy

ed

•Num

bero

fwom

enstarting

ente

rpri

ses

afte

r rec

eivi

ng th

e se

ed m

oney

and

inte

rest

-fre

e lo

an

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•MoF

•Ministryof

Agri

cultu

re a

nd C

o-op

erat

ives

•Nep

alRas

traBan

k•Ag

ricu

ltural

Dev

elop

men

t Ban

k•Oth

erban

ks•NGOs

Two

year

s fr

om th

e fir

st

year

11. C

ondu

ct o

rien

tati

on

prog

ram

mes

to s

ervi

ce p

rovi

ders

en

ablin

g th

em to

be

sens

itiv

e an

d re

spec

tful

in th

eir r

espo

nse

to

confl

ict-

affe

cted

wom

en a

nd g

irls

•Co

nflict-affected

wom

enand

girls

rece

ive

a di

gnifi

ed a

nd s

ensi

tive

re

spon

se fr

om s

ervi

ce p

rovi

ders

•Num

bero

ftrainingan

dnu

mbe

rof

part

icip

ants

•Th

ech

ange

inth

eattitude

of

serv

ice-

prov

ider

s to

war

ds th

e co

nflic

t-af

fect

ed w

omen

and

gir

ls

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•MoH

P•MoE

•MoH

A•Civils

ociety

•NGOs

Thre

e ye

ars

from

the

first

yea

r

12. E

stab

lish

an e

mer

genc

y fu

nd

for a

ddre

ssin

g th

e im

med

iate

ne

eds

of w

omen

and

gir

ls d

urin

g co

nflic

t

•Wom

enand

girlsre

ceiveim

med

iate

relie

f ass

ista

nce

as p

er th

eir n

eed

at

the

tim

e of

con

flict

•Es

tablishm

ento

fthe

fund

and

the

stat

us o

f im

plem

enta

tion

•MoW

CSW

•MoP

R•MoF

•Office

ofthe

Prime

Min

iste

r and

Cou

ncil

of M

inis

ters

•Nationa

lPlann

ing

Com

mis

sion

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st

year

607.

3.5

Reso

urce

man

agem

ent,

mon

itor

ing

and

eval

uati

on

Obj

ecti

ve: T

o in

stit

utio

nalis

e m

onit

orin

g an

d ev

alua

tion

and

ens

ure

requ

ired

reso

urce

s fo

r the

impl

emen

tati

on o

f the

NAP

, thr

ough

the

colla

bora

tion

and

co-

ordi

nati

on o

f all

stak

ehol

ders

Str

ateg

ic o

bjec

tive

sS

peci

fic a

ctio

nsRe

sult

stat

emen

tIn

dica

tors

Impl

emen

ting

age

ncie

sTi

me

fram

e

Agen

cies

resp

onsi

ble

Sup

port

ing

agen

cies

1. T

o ex

ecut

e th

e N

AP in

an

effe

ctiv

e m

anne

r1.

Inc

orpo

rate

the

NAP

in th

e pe

riod

ic a

nd s

ecto

ral p

lans

, bu

dget

and

pro

gram

mes

•Ad

equa

tere

sour

cesare

avai

labl

e fo

r the

impl

emen

tati

on

of th

e N

AP

•Alloca

tedan

nualbud

get

and

prog

ram

mes

for

the

impl

emen

tati

on o

f th

e N

AP

•Nationa

lPlan

ning

Co

mm

issi

on•MoP

R•MoF

•Sec

toralministries

•Pr

ivatese

ctor

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st y

ear

2. M

obili

se a

ddit

iona

l re

sour

ces

from

dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

r org

anis

atio

ns, N

GO

s,

ING

Os

and

the

priv

ate

sect

or

•Ad

equa

tere

sour

cesav

ailable

from

dev

elop

men

t par

tner

or

gani

sati

ons,

NG

Os,

ING

Os

and

the

priv

ate

sect

or

•Th

ereso

urce

sco

ntri

bute

d by

the

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

er

orga

nisa

tion

s, N

GO

s,

ING

Os

and

the

priv

ate

sect

or

•MoP

R•MoF

•Pr

ivatese

ctor

•IN

GOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st y

ear

2. T

o in

stit

utio

nalis

e a

mon

itor

ing

and

eval

uati

on s

yste

m w

ith

the

part

icip

atio

n of

all

the

sect

oral

age

ncie

s,

wom

en b

enefi

ciar

ies

and

orga

nisa

tion

s w

orki

ng fo

r wom

en'srigh

ts

1. C

ondu

ct c

apac

ity

build

ing

prog

ram

mes

for e

ffec

tive

m

onit

orin

g an

d ev

alua

tion

of

the

NAP

•Effectivemon

itor

ingan

dev

alua

tion

of N

AP ta

kes

plac

e •Statusofm

onitor

ing

and

eval

uati

on p

roce

ss•Num

bero

fcap

acity

build

ing

prog

ram

mes

co

nduc

ted

for

mon

itor

ing

and

the

num

ber o

f par

tici

pant

s in

suc

h pr

ogra

mm

es

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•Oth

erre

lated

min

istr

ies/

de

part

men

ts a

nd

sect

ors

•Office

ofthe

Pr

ime

Min

iste

r an

d Co

unci

l of

Min

iste

rs•Nationa

lPlann

ing

Com

mis

sion

•Nationa

lWom

en's

Com

mis

sion

•Dev

elop

men

tpa

rtne

r or

gani

sati

ons

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st y

ear

2. In

stit

utio

nalis

e th

e pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of b

enefi

ciar

ies

and

orga

nisa

tion

s w

orki

ng

forw

omen

'srigh

tsin

the

mon

itor

ing

and

eval

uati

on o

f th

e N

AP

•Pa

rticipator

ymon

itor

ing

and

eval

uati

on s

yste

m is

in

stit

utio

nalis

ed.

•Num

bero

fben

eficiaries

and

orga

nisa

tion

s wor

king

forwom

en's

righ

ts p

arti

cipa

ting

in

the

mon

itor

ing

and

eval

uati

on

•MoP

R•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st y

ear

3. In

corp

orat

e th

e ge

nder

aud

it

syst

em in

to th

e m

onit

orin

g an

d ev

alua

tion

mec

hani

sm.

•Th

ege

nderaud

itsys

temis

in

corp

orat

ed in

the

mon

itor

ing

and

eval

uati

on m

echa

nism

.

•Mon

itor

ingan

dev

alua

tion

car

ried

out

w

ith

the

gend

er a

udit

sy

stem

.

•MoP

R•MoW

CSW

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st y

ear

Tool 16

61Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

3.To

co-

ordi

nate

and

co

llabo

rate

wit

h m

ulti

late

ral

stak

ehol

ders

for t

he

impl

emen

tati

on o

f the

NAP

fo

r res

ourc

e m

obili

sati

on

and

for m

onit

orin

g an

d ev

alua

tion

1. D

evel

op a

n ap

prop

riat

e pr

oces

s fo

r co-

ordi

nati

on

and

colla

bora

tion

wit

h go

vern

men

t bod

ies,

de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

s, N

GO

s,

the

priv

ate

sect

or a

nd c

ivil

soci

ety

•Effectivean

dco

ntinue

dco

-or

dina

tion

and

col

labo

rati

on

is m

aint

aine

d w

ith

mul

tila

tera

l st

akeh

olde

rs fo

r the

im

plem

enta

tion

of t

he N

AP, f

or

reso

urce

mob

ilisa

tion

and

for

mon

itor

ing

and

eval

uati

on

•Num

bero

fmultilateral

stak

ehol

ders

invo

lved

in

the

impl

emen

tati

on

of th

e N

AP a

nd th

e av

aila

ble

reso

urce

s

•Nationa

lPlann

ing

Com

mis

sion

•MoF

•MoP

H•MoW

CSW

•Dev

elop

men

tpa

rtne

r or

gani

sati

ons

•NGOs

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st y

ear

2. P

ublic

ise

the

mon

itor

ing

and

eval

uati

on re

port

•Co

ncerne

dstak

eholde

rsand

th

e ge

nera

l pub

lic a

re a

war

e of

th

e im

plem

enta

tion

sta

tus

of

the

NAP

•Pr

ogrammeorga

nise

dfo

r mak

ing

the

mon

itor

ing

and

eval

uati

on re

port

pub

lic

•MoP

R•Nationa

lPlann

ing

Com

mis

sion

•Nationa

lWom

en's

Com

mis

sion

•MoW

CSW

Five

yea

rs fr

om th

e fir

st y

ear

4. T

o se

t up

a m

echa

nism

for

impl

emen

tati

on o

f the

NAP

1.

Enh

ance

the

capa

city

of

the

“Im

plem

enta

tion

Co

mm

itte

e” e

stab

lishe

d fo

r th

e Im

plem

enta

tion

of U

NS

CR

1325

& 1

820

•Th

eca

pacityofthe

UNSCR

13

25 &

1820

Impl

emen

tati

on

Com

mit

tee

is e

nhan

ced

and

func

tion

s ef

fect

ivel

y

•Pr

ogrammes

are

hled

for i

ncre

asin

g th

e ca

paci

ty o

f the

Im

plem

enta

tion

Co

mm

itte

e

•MoP

R

•MoF

•Dev

elop

men

tpa

rtne

r or

gani

sati

ons

Firs

t yea

r

2. S

et u

p a

gend

er u

nit a

t th

e M

oPR

and

enha

nce

its

capa

city

•Gen

derp

ersp

ective

isfu

lly

inco

rpor

ated

in a

ll th

e pr

ogra

mm

es o

f the

MoP

R

•Es

tablishm

entofth

eun

it•Ca

pacitybuilding

prog

ram

mes

and

the

num

ber o

f par

tici

pant

s•Th

estatus

ofg

ende

rm

ains

trea

min

g in

pla

ns

and

prog

ram

mes

of t

he

MoP

R

•MoP

R•Dev

elop

men

tpa

rtne

r or

gani

sati

ons

Firs

t yea

r

3. C

onst

itut

e U

NS

CR 1

325

& 1

820

Co-o

rdin

atio

n Co

mm

itte

es a

t dis

tric

t lev

el,

unde

r the

co-

ordi

nati

on o

f the

Ch

ief D

istr

ict O

ffice

r

•Co

-ord

inationCo

mmittees

co

nsti

tute

d w

ith

the

part

icip

atio

n of

con

cern

ed

stak

ehol

ders

at d

istr

ict l

evel

are

ac

tive

and

func

tion

al

•Num

bero

fcom

mittees

co

nsti

tute

d•Th

estatus

and

pe

rfor

man

ce o

f the

co

mm

itte

es

•MoP

R•MoH

A•MoF

•Dev

elop

men

tpa

rtne

r or

gani

sati

ons

•NGOs

Firs

t yea

r

62

8. Implementation of the NAP

The following provisions have been made for the implementation of the NAP:

8.1 Programmes will be formulated and implemented in co-ordination with the MoPR, the MoWCSW and sectors responsible for implementing the programmes and supporting agencies. While formulating programmes, priority will be given to programmes that provide immediate relief assistance necessary to conflict-affected women and girls.

8.2 Programmes will be implemented in collaboration with ministries and departments at central level and with the District Administration Office, the District Development Committee (DDC) Office, the Women and Children’s Office, the District Public Health Office, the District Education Office, the District Cottage Industries Development Office/Board, district-based Security Offices, the District Child Welfare Board and other district level bodies. Capacity-building programmes will also be implemented for enhancing the capacity of these offices.

8.3 NGOs and INGOs, working on women’s rights at local level and their networks, will be mobilised to the maximum extent while implementing the programmes.

8.4 Orientation, interaction and awareness programmes will be conducted for all concerned stakeholders, including service providers, to enhance their sensitivity and skill to respond appropriately to all conflict-affected people, particularly conflict-affected women and girls.

8.5 Participation of conflict-affected women and girls in labour-oriented and community development programmes will be conducted at district level. Employment provided for them will be based on their age and the skills they have acquired.

8.6 Provision will be made for recruiting a programme officer at all conflict-affected District Administration Offices to help implement the NAP. The officer will help in running programmes and in collecting sex-disaggregated data. The assistance of international development partners interested in implementing the NAP will be sought for this purpose.

8.7 Sex-disaggregated data concerning conflict-affected women and girls will be collected for the implementation of the NAP. Arrangements will be made for making the data available to the Co-ordination Committees within the Women and Children Office at district level. The data received by the Implementation Committee at the central level will be kept at the MoWCSW. Arrangements will be made for maintaining the confidentiality of sensitive information related to conflict-affected women and girls.

8.8 Arrangements will be made for documenting and exchanging information on implementing the NAP and best practices from one district to another.

8.9 The ministries/ commissions/ offices designated as responsible agencies in the NAP will formulate and implement individual action plans for fulfilling their stated responsibilities at the earliest opportunity.

9. Institutional arrangement for the implementation of the Action Plan

9.1 Steering Committee:

Tool 16

63Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

A Steering Committee is constituted for implementing the NAP as stated below:

a. Minister for Foreign Affairs Chair

b. Minister for Peace and Reconstruction Co-Chair

c. Minister for Women, Children and Social Welfare Member

d. State Minister for Peace and Reconstruction Member

e. Member, the National Planning Commission (looking after the MoPR) Member

f. Member, the National Women’s Commission Member

g. Secretary, the MoF Member

h. Secretary, the MoHA Member

i. Secretary, the MoFA Member

j. Secretary, the Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers Member

k. Secretary, the MoWCSW Member

l. Secretary, the MoD Member

m. Secretary, the MoPR Member

n. Representative, the Women’s Welfare Society Member

o. Representative, IHRICON Member

p. Representative, Shanti Malika Member

q. Representative, Beyond Beijing Committee Member

r. Representative, Women’s Peace Group Member

s. Representative, Women Security Pressure Group Member

t. Representative, Women’s Network for Peace, Power, Democracy and the CA Member

u. Representative, Rural Women’s Development and Unity Centre Member

v. Representative, SAATHI Member

w. Representative, Women for Human Rights, Single Women’s Group Member

x. Representative, Nepal Society Development Centre Member

y. Joint Secretary, Law and Information & Communication, Division Member

z. Representative, MoPR Secretary

The Steering Committee, as is deemed necessary, can invite to its meeting the Chief of UN Women in Nepal, the representative/s of the Peace Support Working Group, the Resident Representative of UNDP for Nepal and other experts on related subjects.

9.2 Functions, duties and authority of the Steering Committee:

a. Make policy provisions regarding gender mainstreaming in conflict management and peacebuilding processes

b. Make policy provisions for the prevention and control of gender-based violence, specifically taking place during and after conflict

c. Maintain inter-agency co-ordination for women’s empowerment and to ensure that the dividends of peace are equally received by women

64

d. Generate national and international support for implementation of the NAP

e. Ensure that responsible agencies develop and implement their individual plans

f. Carry out regular monitoring and supervision of the implementation of NAP

g. Provide necessary directions to the agencies concerned regarding implementation of the NAP

h. Present a report on the status of the implementation of UNSCR 1325 & 1820 to the UN

9.3 Implementation Committee:

An Implementation Committee with the following members is formed under the Steering Committee:

a. Joint-Secretary; Law and Information & Communications Division, MoPR Convenor

b. Representative, the MoWCSW Member

c. Representative, the MoHA Member

d. Representative, the MoD Member

e. Representative, UN Women, Nepal Member

f. Representative, the National Women’s Commission Member

g. Under Secretary; Law and Human Rights Section, MoPR Secretary

The Implementation Committee will have to invite the representative of the MoFA to its meeting as an invited member. Representatives of donor organisations, as directed by the Steering Committee, can be included in the Implementation Committee, as observers.

9.4 Functions, duties and authority of the Implementation Committee:

a. Carry out the decisions taken by the High Level Steering Committee

b. Provide support and co-ordination for developing sectoral plans and their implementation

c. Adopt mechanisms for promoting greater gender awareness

d. Pay special attention to the particular needs and vulnerable situation of conflict-affected women

e. Mobilise necessary resources for implementation of the NAP

f. Monitor the status of the implementation and report to the Steering Committee

g. Prepare an annual progress report and submit it to the Steering Committee

9.5 Provision for Gender Unit:

A Gender Unit will be set up at the MoPR for the effective implementation of the NAP. The Convenor of the Implementation Committee will head the Unit comprising of the Member-Secretary of the Implementation Committee, a section officer and other subject experts and employees as needed. The Unit will be provided with necessary resources and the capacity of the employees working in the unit will be enhanced. This unit will be responsible for preparing the annual report of the NAP and also for carrying out monitoring and evaluation.

Tool 16

65Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

9.6 NAP District Co-ordination Committee:

A NAP District Co-ordination Committee, comprising the following members, will be set up in each district for the implementation of the NAP:

a. Chief District Officer Convenor

b. Local Development Officer Co-Convenor

c. Chairperson/Representative, Local Peace Committee Member

d. Chief, the District Public Health Office Member

e. District Education Officer Member

f. Chief, the Small and Cottage Industries Development Office/Board Member

g. Chief, the District Police Office Member

h. Representative, the Technical School based in the district Member

i. Chief, the District Child Welfare Board Member

j. Two conflict-affected women assigned by the Local Peace Committee Members

k. Two representatives from among the NGOs working in the women’s rights sector, assigned by the committee Members

l. Women and Children Officer Member-Secretary

The representatives of donor agencies based in the district, providing support for the implementation of the Action Plan, can be called to the District Co-ordination Committee as observers. The committee will invite the representatives of other offices in the district, as is deemed necessary.

9.7 Functions, duties and authority of the NAP District Co-ordination Committee:

a. Carry out the decisions of the Steering Committee and the Implementation Committee

b. Ensure the programmes proposed in the NAP are included in the programmes of the district level offices concerned

c. Maintain co-ordination among different programmes related to the NAP implemented in the district

d. Carry out constant monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of programmes related to the NAP conducted in the district

e. Provide a progress report on the NAP to the Implementation Committee

10. Monitoring and evaluation 10.1 The process and procedure for carrying out ongoing monitoring will be

adopted in a results-based way by using results indicators like input, activities, outcome, achievements and goals, in the course of the implementation of the NAP. Participation of programme beneficiaries will also be sought out in the monitoring and evaluation exercise.

66

10.2 An appropriate Management Information System will be prepared and implemented for the effective and efficient operation of the NAP. Arrangements will be made for conducting quarterly, half-yearly and annual progress reviews to institutionalise the monitoring and evaluation process.

10.3 Arrangements will be made for periodic publication and for making the progress report on the implementation available to the public.

10.4 Arrangements will be made for assigning a focal person, who will be responsible for monitoring in each responsible agency and providing required resources to that person for institutionalising an effective monitoring process.

Tool 16

67Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 17UNSCR 1325 indicators in relation to Nepal

In April 2010, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon published a set of UN indicators for monitoring progress in the implementation of UNSCR 1325 under four pillars: Participation; Protection; Prevention; and Relief and Recovery. The following is an assessment of how Nepal measures against UN indicators 8, 11 and 1241.

UNSCR 1325 indicator 8: Number and percentage of peace agreements with specific provisions to improve the security and status of women and girls:

Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 2006

• UNSCR1325hadlimitedimpactonNepal’speaceandcease-firetalksduringtheperiod 2001-2006, leading up to the CPA.

• TherearenospecificreferencestoUNSCR1325intheCPA,althoughitcontainsreferences to an obligation to be bound by international human rights’ norms.

• Women’srightswereraisedinonlyonepointoftheCPA(7.6).Bothsidesofthepeace agreement fully agreed to provide special protection for the rights of women and children and to prohibit immediately all types of violence against women and children, as well as sexual exploitation and harassment.

Interim Constitution (IC), 2007

• Women’srightsarerecognisedasafundamentalright.Non-discriminationonthebasis of gender is pledged (Article 20:1).

• ItstatesthatVAWisapunishablecrime(Article20:2).

• Itoutlinesprovisionsforgrantingwomenequalrightstoancestralproperty(Article20:4).

• Itmakesprovisionsforgivingwomenreproductivehealthrights(Article20:2).Thisis the first time any government in the region has explicitly recognised women’s reproductive rights as human rights in a national constitution.

The Nepal Peace Trust Fund (NPTF)

• TheNPTFisagovernment-ownedprogramme,establishedinFebruary2007,toimplement the provisions of the CPA. It is a mechanism for interested donors to contribute to the peace process through direct contributions to the GoN.

• TheNPTFhealthservicepackagebenefitedfemalecombatantsandcontributedtovoter education and female election candidates.

Draft Truth and Reconciliation Bill

• TheTruthandReconciliationBillwasputforwardbytheMoPRinJuly2007.

• Neitherthelanguage,northeprovisionsinthedraftBillacknowledgethespecialneeds of women victims of conflict. The inclusion of at least one woman among the candidate commissioners falls short of guaranteeing a gender balance in the Commission’s composition (Truth and Reconciliation Bill, Chapter 2:3).

41 Guring S M and Lama S, UNSCR 1325 and 1820: Implementation and Monitoring Status in Nepal, (Shantimalika, 2010).

68

• Intherecommendationsforreparationsthereisnoprovisionforpsychosocialsupport for female victims of the conflict, especially survivors of sexual violence (Truth and Reconciliation Bill, Chapter 26).

• Thereisalsoverylittleattentiongiventotheprotectionofvictimsandwitnesses.

• AttemptsbytheGoNtointroduceimpunityforrapehavesofarbeenstalledbywomen’s advocacy in the context of UNSCR 1325.

Security and demilitarisation-related policies

• TheAgreementonMonitoringofArmsandArmies(2006)makesnomentionofspecial needs for women combatants and women associated with the armed forces.

• Rehabilitationandintegrationpolicydevelopmenttodatehasexcludedwomen(seeTool 14 for more details).

Other related policies

• TheConstituentAssemblyMemberElectionAct(2007)makesprovisionforaminimum of 33 percent representation by women candidates for the CA election.

• TheLocalSelfGovernanceActmakesprovisionforatleast20percentrepresentationby women in VDCs, district development committees and municipalities.

UNSCR indicator 11: Level of women in formal and informal peace negotiations and peace-building processes

• IneffortstoendtheconflictandpriortosigningtheCPA,atotalof15committeesandhigh-level talks teams conducted the formal peace processes between 2003 and 2006. The teams were made up of 99 people, including facilitators. A total of seven women (seven percent) were involved in only three of the 15 committees. Women were excluded from the formal peace talks as mediators, participants, observers and signatories.

• Asaresultofthis,civilsocietyinitiativesweredevelopedtocontributetothepeaceprocess in parallel with the formal negotiations.

UN indicator 12: Increased representation and meaningful participation of women in national and local governance, as citizens, elected officials and decision makers

• DuringelectionsfortheCA(2008)197womenwereelectedoutof601members(32.8 percent). Women voters outnumbered men.

• Womenfromdiverseethniccultures,traditions,groupsandgeographicalareaswereelected, including 45 widows and 20 Dalit women. Women had previously never comprised more than six percent of Nepal’s Parliamentarians. In the past, women in political positions had mostly been from upper castes and/or were close relatives of male politicians.

• Womenarealsorepresentedineachofthethematiccommitteessetuptodiscussthedrafting of the new constitution.

• Inlate2010,fiveoutof43governmentministerswerewomenbutmajorpoliticaldecision making positions are still held by men. Around nine percent of members of the political parties’ Central Committees are women.

Note: Implementation of UNSCR 1325 in Nepal will now take place within the framework of the recently-enacted NAP. Refer to Tool 16: DRAFT copy of relevant parts of the Nepal NAP on UNSCRs 1325 and 1820 for more information.

Tool 17

69Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 18Instructions for Martian journalists on a mission to Planet Earth!

a. Participants are asked to imagine they are journalists from the planet Mars who have just arrived on Earth for the first time.

b. You can read and understand the words in the newspapers, but you don’t know anything about the lives of Nepali people.

c. Your assignment will be to study the newspapers as though looking through ‘gender spectacles’ and then travel back to Mars to make a report to the main Martian radio station (‘Radio MARS FM’) or the newspaper ‘The MARS Times’.

d. You will be expected to describe your impressions of the lives, roles, attitudes and security situation of women and men in Nepal and on planet Earth, solely based on what you learned from reading the newspaper and studying the pictures.

e. Each group should appoint a reporter (someone who hasn’t yet reported back during other sessions in the workshop). The reporter will compile the findings from their group and on arriving back on planet Mars will present their report to editors from the MARS Times and producers from the Radio MARS FM.

f. Groups have 30–40 minutes to study the newspapers before presenting their report.

g. Please make sure that each group carries out the following tasks when analysing stories on security/politics/or a related issue:

◦ Who is speaking?

◦ Who is being spoken about? In what way?

◦ In what stories are men or women the main sources of authority?

◦ Does this portrayal challenge or perpetuate gender stereotypes?

h. Analyse photographs:

◦ Count the number of women and men you see in the pictures in the newspaper and calculate the total percentage of women and the total percentage of men. Include adverts and all pages in this calculation. Group photos should also be included. Girls should be counted as women and boys as men.

◦ Make a note of the roles that are portrayed. What else is shown through these pictures in relation to gender? Look at the images. What are the people doing? What aspects of the people are portrayed in the pictures?

◦ Look at specific photographs to ascertain what the picture tells you about the individual shown: Is this a character, a stereotype of a person or does it portray an individual who has specific characteristics, attitudes or behaviour?

◦ Where do the images of women and men appear in the paper? Do you think that segregation of images of men and women into different sections of the newspaper affects how the readers approach and interpret these pictures?

70

Tool 19Lapen scenario

Lapen is an imaginary country just emerging from conflict. The peace treaty was signed five years ago and the country is in the process of post-conflict reconstruction. The government has stated that SSR is part of building democratic systems and institutions. The political parties control many aspects of people’s lives. As civil society, you have been collecting data on the incidences of SGBV towards women in three districts – Bahura, Moshi and Kageri.

In Moshi, you have found that a number of women in a particular community have been raped while walking at night alone. The person allegedly responsible for the rapes is thought to be a high-level party member from the main party in the district. The police have started proceedings to investigate the rapes and identify the perpetrator, but since then nothing has happened. The survivors believe the police and judiciary may be unwilling to pursue any prosecution because of the alleged perpetrator’s political connections. This is not the first time an incident like this has happened.

Tool 19

71Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 20Advocacy tools for civil society on gender and security

The principles of advocacy outlined in this tool apply whether you are running a group advocacy strategy, speaking at a roundtable, writing a clear briefing factsheet, meeting decision makers, or giving a media interview on gender and security.

1. Principles of successful advocacy:

• Keepthelanguageclear,simpleandshort.

• Provideaclearmessageontheproblemyouhaveidentified.

• Provideaclearmessageonwhatyouwantdoneaboutit;thesolutionyoupropose.

a. Problem identification

◦ What exactly is the problem?

◦ What facts, figures and evidence do you have?

b. Preparation - do your background research:

◦ What information do you need?

◦ Where are you going to look to find the information?

◦ How are you going to apply the information to your advocacy campaign?

◦ What do citizens think about the issue?

◦ Who else is already conducting an advocacy campaign on this issue?

◦ What can you learn from their approaches to the problem?

◦ Who are your allies for a coalition?

◦ Who are your opposition and what are their arguments against you?

◦ What is the state of existing legislation on this issue? Is it sufficient and appropriate? If yes, does it need enforcing? If no, does current legislation need amending or is new legislation needed?

◦ What international agreements exist that may affect your issue?

◦ Who are the winners and losers in your proposed solution?

◦ How are you going to apply your research to your advocacy strategy?

◦ How are you going to interest the media? You may decide that the issue is too sensitive for media engagement to achieve your advocacy objectives.

c. Decide and prioritise:

◦ What you want to achieve? Agree on goals and objectives.

◦ Who do you need to target? Which people or organisations do you need to influence? Undertake research to find out who has the power and responsibility for the specific aspect of security-related issues you are addressing. Which political party leaders? Which policy-makers? Which specific people within ministries? Which members of parliament/ VDC/DDC etc.?

◦ How you are going to reach them?

◦ Decide on the justification for why they should support you.

◦ Decide on what you want them to do.

72

◦ Decide on when you want them to do it.

d. Action: Define clear instructions and requests for action:

◦ Inform your target audience (individuals or groups) about your issue.

◦ Persuade your target audience to agree with you.

◦ Motivate your target audience to feel strongly enough about your issue to take action in support of your cause.

◦ Move your target audience by explaining:

◦ Why they should support you and the advantage of your advocacy for your target groups.

◦ What you want them to do. Make sure you tell them precisely what you action you would like them to take.

2. Role of civil society in advocacy on gender and security issues:

• Providewell-informedbriefingstodecisionmakers.

• Givethemediaaccurateinformationongenderandsecurityissues.

• Monitorlocal,nationalandinternationalofficials’andpoliticians’decisionmaking.

• Promoteinitiativestoimplement,enforceandreformlaws.

• Askofficialsandpoliticiansawkwardquestionsandencourageaccountability.

• Combatlackoftransparencyininstitutions.

• Whistle-blowwhenthereiscorruption.

• Reminddecisionmakersoftheirobligationstofulfilinternationalagreements.

Tool 20

73Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 21What makes a good press release?

Information to include in the press release:

1 Make it memorable.

2 A press release should look professional. Print your own press release notepaper with the words ‘Press Release’ at the top.

3 Keep it short – one or two pages. If necessary you can attach extra pages to your press release with further background material and statistics designed to interest and inform journalists.

4 Start with the date the press release has been issued – this shows it is fresh information.

5 Give a short, eye-catching headline by describing the event or announcement in five or six words. At the top, in the middle of the page, print one sentence in capital letters or large bold letters. This should be informative and catch the reader’s attention.

6 Put all the important details in the first paragraph. State who will speak and anything controversial they may be going to say, or anything interesting that might take place, i.e. a particular event.

7 When you are writing a press release you should imagine you are a journalist. Your press release should explain: Who, What, When, How, Where and Why. If it is an event give the name of guest(s) or speaker(s), the date, time and place of the event and two or three attention-catching sentences describing the event.

8 Include the name of your organisation and full contact details at the bottom of the press release.

9 State how you or another spokesperson for your organisation can be contacted (phone, mobile and/or e-mail) including at weekends and in the evenings.

10 Always send a press release to named individuals. If you do not know the right person by name telephone the radio station, television station or newspaper to find

Think of your press

release as though it is a pyramid.

Write the most important points in the first paragraph:

Who? What? Why? How? Where? When?

74

out the name of the editor or producer. Watch and listen to programmes and read the newspaper to get the names of journalists you think might be interested in your subject and send the press release to them.

11 Include quotes by experts or well-known personalities. Quotes are very useful in press-releases, pamphlets and leaflets, or to give to journalists for television and radio interviews.

General advice on use of quotes in media:

• Compilealistofstrongquotessupportingyourcausefromexpertsonthetopicandwell-known, respected members of the community. You can use endorsements in press-releases, pamphlets and leaflets, or to give to journalists or use in television and radio interviews. People are heavily influenced by opinion leaders. Quotes from the following people are useful: experts on your topic, famous television personalities, politicians, well-known writers and poets, business leaders, scientists, educators, sports stars, etc. Use their endorsements in letters to editors or politicians, or use them in television, radio or newspaper interviews, or articles.

• Negativequotesagainstyourcampaigncanalsobevaluable.Collectnegativequotesmade by senior politicians (for example) in newspapers or speaking on television. These can be sent to foreign press and opinion leaders, to embarrass or shame the people who spoke the words and to gather sympathy and understanding for your cause.

Information on e-mailing press releases:

• Keepthetextbriefandfocused.Ane-mailpressreleaseshouldfollowthesame‘pyramid’format as any other press release (see the section on writing a good press release).

• Writeane-mailsubjectlinethatiscompellingorprovocative.Thesubjectlineisthefirst thing the recipient will see before they download your release. Never e-mail a press release (or any other message) with a blank subject line because most people will not open an e-mail without a subject line.

• Includeyoure-mailaddressandwebsiteURLinadditiontoyourphonenumber.Putall your contact information at the bottom of the press release.

• Usehyperlinkstowebsites,whereappropriate.Ifthereisadditionalinformationavailable at your website, such as an event announcement, include a hyperlink so reporters can access it directly. Online publications often include these links in their stories, making this an effective way to direct visitors to a useful website.

Agree ground-rules with colleagues:

The use of media in your advocacy campaign can be powerful and emotionally charged. Internal fighting, disagreements and recriminations among your advocacy team or committee, over press and media coverage can cause serious damage. You can reduce the chances of internal conflict by making sure that ahead of issuing any press statement, particularly if it involves a strong commitment or policy statement, the press officer (or person responsible for writing the press release) should:

• Getagreementfromasmanycolleaguesaspossibleonthecontentandlanguageused in the press release.

• Getagreementonthewordingfromanyonewhoisquotedinthepressstatement.

Tool 21

75Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 22Possible topics for gender and security-related stories

• Aresecurityanddefencelaws,policiesandprotocolsappropriatetoaddresstheparticularconcerns of women, men, girls and boys and to promote women’s participation?

• Whatsupportisthereformentochangeviolentpatternsofbehaviour?

• Whateconomicandsocialopportunitiesdoyoungmenhaveandhowdoesthislinktoinsecurity?

• Whateconomicandsocialopportunitiesdowomenhave?Howdoesthislinktoinsecurity?

• Dosecuritysectorpersonnelhavethecapacity,throughtrainingandresources,toaddress the different security and justice needs of women and men?

• WhatspecialmeasuresareinplacetoaddressSGBV?Aretheyenough?

• Howdoothercountrieshandlegenderandsecurityissues?Whatlessonscanbelearnt?

• Whatarethesecurityneedsofwomenandgirlsthatdifferfromthoseofmenandboys?

• Howdowomenandgirlscopewiththeirsecurityneeds?

• Arewomenandgirlslegallyprotectedfromviolenceandrape?Aretheselawsenforced?

• Whatservicesareavailableforwomenandgirlssufferingfromviolence?Dothepolicehave particular services for victims of sexual violence?

• Howarevictimsofsexualviolencetreatedbytheircommunities?

• Dowomenhavefreedomofmovement,forexample,toleavetheirhomeortraveloutside their district?

• Howarecivilsocietyandgovernmentinvolvedinsecuritysectoroversightandcollaboration with security agencies?42

• Whatistheroleofsecurityagencies,particularlyfemalepersonnel,inUNPeacekeepingMissions?

• HowdosecurityissuesinNepalimpactdifferentlyonwomenandonmen?Forexample:

◦ Weak security agencies

◦ Political party interventions in the rule of law

◦ SGBV, including domestic violence, rape and trafficking of women

◦ Armed groups and criminal activities

◦ Criminalisation of politics

◦ Criminalisation and politicisation of security agencies

42 ‘Practice Note 13: Implementing the Women, Peace and Security Resolutions in Security Sector Reform’, in Gender and Security Sector Reform Toolkit, Bastick M and Valasek K (eds), (DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN-INSTRAW, 2008).

76

Tool 23Guidance on meeting with decision makers

1. Choose the right person to meet

It is important to undertake thorough research to make sure you are asking to meet the person who is in a position to deliver what you want. This can be done through an actor-mapping of key advocacy targets and their needs, interests and influence on the specific programmes and policies you have an interest in. An actor-mapping exercise can be achieved by filling in a matrix similar to the following:

Tool 3: Who’s who in SSR in Nepal? can also provide you with guidance on the right agency, department and/or ministry to target, although the names of specific personnel have not been included because personnel change and rotate on a regular basis.

2. Setting up the meeting - your letter or e-mail of approach

Your aim is to get the key decision maker to read your letter or email requesting a meeting and to be sympathetic to your needs. Letters carry your message and create an impression of you and your work. Make your letter clear, concise and free of jargon or technical terms. The letter should include the following:

• ExplainwhoyouareandwhatyourorganisationdoesinNepal(inonesentence).

• Explainwhoyourepresent(yourorganisation,oragroupofotherCSOsi.e.anetwork)andmention other well-known and respected organisations or people who support your cause.

• Explainwhyyouwanttomeet,inawaythatissensitivetotheinterestsofthedecision maker (i.e. if you want to discuss any controversial issues do not state that in the letter) by describing:

◦ The issue you want to discuss – specify the problem you have identified; what you want to be done about it, the solution you propose and why you believe this solution should be carried out.

Actor Name of actor (can be an individual or the name of an organisation, department etc.)

Actor’s interests and needs What are the actor’s real interests (that are not shared publicly) and needs (which are shared publicly)

Actor’s power and influence over decision making on key issues

What power does this actor have and why do they have this power? Is this power likely to continue in the longer-term, or is it likely to change?

Who influences this actor? Think about other individuals, organisations, departments etc. that might influence this actor.

Does this actor have influence over other key decision makers?

Coutd the power that this actor has over other key actors be utilised?

What modes of influence is the actor likely to respond to best?

Who is the actor likely to respond best to?

Think about whether the actor would respond best to formal group or one-to-one meetings, informal meetings (e.g. dinner), using personal connections (family or friends), sharing publications, advocacy briefings, perks like being supported to participate in go-and-see visits or trips abroad, training etc.

Tool 23

77Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

◦ Put key points of information in small paragraphs, keep it brief and simple and state facts (based on any research you have undertaken).

• Suggestatimeanddatethemeetingcouldtakeplace–usuallytheiroffices,althoughyou can invite them to your office if you think it would help balance relations with them.

• Spelloutanyacronymsyouuse.Forexampledonotjustwrite‘UNSCR1325’write‘United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325.

• Beforesendingyourletterreaditfromthepointofviewoftherecipient–isitthesortof letter that would catch a busy person’s attention and engage their interest?

3. Pre-meeting preparation

a. Hold a preparatory meeting with your colleagues to think about and decide:

• Whowillrepresentyourorganisationatthemeeting?Selectbetweentwoandfivepeople who are trusted by your members to represent them. Plan what each of them will say and do at the meeting. Is it one major issue or a series of separate matters that you are raising? This may help you in determining who should attend. Appoint a leader who will ensure the key points are made and who will give each of your team a chance to speak. Appoint a note-taker to take notes during the meeting and write them up later, particularly if you get promises of support, but also in case you get a hostile response, so that you can ensure you reply to all the points made against you and share the outcomes of the meeting with the rest of the team and/or organisation.

• Whatyouwanttogetoutofthismeeting.Discusswhatactionsyouwouldlikethepersonto take as a follow-up to the meeting (eg: advocacy to another decision maker, setting up a meeting for you with another high-level decision maker, speaking at a public event, making a statement in the media, supporting revisions to, or the drafting of, a particular policy).

• Whoistheperson/peopleyouaremeeting?Doyourresearchaheadofthemeetingontheir:

◦ Current responsibilities

◦ Key interests

◦ Previous career and positions

◦ If possible read any of their latest speeches, or articles they have written, relating to gender and/or security.

• Whyshouldtheysupportyourcause(fromtheirperspective)?Whataretheadvantages to them and what will they gain?

• Whatinfluencesadecisionmaker(theyaremorelikelytohelpifyouareaskingthemto do something they are able, or want, to achieve):

◦ Their own moral or political belief

◦ The interests of their supporters

◦ The possibility of positive media coverage

◦ The possibility of taking the lead on an innovative project or to develop international best practice in a particular area

• Whataretheirlikelyargumentsagainstwhatyouareproposing?

◦ Anticipate the points that could be made by those opposing your case and

78

prepare to defend your case verbally and in a written briefing.

◦ Think about how you will answer any likely difficult questions posed by decision makers.

b. Prepare a written briefing

Prepare a written briefing ahead of time. Take this briefing with you to the meeting and/or send it to the person with whom you are meeting. Keep the language simple – spell out any acronyms or abbreviations and avoid technical jargon. The structure of the briefing could include the following:

• Backgroundtotheissue/problemincludingdataandstatisticsgatheredthroughresearch carried out by you and other organisations

• Gapsinexistingprogrammesandpoliciesinaddressingthisissue

• Recommendationsforresolvingtheproblem,organisedaccordingtothedifferentactors responsible

c. Carry out a rehearsal with your team a day or two before the meeting

Practise the following:

• Answeringdifficultquestionsatthemeeting

• Illustratingexamplesandfactstobackupyourpoint

• Divisionofresponsibilities,intermsofwhoinyourorganisationisleadingwhichaspects of the meeting

4. At the meeting

The meeting does not have to be serious all the way through – some humour is reassuring.

• Listenasmuchasyouspeak.Ifthepersonshowstheydisagreewithyouinvitethemto explain why they disagree. Listen carefully to what they have to say. You need to know their arguments so you can counter them. The meeting is a chance to pick up clues on the decision maker’s own concerns. This can help you make your arguments more concentrated and persuasive.

• Donotthreatenanyoneatface-to-facemeetings.Neverthreatenthembysayingyou could get them bad publicity. Do not pick an argument. Your aim is to come to agreement, not enter into conflict.

• Keepcontroloftheagenda.Duringthemeetingthepersonyouareadvocatingwithmight try to change the subject. Do not allow this. Be determined. Be friendly and polite, but bring the discussion back to the matter you want to discuss.

• Itisnotlikelyyouwillgeteverythingyouwantfromonemeeting.Donotbedisappointed. Decision makers must balance your case against other conflicting demands. Be prepared to trade, like a salesperson with a customer. If you cannot get the main problem solved immediately, suggest two or three small steps forward and follow-up action points for you and them, if relevant.

• Pre-planhowtoendthemeeting.Manymeetingsjusttrickletoanend.Trytomaketheend of the meeting purposeful and business-like. Ask which of the decision maker’s staff you should see next time, what additional or new information should you supply to them. Confirm briefly what you and the decision maker have agreed to do and the next steps.

Tool 23

79Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

5. After the meeting

Send a thank-you letter or email for their time and interest, which:

• Confirmsthepointsmadeinthemeeting,andthenextstepsagreed.

• Answersanypointsfromthediscussionthatwerenotclarifiedatthetime,includingany further information requested.

• Sumsupwhatyourorganisationwillnowbedoingasaresultofthemeeting.

• Saysyouwillkeeptheminformedofyouractivitiesinthemonthsahead.

• Invitesthemtostayintouchwithyouonthissubject.

• Evenifyoudidnotachieveeverythingyouhadhoped,sendastraight-forwardthank-you letter for their time. You need their co-operation more than they need yours.

80

Tool 24How to give effective interviews to the media

1. Being invited to the interview• Thefirstcontactwithintervieweesismadebyaproducerorresearcher.Theywillusually

make a friendly call to their potential interviewee to ask for background information – like an audition. They will be interested in what you say and how you say it.

• Findoutmoreabouttheprogrammefromproducersandeditorsinadvance,tohelpyouprepare.

• Askaboutthelikelyaudiencei.e.agegroup,gender,ruralorurban,highlyeducatedor less well educated, high income or low income. Knowledge of this will help you to put across your message in the most appropriate way.

• Discussandagreeonthetopicsyoucanspeakaboutorshouldavoidinadvanceofagreeing to do the interview.

• Asktheproduceroreditorabouttheprogrammebeforeacceptingtheinvitationforaninterview:

◦ What is the name of the programme?

◦ What is the topic – what ‘angle’ they are looking for? What angle will the interviewer be taking on the matter?

◦ What type of questions will they ask?

◦ Will it be a studio broadcast, outside interview, or other format?

◦ How much air-time will your interview be given?

◦ Will the programme be live or pre-recorded? If your interview is to be pre-recorded, ask how many minutes from your interview they plan to broadcast? Be aware that if they interview you for 30 minutes with the intention of selecting just three minutes for actual broadcasting, you have lost editorial control.

◦ Who else is taking part in the programme? Knowing who else is appearing may help you to decide how you will answer.

2. Preparing for the interview • Thinkaboutwhattwopointsyouwanttomake.Preparealistofthetwoorthreemain

points you want to get across in the interview. Stick to the script you have prepared – getting two or three important points across to the audience is the reason you are there.

• Thinkabouttheobviousandmostdifficultquestionsyouarelikelytobeasked?Expectopen questions from journalists – Who? What? Why? When? Where? How? How will you answer them? Do not get angry if a journalist asks you questions you do not want asked. The role of a journalist is to ask you the questions their viewers or listeners would want to ask if they had the chance. Expect the unexpected. Trick questions are part of the media and journalism business and add excitement and interest to an interview. Answer questions as honestly and in as straightforward a way as you can. Never say ‘no comment’. Instead say, ‘I’m not prepared to answer that right now’.

• Prepareandrehearseinadvancewithacolleagueorfriend.Thinkaboutthefollowing:

◦ Why? Think about why you are giving the interview.

Tool 24

81Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

◦ Who? The person you are trying to persuade is the viewer or listener, not the interviewer.

◦ What? What do you want to achieve by this interview? Do you want to motivate viewer or listeners to do something specific? If so what? If you are representing an advocacy strategy your aim is to persuade them to support your cause.

◦ How? Think about how you are going to persuade viewers or listeners to support you. You should talk about the problem you have identified and your suggested solution.

3. During the interview

Behavioural tips:

• Beclearandhaveacalmbutenergetictoneinthesoundofyourvoice

• Remembertosmile

• Saythingssimplyandclearly–donotusejargonandtrytoavoidacronyms

• Paintverbalpictures–thinkabouthowtomakewhatyousaymemorableandinteresting

• Bebriefandtothepoint.Keepyouranswersfocused,speakfornomorethanthreeorfour sentences at a time. Viewers and listeners have very short attention spans

• Keepeyecontactwithyourinterviewer

• Bepunctual

• Switchoffyourmobilephoneandbanishthebabyandthebird!

• Donotdrinkalcoholbeforeaninterview

• Alwayscorrectinaccurateinformationotherwisetheviewerorlistenermayassumeitis correct

• Neverlietoajournalist–alwaystellthetruth

• Donotfidgetoruse‘stutter’words–askfriendstotellyouifyouhaveanylittlehabits such as repeatedly using a ‘stutter’ word, eg: ‘actually’, ‘well’ or ‘ummm’. Listeners will be so busy counting the number of times you say ‘actually’ that they won’t listen to what you are saying.

• Avoidtappingwithapencil,pouringwaterintoaglass,orknockingthewireswhenyou speak. A tapping pencil will sound like a thudding noise; pouring water will sound like you are peeing; and banging the wires will disrupt the quality of sound.

• Stopspeakingwhenyouhavefinishedyourpoint.Ifyoutrytofillanuncomfortablesilence it could lead you to blurt out words you had no intention of saying. It is up to the interviewer, not you, to keep the interview going.

• Beauthoritativewithoutbeingbossy,aknow-all,orcondescending.

• Donotreferopenlytonotesduringatelevisioninterview(althoughyoucanglancebriefly at your cue cards). The information should be inside your head.

• Neverassumeafteryourinterviewhasendedthattherecordingequipmenthasstopped. Many people let their guard drop because they do not realise that the microphone and recording equipment are still switched on and say something that they regret later.

82

• Donotloseyourtemperorraiseyourvoice,nomatterhowprovocativethequestionsmay be. Stay calm and never lose your cool. If you get angry it will not help your cause. Some interviewers try to ‘attack’ you because they think controversy makes a good interview. Do not take this personally, it is just a technique. A useful way to deal with a question that has stirred up your anger is to stick to giving factual information.

• Treataradioortelevisioninterviewasifyouarehavingaconversationwithoneor two people. Do not speak as though you are giving a speech to an audience of hundreds of people. Television and radio are personal media – just you and the interviewer talking together on a one to one basis. You will sound better if you act as though you are having a chat with a friend over a cup of coffee.

Interview content tips

• Makeyourmostimportantpointassoonaspossible–mediainterviewsdonotlastlong. Try to use the very first question to turn the interview directly to your reason for being there. If the interviewer is not very knowledgeable on the subject, do not allow this to spoil your interview, quickly lead with the questions you would like to be asked. You can say: ‘I’ll try to come to your question in a minute, but I want to make an important point’.

• Ifyougetthechance,mentionthenameofyourvillage/town/district/country.Viewersand listeners pay more attention to what you say when they hear the name of a place. Say ‘The people in Biratnagar…’ or ‘I know that the people in Nepalganj have a problem of …’, rather than ‘The people in my area/my village/my city….’ or ‘In my district…’

• Illustrateanypointyoumakewithabriefreal-lifeanecdote;thinkofexamplestogowith each of the points you want to make

• Betopical.Makesureyouhaveup-to-the-minuteinformationonthelatestnews,especially on the topic of your interview. This makes the interview more interesting and you are less likely to get caught out by the interviewer. Try to watch or listen to the latest news before your appearance on television or radio. Stay updated by building your own set of informal expert advisers on different topics, as well as a list of useful websites.

• Questionsyoushouldbeabletoanswer:

◦ What exactly is the problem?

◦ What practical alternatives do you propose to solve the problem?

◦ What do citizens think about the issue?

◦ Who else is already conducting a campaign on this issue?

◦ Who are your supporters/ allies?

◦ Who are your opposition and what are their arguments against you?

◦ What is the state of existing legislation on this issue? Does it need amending or is new legislation needed? Does current legislation simply need enforcing?

◦ What international or national agreements or policies exist that may affect your issue?

◦ What is your opinion on the latest development on your issue? (You are especially likely to be asked this question if there is a breaking news story which affects your issue.)

◦ Who will be the winners and losers in your proposed solution?

Tool 24

83Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 25Training evaluation form

To help us improve the quality of our training, we would appreciate your feedback. Please indicate your response to the questions below by circling the appropriate number:

1 = No 2 = Not really 3 = Not sure 4 = Sort of 5 = Yes

1. Was your interest held?

2. Do you have a better understanding of:

Security system reform

Gender and security system reform

Role of media in civil society in gender and security system reform

Role of civil society in gender and security system reform

3. Did the course give a better understanding about how to:

(To be answered by journalists and editors)

View security issues through the lenses of ‘gender spectacles’

Formulate ideas for new angles, new stories and new ways of

covering security issues

(To be answered by civil society representatives)

Help strengthen your future advocacy on gender and security issues

The remaining questions should be answered by all participants. Please circle the response option that best reflects your evaluation of the training provided:

4. The amount of material covered in the course was:

5. The amount of interaction encouraged was:

6. What did you like most about the course?

7. What did you like least about this course?

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

Too little Just right Too much

Too little Just right Too much

84

8. Which session did you like best?

9. Why did you like this session best?

10. Which session did you like least?

11. Why didn’t you like this session?

12. What, if anything, would you recommend to change?

13. Now that you have completed this course, what additional training (if any) would be helpful?

14. Would you recommend this training to others?

15. Other comments, observations, suggestions:

Thank you for your feedback!

Definitely Probably No

Tool 25

85Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

Tool 26Useful resources on gender and security for the media and civil society Gender and security, peacebuilding, peacekeeping

• AasheimC,BuscherD,PeacockDandNgugiL, Engaging men and boys in refugee

settings to address sexual and gender-based violence: A report from a workshop

held in Cape Town, South Africa, 22-25 September 2008, (UNHCR and Sonke Gender

Justice Network, September 2008). <http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/

reports/doc_download/291-engaging-men-and-boys-in-refugee-settings-to-address-

sexual-and-gender-based-violence>

• ClarkeY,‘SecuritysectorreforminAfrica:Alostopportunitytodeconstructmilitarised

masculinities?’, in Feminist Africa 10 Militarism, Conflict and Women’s Activism,

Issue 10, (African Gender Institute, Cape Town, August 2008), p 49-66. <http://www.

peacewomen.org/portal_resources_resource.php?id=873>

• CoulterC,PerssonMandUtasM,Young female fighters in African wars: Conflict and

its consequences, (Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, 2008). <http://www.gsdrc.org/

go/display&type=Document&id=3543>

• TheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControlofArmedForces(DCAF)producesexcellent tools and resources including:

◦ Bastick M and de Torres D, Implementing the women, peace and security

resolutions in security sector reform, (DCAF/ United Nations International

Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (UN-INSTRAW),

Geneva, 2010). <http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/330D

4109ABFBFF04C12577AE00441B53-DCAF_Sep2010.pdf>

◦ Bastick M and Valasek K (eds), Gender and security sector reform toolkit, (DCAF,

OSCE/ODIHR, UN-INSTRAW, 2008). <http://www.dcaf.ch/gssrtoolkit>

◦ DCAF, ‘Gender and Security Sector Reform Training Resource Website’, GSSR

Training Resource Package, <http://www.gssrtraining.ch/>, May 2011

◦ Gaanderse M, Security for all: West Africa’s good practices on gender in the

security sector, ed. Valasek K, (Geneva: DCAF, 2010). <http://www.dcaf.ch/

Publications/Publication-Detail?lng=en&id=126675>.

• Denov M, Girls in fighting forces: Moving beyond victimhood, (Canadian

International Development Agency, Ottawa, 2007). <http://www.gsdrc.org/go/

display&type=Document&id=2999>

• European Parliament (EP), European Parliament resolution on participation of women

in peaceful conflict resolution (2000/2025(INI)), 30 November 2000, Brussels.

<http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P5-TA-

2000-0541+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN>

• Fant Lt General C G, Gender equality and gender mainstreaming in Swedish armed

forces, (Graz, 10 May 2007). <http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/equal/data/

document/0705-graz-spefant.pdf>

• Farr V, ‘Voices from the margins: A response to security sector reform in developing

86

and transitional countries’, in Berghof handbook for conflict transformation, (Berghof

Research Centre for Constructive Conflict Management, 2004). <http://www.

berghof-handbook.net/uploads/download/dialogue2_farr.pdf> This report discusses

SSR, the importance of women’s participation and the inclusion of women’s issues

and examines the flaws of SSR approaches in relation to the marginal voices of

disempowered groups, such as women and grassroots organisations.

• Harsch E, ‘Security sector reform key to protecting women’, in Africa Renewal Online,

January 2010, p9. <http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol23no4/security-

reform.html>

• Institute for Inclusive Security, Inclusive security: A curriculum for women waging

peace, (2009). <http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7811_inclusive_security_a_

curriculum_for_women_waging_peace.cfm> This is an excellent resource for

policymakers and practitioners who want to include women in peace processes. The

report draws on more than a decade of original research and training by the Institute for

Inclusive Security and accomplished women peace builders from Afghanistan, Bosnia,

Colombia, Haiti, Iraq, Israel and Palestine, Northern Ireland, Rwanda and Sudan.

• International Alert, Integrating gender into security sector reform in Burundi. A study on

women’s perceptions of security, (2009). <http://www.international-alert.org/news/

integrating-gender-security-sector-reform-burundi>. The report is part of programme

aimed at supporting local women’s organisations in the implementation of UNSCR 1325.

• International Fellowship of Reconciliation Women Peacemakers Program, <http://

www.ifor.org/WPP>, May 2011

• International Women’s Tribune Centre ‘Facts about United Nations Security Council

Resolution 1325: Media kit on 1325’, from United Nations Development Fund for

Women (UNIFEM): A Rapid Scan, Organizations Working on Women and Peace in

Nepal, (2006). <http://www.unfpanepal.org/pdf/Media%20kit_final_English.pdf>

• Jennings K, ‘Protecting whom? Approaches to sexual exploitation and abuse in UN

peacekeeping operations’, (2008). <http://www.ssrnetwork.net/document_library/

detail/4780/protecting-whom-approaches-to-sexual-exploitation-and-abuse-in-un-

peacekeeping-operations>

• Lattu, K, Breaking the code, building capacity to investigate sexual abuse and

exploitation by humanitarian workers: Evaluating ICVA’s Building Safer Organizations

project, (Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, June 2006). <http://

www.icva.ch/doc00001781.html>

• Norwegian Refugee Council Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Nepal country page,

<http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountries%29/CC

2C3C0FBDAD8F03C125746D002F61D9?opendocument&count=10000>, May 2011

• Oxfam International (OXFAM), Engaging with communities: The next challenge

for peacekeeping, (22 November 2010). <http://www.peacewomen.org/portal_

resources_resource.php?id=1103>

• PeaceWomen resource list on SSR, <http://www.peacewomen.org/themes_viewAll_

resources.php?theme=47&sub=true,> May 2011

• Salahub J E, and Nerland K, ‘Just add gender? Challenges to meaningful integration of

Tool 26

87Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

gender in SSR policy and practice’, in The future of security sector reform, ed. Sedra

M, (The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Waterloo, Canada,

2010), ch. 16. <http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/The%20Future%20

of%20Security%20Sector%20Reform.pdf>

• UNDP, Gender approaches in conflict and post-conflict situations, (New York, 2002).

<http://www.undp.org/women/docs/gendermanualfinalBCPR.pdf>

• UNIFEM, Securing the peace: Guiding the international community towards women’s

effective participation throughout peace processes, eds Banaszak K, Conaway C P,

Goetz A M, Iiyambo A and Muna M, (2005). <http://www.unifem.org/attachments/

products/Securing_the_Peace.pdf>

• UNIFEM, Women peace and security: UNIFEM supporting implementation of Security

Council Resolution 1325, eds Banaszak K, Hill F, Iiyambo A and Muna M, (2004).

<http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/supporting1325.pdf>

• United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support, Ten-year impact study on implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000)

on women, peace and security in peacekeeping – final report to the United Nations

Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Department of Field Support, (Peacekeeping

Best Practices Section, United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, 2010),

<http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/10year_impact_study_1325.pdf>

• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), Division

for Gender Equality, <http://www.unesco.org/women/index_en.htm>, May 2011

• UnitedNationsInter-AgencyWorkingGrouponDDR,‘Chapter5.10Women,genderand DDR’, in United Nations integrated disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration

standards (IDDRS), (New York, 2006). <http://www.unddr.org/iddrs/05/>

• United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement

of Women (UN-INSTRAW), <http://www.un-instraw.org>, May 2011. Provides a wide

range of resources and information on gender and security sector reform, including

an analytical framework that identifies the barriers to gendering security sector

reform and other needed reform.

• United Nations Security Council, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325

(2000); S/Res/1325 (2000), (31 October 2000). <http://www.un.org/events/

res_1325e.pdf> The resolution on women, peace and security addresses the rights

of those affected by conflict and recognises the disproportionate effect of conflict

on women. It tasks the UN system and member states to ensure that gender

considerations are thoroughly integrated into all aspects of peace and security work.

• Valasek K and Nelson K, Securing equality, engendering peace: A guide to policy

and planning on women, peace and security, (UN-INSTRAW, 2006), <http://www.

ssrnetwork.net/document_library/detail/3400/secur.ing-equality-engendering-

peace-a-guide-to-policy-and-planning-on-women-peace-and-security>

• WomeninInternationalSecurity(WIISBrussels),<http://www.wiis-brussels.org>,

May 2011. WIIS Brussels is an informal international network of women and men

working in international security across all sectors. The network is dedicated to

increasing the influence of women in the field of foreign and defence policy by raising

their numbers, visibility and enhancing dialogue on international security issues.

88

The network covers diverse issues affecting international security ranging from non-

proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, human rights, sustainable

development, environmental security and conflict resolution.

• Women’sCommissionforRefugeeWomenandChildren, Displaced women and girls

at risk: Identifying risk factors and taking steps to prevent abuse, (February 2010).

<http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/reports/doc_download/516-displaced-

women-and-girls-at-risk-identifying-risk-factors-and-taking-steps-to-prevent-abuse>

• Women’sCommissionforRefugeeWomenandChildren, Room to maneuver: Lessons

from gender mainstreaming in the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations,

(January 2007). <http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/reports/doc_

download/113-room-to-maneuver-lessons-from-gender-mainstreaming-in-the-un-

department-of-peacekeeping-operations>

• Women’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedom(WILPF),<http://www.wilpfinternational.

org/>, May 2011. WILPF ihe oldest women’s peace organisation in the world,.

Protection of human rights defenders

• CentreforJusticeandInternationalLaw(CEJIL).<http://cejil.org/en/front> Addresses

principles of protection of women against GBV and includes summaries of jurisprudence.

• EuropeanUnion(EU), Ensuring protection – European Union guidelines on

human rights defenders. <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/

GuidelinesDefenders.pdf>

• FrontLineInternationalFoundationfortheProtectionofHumanRightsDefenders.

<http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/about/frontline> Operates an emergency 24-

hour phone line for human rights defenders (Arabic, English, French, Spanish and

Russian language). Founded in Dublin in 2001 with the aim of protecting human rights

defenders at risk, people who work, non-violently, for any or all of the rights enshrined

in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The Foundation aims to address

the protection needs identified by defenders themselves. Hotline +35 31 21 00 489.

• UNSpecialRapporteuronHumanRightsDefenders.<http://www2.ohchr.org/

english/issues/defenders/index.htm>

• Establishedin2000bytheCommissiononHumanRightstosupportimplementation

of the 1998 Declaration on human rights defenders. The Special Rapporteur takes

up individual cases of human rights violations committed against defenders with the

states concerned. Tel. +41 229179006, email <urgent-action@ohchr.org>

• UNGA,Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders,

Margaret Sekaggya (A/HRC/16/44), (20 December 2010). <http://www2.ohchr.org/

english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-44.pdf>

Disarmament, demobilisation & reintegration

• AbdelaL,Gender assessment reintegration of former combatants, (IOM Aceh).

Available from <lesley.abdela@shevolution.com>

Tool 26

89Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

• BoutaT, Gender and disarmament, demobilization and reintegration: Building blocs

for Dutch policy, (Netherlands Institute of International Relations, the Hague, 2005).

<http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/50/58/35112187.pdf>

• DeWattevilleN,Addressing gender issues in demobilization and reintegration

programs, (World Bank, Washington DC, 2002). <http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/

wp33.pdf>

• KnightM,‘ExpandingtheDDRmodel:Politicsandorganisations’,in Journal of

Security Sector Management, volume 6, no. 1, March 2008

• KnightM, A one way street: Defining a new approach to the disarmament,

demobilisation and reinsertion of ex-combatants during the war-to-peace transition, (University of York Post-war Recovery and Development Unit (PRDU) 2001)

• KnightMandOzerdemA,‘Guns,campsandcash:Disarmament,demobilisationand

reinsertion of former combatants in transitions from war to peace’, in Journal of Peace

Research, 2004, p 499

Security sector reform

• AnderliniSNandConawayCP,‘Securityissues:Securitysectorreform’,in Inclusive

security, sustainable peace: A toolkit for advocacy and action (Hunt Alternatives Fund

and International Alert, 2004). <http://www.huntalternatives.org/download/46_

security_sector_reform.pdf>. Full toolkit: <http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/

files/resources/F5CA2590EBFDEE35C1256F5B003C2399-Women_Peace_Building_

International%20_Alert_Nov_2004.pdf>

• BallNandHendricksonD,Trends in security sector reform (SSR): Policy, practice and

research, (IDRC, Ottawa, Canada, 2006). <http://www.ssrnetwork.net/document_

library/detail/3278/trends-in-security-sector-reform-ssr-policy-practice-and-

research>

• BornH,HaltinerKandMalesicM, Renaissance of democratic control of armed forces

in contemporary societies, (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden Baden, 2004)

• BrydenAandFluriP(eds), Security sector reform: Institutions, society and good

governance, (Nomos, Baden Baden, 2003)

• Fitz-GeraldAandJacksonS,‘Developingaperformancemeasurementsystemfor

security sector interventions’, Journal of Security Sector Management, volume

6, no. 1, March 2008. <http://www.ssronline.org/jofssm/issues/jofssm_0601_

fitzgerald&jackson.pdf?CFID=3472497&CFTOKEN=24086631>

• Fluri,PandSpenceD(eds), The European Union and security sector reform, (DCAF,

Geneva, Switzerland, 2008)

• GreeneOandRynnS,Linking and co-ordinating DDR and SSR for human security

after conflict: Issues, experience and priorities, (Saferworld and University of Bradford

– Centre for International Cooperation and Security, 2008). <http://www.ddr-

humansecurity.org.uk/images/DDR%20Working%20Paper%202.pdf>

• InitiativeforPeacebuilding, Responding to people’s security needs: Improving

90

the impact of EU programming, (Saferworld, London, June 2009). <http://www.

saferworld.org.uk/smartweb/resources/view-resource/397>

• InternationalSecurityInformationService(ISIS).<http://www.isis-europe.org/index.

php?page=gender> Produces a regular update of resources on gender and security in the

EU, EP, UN, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Organisation for Security and Co-operation

in Europe (OSCE) and other documents on gender, peace and security. ISIS also lists

European NAPs on UNSCR 1325 in the Gender and Security section on its website.

• KnightM,‘Securitysectorreform,democracyandthesocialcontract:Fromimplicitto

explicit’, Journal of Security Sector Management, Volume 7, No. 1, February 2009

• OECDDAC, Handbook on security system reform (SSR): Supporting security and

justice, (OECD, Paris, 2007). <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/25/38406485.pdf>

Saferworld was part of the consortium leading the first phase of developing the OECD

DAC Handbook on Security System Reform and sat on the advisory panel. Gender is

mainstreamed throughout the handbook.

• OfficeofthePresidentofKenyawithsupportfromSaferworld, Mwananchi handbook

for community policing, (2009). <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/smartweb/

resources/view-resource/414>

• RynnSandHiscockD,Evaluating for security and justice: Challenges and

opportunities for improved monitoring and evaluation of security system reform

programmes, (Saferworld, London, December 2009). <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/

smartweb/resources/view-resource/415>. (For print copies of Saferworld publications

contact: <publications@saferworld.org.uk>)

• SeniorPoliceAdvisortotheOSCESecretaryGeneral, International police standards:

Guidebook on democratic policing, (DCAF, Geneva, 2009). <http://www.dcaf.ch/

Publications/Publication-Detail?lng=en&id=95670>

• UnitedNationsSecretary-General, Securing peace and development: the role of the

United Nations in supporting security sector reform, A/62/659-S/2008/39, (United

Nations General Assembly Security Council, New York, 23 January 2008). <http://

www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/4425.pdf>

• Thereareover80resourceslistedontheSSRNetworksite:<http://www.

ssrnetwork.net/document_library/search_results.php?search=1&full_

term=Full+search&subject_id=2200&title_term=Search+by+title&region_

id=0&author_term=Search+by+author&country_id=0&search.x=33&search.y=7>

Nepal specific publications on gender and security

• AbdelaL,‘Nepal’,in Global monitoring checklist on women, peace and security:

Nepal, Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Ch

3, (Gender Action for Peace and Security UK (GAPS UK)). <www.gaps-uk.org/img_

uploaded/Global Monitoring Checklist full resource.pdf>

• AbdelaL, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325: Women’s meaningful

participation in peacebuilding and governance, (CARE Nepal, September 2010).

Further information on the work of CARE International in the field of women´s

Tool 26

91Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

empowerment or women, peace and security is available from the CARE website at

<http://expert.care.at/de/care-expert/coe-resources/gender.html>.

• AnderliniS, Report on the situation of women in cantonments. Request a copy of the

report from <sanambna@yahoo.com>.

• CARE, From resolution to realty: Lessons learned from Afghanistan, Nepal and Uganda

on women’s participation in peacebuilding and post-conflict governance (London,

CARE, 2010). <http://www.care.org/newsroom/specialreports/UNSCR-1325/CARE-

1325-Report-Women-Peace-Participation.pdf>

• CAREÖsterreichandAustrianDevelopmentAgency, SAKCHAM: Women’s

empowerment for transformation in the Churia areas, Nepal, (April 2010). Request a

copy of the report from <nro.kooperation@ada.gv.at>

• ColekessianA, Reintegrating gender: A gendered analysis of the Nepali rehabilitation

process, (UN-INSTRAW Gender Peace and Security Series Working Paper, 2010).

<http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/4DF98D25D63E585285257

7CA00683717-Full_Report.pdf>

• CottrellJandBylesjôC, Public consultation on a draft constitution with particular

reference to women in Nepal, (International IDEA, 2010). <http://www.idea.int/

resources/analysis/upload/Discussion-5_-English.pdf>

• DalrympleSetal, Common ground? Gendered assessment of needs and priorities

of Maoist army combatants for integration and rehabilitation (Saferworld, 2010).

<http://www.saferworld.org.uk/smartweb/resources/view-resource/502>

• DeubaAR, Changing roles of Nepali women due to ongoing conflict: a national study, (SAMANATA Institute for Social and Gender Equality, Kathmandu, 2005)

• FalchA, Women’s political participation and influence in post-conflict Burundi and

Nepal, (PRIO, 2010). <http://www.prio.no/sptrans/1687871333/Womens-Political-

Participation.pdf>

• GautamS, Study of women living in conflict situation in South Asia, (McGill University,

Canada, 1999)

• GautamS, Women and children in the periphery of people’s war, (McGill University,

Canada, 2001)

• ‘GenderMainstreamingandInclusion’,in Eleventh Three Years Interim Plan, Ch 8,

(National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal, 2008)

• GurungSandLamaS, UNSCR 1325 and 1820: Implementation and monitoring status

in Nepal (Kathmandu, Nepal, Shantimalika, Anamnagar, 2010), Executive Summary

• JobeA, The causes and consequences of re-trafficking: Evidence from the IOM

human trafficking database, (International Organization for Migration, 2010).

<http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_

info&cPath=41_7&products_id=684>

• NCCRNepalResearchGroup, Resource materials in the NCCR North-South South

Asia Coordination Office Library: NNCR North-South JACS SAs bibliography; Vol 1,

No. 1, (Kathmandu, Nepal, December 2007). <http://www.nccr-nepal.org/Library/

NCCR_N-S_JACS_SAs_Bibliography.pdf> Includes useful publications such as:

92

◦ AriñoV,Nepal: a gender view of the armed conflict and the peace process (2008),p11.

◦ ChatterjiS,Gender and Conflict,p126.

• Neglect over the issue of female combatants in the arms management process,

(Integrated Regional Information Networks/ UN OCHA, December 2006). <http://

www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6WU5HY?OpenDocument>

• Nepal: Country code (eleventh amendment) bill and women’s rights, Forum for

Women, Law and Development, (Kathmandu, Nepal). <www.wluml.org/node/732>

• OnslowC, Breaking patterns of sexual and gender-based violence, (International

Alert, 2010). <http://www.international-alert.org/resources/publications/breaking-

patterns-sexual-and-gender-based-violence>

• ‘Peace,Reconstruction,RehabilitationandIntegration’,in Eleventh Three Years

Interim Plan, Ch 7, (National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal, 2008)

• PhuyalH(ed), The security sector legislation of the Federal Democratic Republic

of Nepal, (DCAF, European Studies Centre, Faculty of Humanities, University

Pécs, 2009). <http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/DCAF_

TheSecuritySectorLegislationOfFederalDemocraticRepublicOfNepal.pdf>

• PhuyalHandUrschelerM, The security sector legislation of the Federal Democratic

Republic of Nepal: Commentaries, (DCAF, European Studies Centre, Faculty of

Humanities, University Pécs, 2009). <http://www.dcaf.ch/Publications/Publication-

Detail/?id=115260&lng=en>

• SaferworldandNepalInstituteforPolicyStudies, Gender and security sector

reform: A policy briefing paper, (Saferworld, 2009). <http://www.saferworld.org.uk/

smartweb/resources/view-resource/456>

• ThapaL, Nepal’s widows, (Open Democracy, December 2007). <http://www.

opendemocracy.net/blog/nepals_widows>

• TheAsiaFoundation, Nepal: Preliminary mapping of gender based violence

(UK Department for international Development, TAF, SAATHI, 2010). <http://

asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/GBVMappingNepal.pdf>

• WatsonCandCrozierR, Security for whom? Security sector reform and public security

in Nepal, (International Alert, 2009). <http://www.international-alert.org/resources/

publications/security-whom-security-sector-reform-and-public-security-nepal>

Networks and awards for good journalism

Awards for good journalism benefit the careers of winners. Increasingly, submissions in all media are welcome including blogs, podcasts, online content, print, radio and TV. Categories include ‘Best Newcomer’, ‘Media of the Year’ and ‘Journalist of the Year’. There are still very few Nepali or international awards specifically for gender-sensitive journalism (see Yayori, below) but most awards encompass quality reporting on gender issues.

• The Aftermath Project holds an annual grant competition open to working photographers

worldwide covering the aftermath of conflict. <www.theaftermathproject.org>

Tool 26

93Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

• The Amnesty International Media Awards recognise excellence in human rights

reporting and acknowledge journalism’s contribution to public awareness and

understanding of human rights issues. Website: <www.amnesty.org.uk>

• The Dart Awards for Excellence in Coverage on Trauma recognise exemplary

journalism on the impact of violence, crime, disaster and other traumatic events on

individuals, families and communities. They are sponsored by the Dart Centre for

Journalism and Trauma. <http://dartcenter.org/awards>

• Gender Links holds Gender Media Awards every two years. Subjects have included

trafficking of women and children; women’s personal and economic security in

conflict/post-conflict settings; and women’s economic empowerment and gender

issues. Email :<execdirector@genderlinks.org.za>, website: <www.genderlinks.org.

za>

• TheLorenzo Natali Prize is sponsored by the European Commission/Reporters

Without Borders and includes the Asia–Pacific Region. The award recognises

journalists who contribute to the cause of development, democracy, human rights

and combating poverty. <www.nataliprize2010.eu/content/en/about/contact/index.

php>

• The One World Media Awards recognise outstanding media coverage of the

developing world and the unique role of journalists and filmmakers in bridging the

divide between different societies and raising awareness of vital development issues,

at <http://oneworldMedia.org.uk/awards/>

• The Rory Peck Awards for camera men and women have a strong track record of

finalists and winners from the developing world. Enquiries to <Info@rorypecktrust.

org>, website: <www.rorypecktrust.org/page/3018/The+Rory+Peck+Awards>

• Search for Common Ground (SCG),is a leading group promoting media for peace in

Africa, Asia and the Middle East. SCG offers ‘Radio for Peacebuilding Africa’ awards

and hosts a newsletter and website for journalists interested in using radio for peace.

Tel. +1 202 777 2256, email <mjobbins@sfcg.org>, or visit <www.sfcg.org> and <www.

radiopeaceafrica.org>.

• The Yayori Journalist Award is sponsored by the Women’s Fund for Peace and Human

Rights and focuses on women journalists and artists (individuals or groups) who

vividly describe and transmit the situation of women in the world with a gender

perspective. Any genres of expression such as films, writings, or printed material are

eligible. Submissions must be translated into Japanese. Enquiries to <info-award@

ajwrc.org>, website: <www.wfphr.org/yayori/English/award/journalist.html>

Of interest in conflict regions

• Guardian International Development Journalism Awards. <www.guardian.co.uk/

journalismcompetition>

• The Kurt Schork Awards for international journalism were created in honour of Kurt

Schork, an American journalist killed in a military ambush on assignment for Reuters

in Sierra Leone. These are the only awards that specifically honour the contributions

of freelance journalists covering foreign news, reporters from the developing world

94

and countries in transition. A cash prize of US$5,000 is presented to two journalists.

<www.ksmfund.org/awards.html>

• The Lifetime Achievement Award recognises a pioneering spirit and determination

that has opened doors for women who aspire to have their voices heard. Candidates

have a credible and continuing record of supporting women in the media, exhibit a

strong commitment to press freedom and are well-respected journalists. Enquiries to

<courage@iwmf.org>

• The UN Population Fund’s UN Population Award is presented annually to an individual

and institution(s) in recognition of outstanding contributions to increasing the

awareness of population questions and human welfare. <www.unfpa.org/public/about/

popaward/>

Journalism networks and organisations

There are many hundreds of journalism organisations worldwide, many operating internationally. All will be willing to offer advice, including legal advice. The following are examples of these organisations:

• Chartered Institute of Journalists (CIOJ). Based in the UK, the CIOJ is the oldest

professional body for journalists in the world. It was founded as the National

Association of Journalists in 1884 and six years later was granted its Royal Charter by

Queen Victoria, to protect and serve those employed in the field of journalism. The

Institute welcomes international members. Tel +44 20 7252 1187, or contact via the

website at: <http://cioj.co.uk/contact-us>

• The East-West Centre grants journalism fellowships and exchanges for working

American and Asia–Pacific journalists, to promote understanding of the complexities

of the Asia–Pacific region through study tours. Intensive dialogue with colleagues,

government officials, business executives and community leaders provides

participants with a means to broaden their network of contacts. More information

from <www.eastwestcenter.org/journalismfellowships>

• GMMP (Global Media Monitoring Project) is a twice-a-decade study which aims to

document the participation and portrayal of men and women in the world’s news

media. <www.whomakesthenews.org>

• IWPR: Institute for War and Peace Reporting is an award-winning educational and

development charity founded in 1991. IWPR informs international debate on conflict

and supports independent media. Tel +44 20 7831 1030, website: <www.iwpr.net>

• International Centre for Journalists <http://www.icfj.org/>

Tool 26

95Training of Trainers’ Manual on Gender and Security for the Media and Civil Society in Nepal

IHRICON

Shobha Gautam, Founder President55/810 Prasutigriha MargThapathali, Kathmandu, NepalPO Box 5188

Tel +977 (0)1 4253943

Fax +977 (0)1 4216148

Email ihricon@mos.com.np shobha.gautam@gmail.com

Web www.ihricon.org.np

Cover: A woman walks with her new born grandchild in a small village near Kathmandu, Nepal © David Longstreath / IRIN

Saferworld

The Grayston Centre28 Charles SquareLondon N1 6HTUnited Kingdom

Tel +44 20 7324 4646

Fax +44 20 7324 4647

Email general@saferworld.org.uk

Web www.saferworld.org.uk

Registered charity no. 1043843A company limited by guarantee no. 3015948

Institute of Human Rights Communication,

Nepal (IHRICON) is a non-profit, non-political

human rights non-governmental organisation

established by a group of media professionals and

is actively involved in human rights monitoring,

reporting and advocacy. IHRICON conducts

in-depth investigations and research along with

implementing innovative and high-profile

advocacy campaigns that endeavour to bring

positive changes to human rights related issues.

Saferworld works to prevent and reduce violent

conflict and promote co-operative approaches to

security. We work with governments, international

organisations and civil society to encourage and

support effective policies and practices through

advocacy, research and policy development and

through supporting the actions of others.

ISBN 978-1-904833-83-3