Post on 29-Dec-2015
Change & Reform
Chapter 6 Section 2, 3 & 4
Objectives 2.2 - Describe how sectionalism was reflected in art, literature and language
2.5 Identify major reform movement and evaluate their effectiveness
2.6 Evaluate the role of religion in the slavery debate
Immigration 1815-18605 Million new immigrants arrive in USIrish- (2 million)- Push factor (potato famine) & came with little or no wealth= settled in eastern cities. Germans (1.5 million)- came with more money; settled in Mid-WestCharacteristics: most spoke English, most used to democratic style of governing, many Catholics Nativism- hostility towards new immigrants; mostly anti-Catholic.
Reaction to New Immigrants
1849- The Order of the Star Spangled Banner
Pushed for laws banning immigration and to keep Catholics from holding office.
1854- The American Party (“Know Nothings”)
had a large following in the 1850’s.
Religious Revival Second Great Awakening
Revival in religion
Sought to make religion for everyone not just a few
Charles Grandison Finney – famous revivalist – Christian ideas would transform society
New Religions
Unitarians – unity not trinity – God will save everyone, no hell
Mormons – founded by Joseph Smith
Faced persecution in Ohio & Missouri
Smith began the movement west but was murdered so Brigham Young led to Utah
Shakers – Ohio – established Utopian communities
Utopia – perfect society
Brook Farm
Absence of Private Property & were cooperative
Literature - Romanticism Feeling over reason; Nature & spirit
James Fenimore Cooper – romanticized Native Americans & the frontier – “The Last of the Mohicans”
Nathaniel Hawthorne – romanticized puritan values – “The Scarlet Letter”
Herman Melville – romanticized the sea – “Moby Dick”
Edgar Allen Poe – poems famous for romanticizing death & terror
Walt Whitman – Nature & democracy poems
Emily Dickenson – poems of nature and emotion
Who wrote one of the first American Dictionaries?
1. David Webster
2. Noah Webster
3. Alexis de Tocqueville
4. Henry Clay
Literature - Transcendentalism
To Transcend or overcome
Ralph Waldo Emerson – wrote about connecting with nature
Henry David Thoreau – wrote against conformity
The Penny Press
Cheap newspapers
Mass-distribution
Reform Benevolent Societies – spread
Christianity to non-believers then began combating social problems
Temperance – limits on alcohol
Succeeded in passing ‘blue laws’
Prison Reform
Alexis de Toqueville – can judge a society by its prisons
Dorothea Dix – led prison reform movement
Rehabilitation focus
Improvements in mental health facilities
School Reform• Need educated society in
order for democracy to survive
• Horace Mann – public school movement in Massachusetts
• Mandatory school attendance
• Teacher training schools
• Calvin Wiley – public school movement in NC
Women’s Movement
Elizabeth Blackwell – 1st woman to earn a medical degree in 1849
Catharine Beecher – worked to increase women’s access to higher education
Lucretia Motts & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Seneca Falls Convention
Gathering of women reformers marking beginning of organized women’s movement
Began fight for voting rights
-1848
The teachings of the 2nd Great Awakening differed from earlier Protestant teachings in which way?
1. Its ministers preached all people could reach salvation
2. Its ministers preached God was a trinity
3. Its ministers preached women could belong to the church
4. Its ministers preached the idea of nativism
Abolitionism Necessary Evil
Plans
Gradualism
end slavery slowly.
End the trade
slowly abolish slavery beginning in the North then upper south then the lower south.
Slaveholders would be compensated for losses.
American Colonization Society – send free Africans back to Africa
These plans ended in the 1830s with abolitionist movement – movement to end slavery immediately
Abolitionism
Emancipation – freeing all enslaved people
Manumission – freeing one or two slaves
David Walker – freeman in NC – advocated violence and rebellion to end slavery
William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator – newspaper calling for emancipation
Frederick Douglass – escaped slave became leader of abolitionist movement
Sojourner Truth – used wit and stories in speeches & became popular
Reaction in the South to Abolition Movement
Its our “peculiar institution”
The “GAG RULE (1836)Southern members of Congress pushed through a “gag rule” which denied the right of citizens to petition Congress to end slavery.
The South banned abolitionist magazines & papers & forbid & arrest mail carriers who delivered
The 2nd Great Awakening had an effect on which of the following?
1. Temperance
2. Abolitionism
3. Prison Reform
4. All of the Above