Post on 09-Feb-2017
Taking Stock of Agricultural R&D Capacity and Investment in India and Beyond
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)New Delhi, August 2016
Gert-Jan StadsSenior Program Manager, ASTI
Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators
ASTI’s three programmatic components
DATA COLLECTION AND SYNTHESIS
ANALYSISOUTREACH AND
ADVOCACY
Identified 215 public Indian agencies involved in agricultural R&D:
• 107 ICAR agencies
• 31 other government agencies
• 77 universities
• Includes research on crops, livestock, fisheries, forestry, postharvest, socio-economics, etc.
• Private-sector was excluded
• Financial data include salaries, operating, and capital costs
• Financial time-series data are adjusted for inflation
• Human resource data were FTE-adjusted
ASTI / NAARM survey in India
Rebound of agricultural research capacity
Institutional structure of agricultural research
Researcher quantity and quality
India73%
Bangladesh35%
Sri Lanka23%
Pakistan21%
Nepal14%
PhD-qualified researchers as a share of total agricultural researchers
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
Nepal(2012)
India(2014)
Bangladesh(2012)
Pakistan(2012)
Sri Lanka(2009)
FTE researchers per 100,000 farmers
4.6
Distribution of researchers by gender
Women are severely underrepresented in agricultural R&D in many Asian countries.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Bangladesh
Cambodia
India
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Share of total researchers
Female Male
Steady growth in Indian agricultural R&D spending
59.2 billion rupees(current prices)
2014
974 million US$(current prices)
Indian research spending in an Asian context
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2000 2005 2010 2013
Mill
ion
PP
P d
olla
rs
(in
flat
ion
-ad
just
ed;
bas
e ye
ar =
20
11
)
China India Indonesia Other Asia
Note: Other Asia includes Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Agricultural research spending as a % of AgGDP
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
0.34%0.30%
China 0.62%India 0.30%Bangladesh 0.37%Nepal 0.28%Pakistan 0.18%
India
Is India underinvesting in agricultural research?
India aims to invest 1% of its AgGDP in agricultural research
and education as stipulated in its Twelfth Five Year Plan
(2012-2017)
Although data on agricultural education expenditures are
not available, data on agricultural research expenditures
suggest that India’s 1-percent investment target is unlikely to
be met within the stipulated timeframe.
R&D expenditure as a percentage of agricultural GDP is a
misleading measure to compare agricultural research effort
at the country level.
Why are intensity ratios misleading?
Agricultural research spending as a % of agricultural GDP
ASTI’s alternative: The intensity index
The literature shows that the capacity of countries to invest does not
depend only on the size of the agricultural sector but also on structural
variables like income and the size of the economy.
As a result, the capacity of countries to invest changes with the
particular level and combination of the three variables.
ASTI therefore proposes a multifactor indicator of R&D intensity that
combines three different partial intensity ratios:
-R&D to AgGDP
- R&D to GDP
- R&D to GDP per capita
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) defines the weights to aggregate
the three partial measures into a multifactor measure of R&D
investment intensity. It yields most favorable, country-specific weights
for the different components.
ASTI’s alternative: The intensity index (cont’d)
Countries with the same mix of inputs are expected to show similar level of R&D investment.
On the other hand, differences in investment between countries with similar mix of inputs will indicate higher “productivity” by the country with higher investment. In this case, higher “productivity” means that the country is investing more than expected given its particular mix of inputs.
This allows us to calculate the R&D intensity gap: the difference between R&D investment of a particular country and the highest investment among all countries with the same mix of GDP, AgGDP and income than the analyzed country.
The two intensity ratios compared, 2001-2011
country
Sri Lanka
Lao PDR
Vietnam
Thailand
Nepal
Pakistan
Indonesia
Malaysia
India
China
Romania
Greece0.03125
0.0625
0.125
0.25
0.5
1
2
0.0625 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
R&
D I
nte
nsi
ty In
dex
UsA
20
05
=1
Intensity Ratio (R&D/AgGDP)
East & South Asia High Income SSA WANA Latin America & Caribbean
Netherlands
USA
GermanyFrance
Japan
Gabon
BelgiumNorway
BotswanaMauritius
Malaysia
Madagascar
Brazil
UgandaKenyaIran
Nigeria
Sudan
GuatemalaEl SalvadorParaguayZimbabwe
Vietnam
China
Bangladesh
Ethiopia India
MalawiIndonesia
Honduras
Zambia
Niger
Nepal
Pakistan
Dominican Rep.
Other ASTI outputs
Interactive representation of data
Links to factsheet, key indicators, institutional profiles
Easy cross-country comparisons
Data and graphs can be downloaded on the spot
Country pages are continuously being expanded
Interactive Country Pageswww.asti.cgiar.org/india
Comparison of key ASTI indicators across countries
Rank countries by indicator
Data download facilities
Also developing state-level benchmarking tool
Country benchmarking toolwww.asti.cgiar.org/benchmarking/south-asia
More granular data than country pages and benchmarking tool
Data, graph, and map download facilities
Additional indicators/elements will be added later on
Data download toolwww.asti.cgiar.org/data
Geographic location of agencies
Institutional details
Key agency-level indicators
Country agency directorywww.asti.cgiar.org/india
Final Thoughts
Institutionalizing ASTI
Enhancing private-sector coverage
Measuring use and impact of ASTI in India
Please visit:www.asti.cgiar.org/india