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Household water treatment (HWT)

The World Health Organization as an affordable and effective solution for addressing water quality hasrecognized household water treatment (HWT). Effective technologies such as Biosand filters and ceramicfilters exist. The question is how to disseminate these technologies to the billion-plus that need access toclean drinking water.

Household water treatment has emerged as a viable solution for small and large populations, especially inrural areas. In early 2003 the World Health Organization formed the International Network to PromoteHousehold Water Treatment and Safe Storage with the mission, "To contribute to a significant reductionin waterborne disease, especially among vulnerable populations, by promoting safe household watertreatment and safe storage as a key component of water, sanitation and hygiene programmes.Since 2003, the body of evidence supporting household water treatment as a method toachieve health gains has been growing. A recent meta-analysis by Clasen, et al. in the

British Medical Journal found that water quality interventions are effective at reducing

diarrheal disease in children under 5 years old and all ages (Clasen, et al. 2007).

As an active member of this Network, CAWST is dedicated to providing information on

household water and sanitation technologies that we have reviewed and we believe to be

appropriate for poor communities.

Agriculture

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Agriculture, also called farming orhusbandry, is the cultivation ofanimals,plants,fungi, and other life forms

forfood,fiber,biofueland other products used to sustain life.[1]

Agriculture was the key development in the rise

of sedentary humancivilization, whereby farming ofdomesticatedspecies created foodsurplusesthat nurtured

the development ofcivilization. The study of agriculture is known asagricultural science. Agriculture generally

speaking refers to human activities, although it is also observed in certain species of ant and termite.[2][3]

The

word agricultureis the English adaptation of Latin agricultra, from ager, "a field",[4]and cultra, "cultivation" in

the strict sense of"tillageof the soil".[5]

Thus, a literal reading of the word yields "tillage of fields".

Industry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-Office1999-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-Office1999-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-Office1999-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-Office1999-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals

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Industry is often classified into three sectors: primary or extractive, secondary ormanufacturing, and

tertiary or services. Some authors add quaternary (knowledge) or even quinary (culture and research)

sectors.

Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.

Raw Materials: Industries may be agriculture based, Marine based, Mineral based, Forest based....

Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of

production.

Ownership: Industries can be classified into private sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector

and co-operative sector

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour

inEuropeanandNorth Americancountries during theIndustrial Revolution, which upset

previousmercantileandfeudaleconomies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such

as thesteelandcoalproduction. It is aided by technological advances, and has continued to develop into

new types and sectors to this day. Industrial countries then assumed acapitalisteconomic

policy.Railroadsandsteam-powered shipsbegan speedily establishing links with previously unreachable

world markets, enabling privatecompaniesto develop to then-unheard of size andwealth. Following

theIndustrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing

industriesmore thanagriculture's share.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing

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Irrigation water

Sources of irrigation water can be groundwater extracted fromspringsor by usingwells, surface water

withdrawn fromrivers,lakesorreservoirsor non-conventional sources liketreated

wastewater,desalinated waterordrainage water. A special form of irrigation using surface water isspate

irrigation, also calledfloodwater harvesting. In case of a flood (spate) water is diverted to normally dry

river beds (wadis) using a network of dams, gates and channels and spread over large areas. The

moisture stored in the soil will be used thereafter to grow crops. Spate irrigation areas are in particular

located in semi-arid or arid, mountainous regions. While floodwater harvesting belongs to the accepted

irrigation methods,rainwater harvestingis usually not considered as a form of irrigation. Rainwater

harvesting is the collection of runoff water from roofs or unused land and the concentration of this. Some

of Ancient India's water systems were pulled by oxen.

Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread waterpollution,

especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture is using untreated wastewater as a source of

irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However,because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal

users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with

urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards

related to using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that

have been irrigated with the polluted water. TheInternational Water Management Institutehas worked in

India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at

assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a multiple-barrier approach to

wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include

ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying

water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with

disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human

manure.[31]

TheWorld Health Organizationhas developed guidelines for safe water use.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinated_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinated_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinated_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drainage_water&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drainage_water&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drainage_water&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spate_irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spate_irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spate_irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spate_irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floodwater_harvesting&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floodwater_harvesting&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floodwater_harvesting&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvestinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvestinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvestinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvestinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floodwater_harvesting&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spate_irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spate_irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drainage_water&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinated_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)

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