Post on 21-Jan-2015
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Improving water quality at home: a new toolkit for household water
treatment and safe storageSession on Monitoring Water Quality:
What do we test for? How do we test? Why?WASRAG Water Summit V
Lisbon, PortugalJune 21, 2013
Presentation by Ryan RoweRotary Peace Fellow 2010‐2012
District 7040, Canada
The Water Institute at UNC
Launched 2010 by Prof Jamie Bartram
Decades of WaSHstrength at UNC
Bridging science, policy and practice
International and local collaborations
Photo credit: Amit Dave (Reuters).
• Inadequate water supply
• Unsafe sanitation
• Inequitable access
• Time, financial cost
• Disease burden
• Missed opportunities
POVERTY & CONFLICT
3
A vicious cycle
Monitoring Water Quality
Why?What do we test for?How do we test?
Starting with the vulnerable
Photo credit: Ryan Rowe, May 2013, Nairobi, Kenya.
Global access may be improving …
Chart Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, 2012..
… but not where it is needed most!
Chart Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, 2013..
Disparities: regional, urban v rural, rich v poor
Do households have “safe” water?
11% ‐ unimproved water
34% ‐ improved water
55% ‐ piped water
?
(but…)
Figures are global: including developed and developing countries. Photo credits: (1) Photographer/date unknown. (2) Ryan Rowe, June 2011, Kisumu, Kenya. (3). Ryan Rowe,
July 2011, Nairobi, Kenya. Data source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, 2013.
Up to 3 billion need safe water!
Unimproved: 765 million1
+ Unsafe improved: 1 billion2
+ “1.2 billion use water from sources or systems with significant sanitary risks”2
+ Households with unsafe water handling/storage: #?2
Photo credits: (1) & (2), Ryan Rowe, July 2011, Nairobi, Kenya.Data Sources: 1) WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, 2013. 2) Onda et al, 2012.
Monitoring Water Quality
Why?What do we test for?How do we test?
There’s a lot to monitor …
Environmental factors and sanitary risks, then …Behavioural factorsE.coli and total thermotolerant coliformsChlorine residualTurbiditypH valueColour and odourNitrate and nitriteLead, Fluoride, Arsenic
… so we start with critical metrics!
Conduct a site inspection to identify risk factorsUnderstand household behavioural factorsE.coli and total thermotolerant coliformsChlorine residualTurbidityColour and odourpH valueNitrate and nitriteLead, Fluoride, Arsenic
Monitoring Water Quality
Why?What do we test for?How do we test?
Know the area around your water
On‐site visual inspection of water sources to identify hazards to water safety
Checklist of questions, provides a measure of risk
Address visible risks before sampling water quality!
So, if a bird is shitting in it …
Or, if water is handled unsafely …
Uncovered water storage is a risk
Area around water point is
unclean
Photo credit: Ryan Rowe, July 2012, Lilongwe, Malawi.
What should you measure
How often should you measure it?
Test cost and complexity vary
Assessing water quality
Photo credits: (1) & (2), Daniele Lantange, Tufts University.
These improve water quality …
Ceramic filtration Flocculant /disinfectant Solar disinfection
Bio‐sand filtration Chlorination Boiling?Membrane filtration
… this toolkit helps you do it right!
Identify people in need
Use effective products!
Achieve correct, consistent and sustained use
Monitor, evaluate and adjust
Download the toolkit: http://bit.ly/14KlG3H
Toolkit offers water quality tools
Water quality indicators
Sanitary inspection form and risk assessment
Testing considerations
Case studies
Three things to remember
1. We are not providing safe water to those whoneed it most – this is a crisis!
2. Rotarians can use a new toolkit from WHO & UNICEF to strengthen project performance
3. Water quality monitoring should be done in conjunction with sanitary inspections
The Water Institute at UNCBringing people together
to tackle one of the world’s greatest challenges
Obrigado!Photo credit: Ryan Rowe, May 2013, Nairobi, Kenya.
ReferencesClasen, Thomas, Laurence Haller, Damian Walker, Jamie Bartram, and Sandy Cairncross. (2007.) Cost‐effectiveness of water quality interventions for preventing diarrhoeal disease in developing countries. Journal of Water and Health, 5(4):599‐608. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17878570. Fewtrell, Lorna, Rachel B. Kaufmann, David Kay, Wayne Enanoria, Laurence Haller, and John M. Colford Jr. (2005.) Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5(1):42‐52. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15620560.Onda, Kyle, Joe LoBuglio, and Jamie Bartram. (2012.) Global Access to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9:880‐894.; doi:10.3390/ijerph9030880. Waddington, Hugh, Birte Snilstveit, Howard White, and Lorna Fewtrell. (2009.)Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Combat Childhood Diarrhea in Developing Countries. London, International Initiative for Impact Evaluation. Available at: http://www.3ieimpact.org/en/evidence/systematic‐reviews/details/23/.WHO & UNICEF. (2012). Toolkit for monitoring and evaluating household water treatment and safe storage. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/household_water/resources/toolkit_monitoring_evaluating/en/. WHO. (1997.) Guidelines for drinking‐water quality: second edition. Volume 3 – Surveillance and control of community supplies. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. Available at: . http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq2v1/en/index2.html.
ReferencesWHO & UNICEF JMP. (2012.) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization; New York, USA, United Nations Children’s Fund. Available at: http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP‐report‐2012‐en.pdf.WHO & UNICEF JMP. (2013.) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2013 Update. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health organization; New York, USA, United Nations Children’s Fund. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2013/jmp_report/.