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Imperial Japanese Army 1
Imperial Japanese Army
Imperial Japanese Army (IJA)
Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun
The ensign of the Imperial Japanese Army
Active 18671945
Country Empire of Japan
Allegiance The Emperor
Branch Army
Type Army
Role Military force
Size 6,095,000 men at its height
Engagements First Sino-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
World War I
Second Sino-Japanese War
World War II
Commanders
Notable
commanders
Yamagata Aritomo, yama Iwao, Kotohito Kan'in, Hajime Sugiyama, Hideki Tojo, Yasuji Okamura, Shunroku
Hata, Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Tomoyuki Yamashita, Masaharu Homma
The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) (Kyjitai: , Shinjitai: ,
Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) literally "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire", was the official
ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan, from 1871 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Army
General Staff Office and the Ministry of War, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as
supreme commander of the army and the navy. Later an Inspectorate General of Military (Army) Aviation, became
the third agency with oversight over the army. During wartime or national emergencies, the nominal commandfunctions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters (IGHQ), an ad-hoc body
consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff, the minister of war, the chief and vice chief of the
Naval General Staff, the inspector general of military aviation, and the inspector general of military training.
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Taiwan Expedition
The Taiwan Expedition of 1874 was a punitive expedition by Japanese military forces in response to the murder of
54 crewmembers of a wrecked Ryukyuan merchant vessel by Paiwan aborigines on the southwestern tip of Taiwan
in December 1871. It marked the first overseas deployment of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy.[5]
Satsuma rebellionNot surprisingly, the new order led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. One of the major riots was led by
Saig Takamori, the Satsuma rebellion, which eventually turned into a civil war. This rebellion was put down swiftly
by conscripts in the newly formed Imperial Army, using Western tactics and weapons, even though the core of the
new army was actually the Tokyo Police force, consisting mostly of former samurai.[6]
Soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army during the
Satsuma Rebellion (Garrison of Kumamoto, 1877).
An Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors of 1882 called for
unquestioning loyalty to the Emperor by the new armed forces and
asserted that commands from superior officers were equivalent to
commands from the Emperor himself. Thenceforth, the military
existed in an intimate and privileged relationship with the imperial
institution.
Top-ranking military leaders were given direct access to the
Emperor and the authority to transmit his pronouncements directly
to the troops. The sympathetic relationship between conscripts and
officers, particularly junior officers who were drawn mostly from
the peasantry, tended to draw the military closer to the people. In
time, most people came to look more for guidance in national matters to military than to political leaders.
Japanese artillery unit, at the Koishikawa arsenal,
Tokyo, in 1882. Photographed by Hugues Krafft.
The Murata rifle was locally developed in 1880.
By the 1890s, the Imperial Japanese Army
had grown to become the most modern army
in Asia, well-trained, well-equipped withgood morale. However, it was basically an
infantry force deficient in cavalry and
artillery when compared with its European
contemporaries. Artillery pieces, which
were purchased from America and a variety
of European nations, presented two
problems: they were scarce, and the
relatively small number that were available
were in several different calibers, causing
problems with their ammunition supply.
First Sino-Japanese War
The First Sino-Japanese War was a war
fought between Qing Dynasty of China and
Japanese Meiji government over the control
of Korea. The Sino-Japanese War would
come to symbolize the weakness of the Qing military, with Japanese securing victory after victory over the Chinese
forces. This was the result by Japan's new western-style conscript army which was well equipped and well trained
when compared with their Chinese counterparts. The principal results were a shift in regional dominance in Asia
from China to Japan and a fatal blow to the Qing Dynasty. Japan fielded a force of 120,000 in two armies and five
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Imperial Japanese Army 4
divisions.
Boxer Rebellion
Soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army in 1900
In 18991900, Boxer attacks against foreigners in China
intensified and later accumulated in the siege of the diplomatic
legations in Beijing. An international force consisting of British,French, Russian, German, Italian, Austro-Hungarian, American
and Japanese troops was assembled to relieve the legations. The
Japanese provided the largest contingent of troops; 20,840, as well
as 18 warships. Of the total number, 20,300 were Imperial
Japanese Army troops of the 5th Infantry Division under Lt.
General Yamaguchi Motoomi, the remainder were 540 naval
rikusentai from the Imperial Japanese Navy. The rebels used
traditional Chinese martial arts, as opposed to modern military
weapons and tactics. This led to them being called "Boxers" by
Westerners, as that is how they perceived martial arts at the time.While officially condemning the movement, the Boxers had the unofficial support of the Empress Dowager Cixi. In
the end the Boxer leaders were captured and executed. The Empress Dowager, was forced to flee the palace as the
foreign armies entered the Forbidden City.
Russo-Japanese War
The RussoJapanese War was the result of tensions between Russia and Japan, largely out of the rival imperialist
ambitions over Manchuria and Korea. The Japanese inflicted severe losses on the Russians; however, they were not
able to inflict a decisive blow to the Russian armies. Over-reliance on infantry led to large casualties among Japanese
forces especially during the siege of Port Arthur.[citation needed]
World War I
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Imperial Japanese Army uniform as worn on the
expedition to Kiaochow.
The Empire of Japan entered the war on the Entente side. Although
tentative plans were made to send an expeditionary force of between
100,000500,000 men to France,[7] ultimately the only action in which
the Imperial Japanese Army was involved in was the careful and well
executed attack on the German concession of Tsingtao in 1914.[8]
Inter-war years
During 191718, Japan continued to extend its influence and privileges
in China via the Nishihara Loans. Following the collapse of the
Russian Empire in the Bolshevik Revolution, during the Siberian
Intervention, the Imperial Japanese Army initially planned to send
more than 70,000 troops to occupy Siberia as far west as Lake Baykal.
The army general staff came to view the Tsarist collapse as an
opportunity to free Japan from any future threat from Russia by
detaching Siberia and forming an independent buffer state.[9] The plan
was scaled back considerably due to opposition from the United States.
In July 1918, President Wilson asked the Japanese government to
supply 7,000 troops as part of an international coalition of 24,000
troops planned to support the American Expeditionary Force
Siberia.[10] After heated debate in the Diet, the government of Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake agreed to send
12,000 troops, but under the command of Japan, rather than as part of an international coalition. Japan and the
United States sent forces to Siberia to bolster the armies of the White Movement leader Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak
against the Bolshevik Red Army.
Once the political decision had been reached, the Imperial Japanese Army took over full control under Chief of Staff
General Yui Mitsue, and by November 1918, more than 70,000 Japanese troops had occupied all ports and major
towns in the Russian Maritime Provinces and eastern Siberia.
In June 1920, America and its allied coalition partners withdrew from Vladivostok after the capture and execution of
White Army leader Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak by the Red Army. However, the Japanese decided to stay, primarily
due to fears of the spread of communism so close to Japan, and Japanese controlled Korea and Manchuria. The
Japanese army provided military support to the Japanese-backed Provisional Priamur Government based in
Vladivostok against the Moscow-backed Far Eastern Republic.
The continued Japanese presence concerned the United States, which suspected that Japan had territorial designs on
Siberia and the Russian Far East. Subjected to intense diplomatic pressure by the United States and Great Britain,
and facing increasing domestic opposition due to the economic and human cost, the administration of Prime MinisterKato Tomosaburo withdrew the Japanese forces in October 1922.[11]
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Prince Kotohito Kan'in, chief of staff of the Army from
1931 until 1940
Rise of militarism in Shwa era
In the 1920s the Imperial Japanese Army expanded rapidly and by
1937 had a force of 300,000 men. Unlike western countries it
enjoyed a great deal of independence from government. Under the
provisions of the Meiji Constitution, the War Minister was heldaccountable only to the Emperor Hirohito himself, and not to the
elected civilian government. In fact, Japanese civilian
administrations needed the support of the Army in order to
survive. The Army controlled the appointment of the War Minister
and in 1936 a law was passed that stipulated that only an active
duty general or lieutenant-general could hold the post.[12] As a
result, the military spending as a proportion of the national budget
rose disproportionately in the 1920s and 1930s, and various
factions within the military exerted disproportionate influence on
Japanese foreign policy.
The Imperial Japanese Army was originally known simply as the
Army (rikugun) but after 1928, as part of the Army's turn toward
romantic nationalism and also in the service of its political
ambitions, it retitled itself the Imperial Army (kgun).
Conflict with China
In 1931, the Imperial Japanese Army had an overall strength of 198,880 officers and men, organized into 17
divisions.[13] The Manchurian Incident, as it became known in Japan, was the alleged attack on the Japanese-owned
railway by Chinese bandits. Action by the military, largely independent of the civilian leadership, led to the invasion
of Manchuria in 1931 and later the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. As war approached, the Imperial Army's
influence with the Emperor waned and the influence of the Imperial Japanese Navy increased. [14] Nevertheless, by
1938 the Army had been expanded to 34 divisions.[15]
Conflict with Soviet Union
From 19321945 the Empire of Japan and Soviet Union had a series of conflicts. It was the result of Japan
establishing a puppet state in Manchuria which brought them into conflicts as Japan set its military interests on
Soviet territory. The war lasted on and off with the last two battles of the 1930s ending in a decisive victory for the
Soviets. The conflicts stopped in 1941 with a non-aggression pact between the two powers.[16]
However, at the YaltaConference, Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan. On August 5, 1945 the Soviet Union voided their neutrality
agreement with Japan.[17]
World War II
In 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army had 51 divisions and various special-purpose artillery, cavalry, anti-aircraft and
armored units with a total of 1,700,000 men. At the beginning of the Second World War, most of the Japanese Army
(27 divisions) was stationed in China. A further 13 divisions defended the Mongolian border, due to concerns about
a possible attack by the Soviet Union. However, from 1942, soldiers were sent to Hong Kong (23rd Army), the
Philippines (14th Army), Thailand (15th Army), Burma (15th Army), Dutch East Indies (16th Army) and Malaya
(25th Army).[18] By 1945, there were 5.5 million men in the Imperial Japanese Army.
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From 1943, Japanese troops suffered from a shortage of supplies, especially food, medicine, munitions and
armaments largely due to submarine interdiction of supplies and losses to Japanese shipping, which was worsened by
a longstanding and severe rivalry with the Imperial Japanese Navy. The lack of supplies caused large numbers of
fighter aircraft to become unserviceable for lack of spare parts[19] and "as many as two-thirds of Japan's total military
deaths resulted from illness or starvation."[20]
Lt Gen Arthur Percival, led by a Japanese officer
(center), marches under a flag of truce to negotiate the
capitulation of Allied forces during the Battle of
Singapore, on February 15, 1942.
Fanaticism and war crimes
Throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, the
Imperial Japanese Army had gained a reputation both for its
fanaticism and for its brutality against prisoners of war and
civilians alike - with the Nanking Massacre being one such
example.[21] After Japan surrendered in the summer of 1945, many
Imperial Japanese Army officers and enlisted men were tried and
punished for committing numerous atrocities and war crimes. In
1949, the trials were ceased, with a total of 5,700 cases having
been heard.[22]
Major General Tomitar Horii did issue a "Guide to Soldiers in the
South Seas" in late 1941, which ordered troops not to loot or kill civilians. This was intended to prevent a repeat of
atrocities that the Army committed in China, however this only applied to men under his command.[23]
Several reasons are theorized for the especially brutal and merciless behavior exhibited by many members of the IJA
towards their adversaries or non-Japanese civilians. One is probably the brutal behavior that they themselves
experienced. The IJA was known for the extremely harsh treatment of its enlisted soldiers from the start of
training,[24] including beatings, unnecessarily strenuous duty tasks, lack of adequate food, and other violent or harsh
disciplinary tactics. This was contrary to the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors of 1882, which instructed
officers to treat subordinates respectfully.
[25]
Not until 1943 did the senior command realize this brutality had effectson morale and ordered an end to it, an order which was routinely circumvented or ignored.[26] The spirit of gyokusai
("glorious death") saw them order suicidal attacks with bayonets, when supplies of hand grenades and ammunition
were still available.[27]
The reputation of Imperial Army troops during the Pacific War of refusing to surrender was established by the low
number of Japanese survivors in numerous battles throughout the Pacific Campaign; 921 captured out of a garrison
strength of 31,000 in the Battle of Saipan, 17 out of 3000 in the Battle of Tarawa, 7,40010,755 out of 117,000 in
the Battle of Okinawa, with a high number of battlefield suicides sanctioned by the Imperial Army. In the South
West Pacific Area (SWPA) just over 1,000 surrendered in each of 1942 and 1943, around 5,100 in 1944, and over
12,000 in 1945,[28] and might have been greater except for disease.[29] Propaganda through leaflet drops by the
Americans accounted for about 20% of surrenders;[30] equating to about one POW for every 6,000 leaflets
dropped;[31] while the Japanese objected to the "unscrupulous" leaflets,[32] which contained some truth with regard
to the willingness of American to accept surrenders from the Japanese.[33] This was in contrast to Imperial Japanese
Army practice of depicting American troops as cruel and merciless, referring to them as (Kichiku
Beihei, lit. Demonic Beast American and English) and informing their own troops that Americans would rape all
captured women and torture the men, leading directly to brutal treatment of POWs in incidents such as the Bataan
Death March and mass suicide of Japanese soldiers and civilians during the Battle of Saipan and Battle of Okinawa.
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Imperial General Headquarters and the power of the Emperor in the Shwa era
During the first part of the Showa era, according to the Meiji Constitution, the Emperor had the "supreme command
of the Army and the Navy" (Article 11). Hirohito was thus legally supreme commander of the Imperial General
Headquarters, founded in 1937 and by which the military decisions were made.
The Shwa Emperor dressed as commander of
the Imperial General Headquarters.
The primary sources such as the "Sugiyama memo", and the diaries of
Fumimaro Konoe and Koichi Kido, describe in detail the manyinformal meetings the Emperor had with his chiefs of staff and
ministers. These documents show he was kept informed of all military
operations and frequently questioned his senior staff and asked for
changes.
According to historians Yoshiaki Yoshimi and Seiya Matsuno,
Hirohito authorized by specific orders, transmitted by the Chief of staff
of the Army such as Prince Kan'in or Hajime Sugiyama, the use of
chemical weapons against Chinese civilians and soldiers. For example,
he authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions during the
invasion of Wuhan in 1938.[34] Such weapons were also authorized
during the invasion of Changde.
According to historians Akira Fujiwara and Akira Yamada, Hirohito
even made major interventions in some military operations. For
example, he pressed Field Marshal Hajime Sugiyama four times during
January and February 1942 to increase troop strength and launch attack
on Bataan.[35] In August 1943, he scolded Sugiyama for being unable
to stop the American advance on the Solomon Islands and asked the general to consider other places to attack.[36]
Only in rare moments of special importance, decisions were made in Imperial council. The Imperial government
used this special institution to sanction the invasion of China, the Greater East Asia War and to end the war. In 1945,
executing the decision approved in Imperial conference, Emperor Shwa for the only time directly ordered via
recorded radio broadcast to all of Japan, as his last role as commander-in-chief, the surrender to United States forces.
Post World War II
Ground Self Defense Force
Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution renounced the right to use force as a means of resolving disputes. [37] This was
enacted by the Japanese in order to prevent militarism, which had led to conflict. However, in 1947 the Public
Security Force formed; later in 1954, with the early stages of the Cold War, the Public Security Force formed thebasis of the newly created Ground Self Defense Force. [38] Although significantly smaller than the former Imperial
Japanese Army and nominally for defensive purposes only, this force constitutes the modern army of Japan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Militarismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrender_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_East_Asia_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bataanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajime_Sugiyamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_Marshalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changde_chemical_weapon_attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wuhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajime_Sugiyamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Kan%27in_Kotohitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirohitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoshiaki_Yoshimihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koichi_Kidohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fumimaro_Konoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajime_Sugiyamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AHirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_General_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_General_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_General_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiji_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Showa_era8/14/2019 Imperial Japanese Army.pdf
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Imperial Japanese Army 9
Continued resistance
Separately, some soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army continued to fight on isolated Pacific islands until at least
the 1970s, with the last known Japanese soldier surrendering in 1974.[39][40][41][42] Intelligence officer Hiroo Onoda,
who surrendered on Lubang Island in the Philippines in March 1974, and Teruo Nakamura, who surrendered on the
Indonesian island of Morotai in December 1974, appear to have been the last confirmed holdouts.
Ideology
Japanese nationalism meant that the military was built around a concept of the time period: a Rich Country has a
Strong Military. Nationalists asserted that Japan as a land was sacred, and its people were special due to a
combination of elements of Zen-( known in Chinese as Chan) and various other forms of Japanese Buddhism with
State Shinto. A belief system which emphasised the sacred role of the emperor and which had been created as the
Japanese official religion during the Meiji Restoration, replacing older syncretic and folk Shinto practices. This was
also combined with a strongly Confucian sense of loyalty and devotion to the state. Thus service in the Japanese
military was seen as service to the Emperor. Each soldier in theory believed it was a great honor to die for the
Emperor as the samurai concept "to serve" was deeply ingrained in all the soldiers' culture.
The concept of Yamato-damashii equipped each soldier with a strict code: never be captured, never break down, and
never surrender. To be a coward or to be captured was a disgrace to one's family, community, and country. Each
soldier was trained to fight to the death and was expected to die before suffering dishonor. Often, imperial soldiers
would shout "Banzai" before charging into battle, believing that the exuberant cheer would indicate their willingness
to die with honor.
Every soldier accepted that they were expected to serve stoically as part of their bushido, represented in the idea of
"death before dishonor". Sadao Araki, an Army theorist, devised the contemporary adaptation to bushido code as a
Seishin Kyoiku (spiritual training) doctrine for the army. As such, each soldier would leave everything behind when
going into the service, needing nothing but honor. Indeed, honor as represented by name and face meant everything
to the soldiers. Yamato-damashii is an old Japanese spirit of self-pride and persistence in the face of grave danger, asort of courage.
Tied in with this concept of Bushido was immense, religious respect for the Emperor. Although during Meiji and
Taish eras, the Emperor was practically a figurehead, with the real power being held by the bureaucrats underneath
him, he was still considered a divine figure. In theory the commander in chief, the Emperor usually went along with
whatever the government "asked" him to do. The Emperor wore the commander-in-chief's uniform, and was saluted
by the Imperial Forces, at all ceremonial functions involving the IJA forces.
At the time, the Imperial government could only mobilize the military if the cabinet ministers came to a unanimous
consensus on the order. The role of the Emperor lay in giving his blessing to execute and bind such orders. Since the
Emperor was required to be present at all Imperial government meetings for their decision to be binding, The
Emperor silently observed all the official arguments made by the ministers. Presuming his blessing was given, after
an agreement of the ministers, these requests became the orders of the Emperor, enforceable upon the people of
Japan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taish%C5%8D_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiji_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamato-damashiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadao_Arakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bushidohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_yearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamato-damashiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiji_Restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shintohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morotaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teruo_Nakamurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lubang_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroo_Onodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_holdout8/14/2019 Imperial Japanese Army.pdf
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Imperial Japanese Army 10
Growth of the IJA
Disposition of Japanese Army Ground Forces in
the Homeland at the Time of Capitulation, 18
August 1945.
1870: consisted of 12,000 men.
1885: consisted of seven divisions including the Imperial Guard
Division.
In the early 1900s, the IJA consisted of 12 divisions, the Imperial
Guard Division, and numerous other units. These contained the
following:
380,000 active duty and 1st Reserve personnel: former Class A
and B(1) conscripts after two-year active tour with 17 and 1/2
year commitment
50,000 Second line Reserve: Same as above but former Class
B(2) conscripts
220,000 National Army
1st National Army: 37 to 40 year old men from end of 1st
Reserve to 40 years old. 2nd National Army: untrained 20 year olds and over 40 year
old trained reserves.
4,250,000 men available for service and mobilization.
1934: army increased to 17 divisions
1940: 376,000 active with 2 million reserves in 31 divisions
2 divisions in Japan (Imperial Guard plus one other)
2 divisions in Korea
27 divisions in China and Manchuria
In late 1941: 460,000 active in 41 divisions
2 divisions in Japan and Korea
12 divisions in Manchuria
27 divisions in China
plus 59 brigade equivalents.
Independent brigades, Independent Mixed Brigades, Cavalry Brigades, Amphibious Brigades, Independent
Mixed regiments, Independent Regiments.
1945: 5 million active in 145 divisions (includes three Imperial Guard), plus numerous individual units, with a
large Volunteer Fighting Corps.
includes Imperial Japanese Army Air Service.
Japan Defense Army in 1945 had 55 divisions with 2 million men.Total military in August 1945 was 6,095,000 including 676,863 Army Air Service.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volunteer_Fighting_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Guard_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMap_of_Japanese_Army_Ground_Forces_in_the_home_islands_August_18_1945.jpg8/14/2019 Imperial Japanese Army.pdf
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Imperial Japanese Army 11
Arsenals
The Imperial Japanese Army managed various Arsenals:
Japanese Army Sagami Arsenal: with Mitsubishi, developed and manufactured tanks
Japanese Army Osaka Arsenal: with Mitsubishi and Hitachi manufactured tanks and artillery
Japanese Army Sasebo Arsenal: with Mitsubishi, manufactured tanks
Japanese Army Heijo Arsenal: with Nambu, manufactured hand and long infantry weapons
Japanese Army Mukden Arsenal: with Nambu, manufactured infantry weapons
Japanese Army Kokura Arsenal: with Nambu, manufactured small arms and Machine Guns
Japanese Army Tokyo Arsenal: the Army administrative and testing center related with light and heavy weapons
production
Japanese Army Tachikawa Arsenal: dedicated to develop and manufacture aircraft for the Imperial Japanese
Army Air Service
Japanese Army Koishikawa Arsenal (Tokyo)
Organization of the Imperial Japanese ArmyImperial Japanese Military
Administration
Imperial General Headquarters
Components
Imperial Japanese Army
(Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun)
Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
Railways and Shipping Section
Uniforms
Imperial Japanese Navy
(Dai Nippon Teikoku Kaigun)
Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces
Major battles
List of ships
List of aircraft
Main admirals
Rank insignia
Army rank insignia
Naval rank insignia
History of the Japanese Military
Military History of Japan during World War II
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_History_of_Japan_during_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_ranks_of_the_Japanese_Empire_during_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_ranks_of_the_Japanese_Empire_during_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Imperial_Japanese_Navy_admiralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_aircrafts_of_the_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ships_of_the_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Land_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Uniformshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_General_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tachikawa_Airfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shenyanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infantryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kijiro_Nambuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyongyanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasebo%2C_Nagasakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Castle_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagami_General_Depothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenal8/14/2019 Imperial Japanese Army.pdf
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Imperial Japanese Army 12
Casualties
Over the course of the Imperial Japanese Army's existence, millions of its soldiers were either killed, wounded or
went missing in action.
Taiwan Expedition of 1874: 543 (12 killed in battle and 531 by disease)
First Sino-Japanese War: The IJA suffered 13,823 dead and 3,973 wounded
Russo-Japanese War: The number of total Japanese dead in combat is put at around 47,000, with around 80,000 if
disease is included
World War I: 1,455 Japanese were killed, mostly at the Battle of Tsingtao
World War II:
Deaths
2,566,000 Imperial Armed Forces dead including non-combat deaths (includes 1,506,000 killed in action),
672,000 known civilian dead,
810,000 missing in action and presumed dead.
7,500 prisoners of war
Notes
[1] Harries & Harries, p. 22.
[2] Harries & Harries, p. 29.
[3] Harries & Harries, pp. 2024.
[4] Harries & Harries, p. 363.
[5] Harries & Harries, p. 28.
[6] Harries & Harries, pp. 2931.
[7] Harries & Harries, p. 109.
[8] Harries & Harries, pp. 110111.
[9] Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s, page 25
[10] Harries & Harries, p. 123.
[11] Harries & Harries, p. 124.
[12] Harries & Harris, p. 193.
[13][13] Kelman, p.41
[14] Harries & Harries, p. 197.
[15][15] Jowlett, p. 7.
[16] Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/s1.asp) April 13, 1941. (Avalon Project at Yale University)
[17] "Battlefield - Manchuria - The Forgotten Victory" (http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001DI5IA), Battlefield (documentary series), 2001,
98 minutes.
[18] Jowlett, pp. 1516, 21.
[19] Bergerund, Eric.Fire in the Sky (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000).
[20][20] Gilmore, p.150.
[21] Harries & Harries, pp. 475476.
[22] Harries & Harries, p. 463.[23] Chen, World War II Database (http://www.ww2db. com)
[24][24] Gilmore, p.87.
[25][25] Gilmore, p.45.
[26][26] Gilmore, p.89.
[27] Gilmore, pp.978.
[28] This is quite substantially more than the 2,000 who surrendered in the Russo-Japanese War. Gilmore, p.155.
[29] Dower, John W., Prof. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986).
[30][30] Gilmore, p.155.
[31][31] Gilmore, p.154.
[32][32] Quoted in Gilmore, p.163.
[33] Gilmore, pp.63, 68. & 101.
[34] Yoshimi and Matsuno,Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryo II, Kaisetsu, 1997, p.2529.
[35] Fujiwara, Shwa tenno no ju-go nen senso, 1991, pp.135138; Yamada,Daigensui Showa tenno, 1994, pp.180, 181, and 185.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_Warhttp://www.ww2db.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battlefield_%28documentary_series%29http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001DI5IAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yale_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avalon_Projecthttp://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/s1.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presumed_deadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missing_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tsingtaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_Expedition_of_1874http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missing_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death8/14/2019 Imperial Japanese Army.pdf
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Imperial Japanese Army 13
[36] Bix, Herbert.Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: HarperCollinsPublishers, 2000), p.466, citing the Sugiyama memo,
p.24.
[37] Harries & Harries, p. 471.
[38] Harries & Harries, p. 487.
[39] Kristof, Nicholas D. "Shoichi Yokoi, 82, Is Dead; Japan Soldier Hid 27 Years," (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.
html?res=950DE7D81F3BF935A1575AC0A961958260& sec=&spon=& pagewanted=2)New York Times. September 26, 1997.
[40] "The Last PCS for Lieutenant Onoda,"Pacific Stars and Stripes, March 13, 1974, p6
[41] "Onoda Home; 'It Was 30 Years on Duty',"Pacific Stars and Stripes, March 14, 1974, p7[42] "The Last Last Soldier?," TIME, January 13, 1975 (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917064,00.
html?iid=chix-sphere)
References
Bix, Herbert (2000).Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers.
Drea, Edward J. (1998).In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska:
University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.
Drea, Edward J. (2009).Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853-1945. Lawrence, Kansas: University
Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.
Gilmore, Allison B. (1998). You Can't Fight Tanks with Bayonets: Psychological Warfare against the Japanese
Army in the South West Pacific. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
Harries, Meirion; Susie Harries (1994). Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army.
New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6.
Hayashi, Saburo; Alvin D. Cox (1959).Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico, VA: The
Marine Corps Association.
Humphreys, Leonard A. (1996). The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s. Stanford
University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2375-3.
Jowett, Philip (2002). The Japanese Army 193145 (1). Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
ISBN 1-84176-353-5.
Kelman, Richard; Leo J. Daugherty (2002).Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman in World War II:
Training, Techniques and Weapons. Zenith Imprint. ISBN 0-7603-1145-5.
External links
Axis History FactbookImperial Japanese Army (IJA) (http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=890)
Overview of Imperial Japanese Army weapons and armaments in World War II (http://www3.plala.or.jp/
takihome/)
Japanese war posters (http://mailer.fsu. edu/~akirk/tanks/japan/warposters/JapaneseWarposters.html)
The PBS program "Victory in the Pacific." (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pacific/index.html)
Imperial Japanese Army 3rd Platoon reenactor's resource (http:/
/
www.ija3platoon.
com/
) Chen, Peter. "Horii, Tomitaro" (http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=339&list=Ground). World War
II Database.
http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=339&list=Groundhttp://www.ija3platoon.com/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pacific/index.htmlhttp://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/japan/warposters/JapaneseWarposters.htmlhttp://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=890http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-7603-1145-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-84176-353-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8047-2375-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-679-75303-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Random_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Press_of_Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Press_of_Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Nebraska_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HarperCollinsPublishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_P._Bixhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917064,00.html?iid=chix-spherehttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917064,00.html?iid=chix-spherehttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7D81F3BF935A1575AC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7D81F3BF935A1575AC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=28/14/2019 Imperial Japanese Army.pdf
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Article Sources and ContributorsImperial Japanese Army Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578904681 Contributors: A8UDI, ALEXF971, Ahoerstemeier, Ahudson, Aldis90, Alexius08, Allens, Andrwsc,
Anotherclown, Antandrus, Apocalyptic Destroyer, Asiaticus, AustralianRupert, Avant Guard, Avoided, Awaysoft, Bart133, Basalisk, Bendono, Benlisquare, Berox, Billinghurst, Binksternet,
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YamazakiHeicho, 463 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Thommy
File:Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merchant_flag_of_Japan_(1870).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: kahusi - (Talk)
File:Franco-JapaneseInfantryTraining.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Franco-JapaneseInfantryTraining.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Man vyi,
Sanandros, Scewing, Snlf1, World Imaging, Worldantiques, 1 anonymous edits
File:1875Uniform.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1875Uniform.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Degen Earthfast, Snlf1, Thib Phil, World Imaging,
Wouterhagens, 2 anonymous edits
File:KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Snlf1, Takabeg, World Imaging, 1
anonymous edits
File:KoishikawaArtillery1882.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:KoishikawaArtillery1882.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Jatayou, Snlf1, Thib Phil, World
Imaging
File:Murata gun.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Murata_gun.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: PHGCOM
File:JapaneseArmy1900.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JapaneseArmy1900.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Kariteh, Mxn, Per Honor et Gloria, This
user has left wikipedia, 2 anonymous edits
File:IJA.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IJA.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Wolcott at en.wikipedia
File:Prince Kanin Kotohito.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prince_Kanin_Kotohito.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Gryffindor, Homo lupus, Kaba,
MChew, Pierpao, Sushiya, Takabeg
File:Singaporesurrender.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Singaporesurrender.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: BrokenSphere, FSII, Greenshed, Ies,
Jacklee, MachoCarioca, Mbdortmund, Morio, Vearthy
File:Hirohito in dress uniform.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hohum, Kintetsubuffalo,
Morio, Ras67, Shika ryouse shomei, 1 anonymous edits
File:Map of Japanese Army Ground Forces in the home islands August 18 1945.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_Japanese_Army_Ground_Forces_in_the_home_islands_August_18_1945.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: General MacArthur's
Tokyo headquarters
File:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: David Newton,
uploader was Denelson83
License
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