ICAWC 2011: Rachel Dean and Jenny Stavisky - Feline and Canine Infectious Diseases

School of Veterinary Medicine and Science

Infectious diseases and vaccination in cats and dogs

Rachel Dean and Jenny Stavisky

Introductions

• Rachel

• Jenny

What we do....

• Visit• Teach• Help

The Plan

• Principles of disease prevention & control– Bug, Host, Environment– Prevent, Protect, Control

• Infectious diseases– Parvovirus in dogs– Parvovirus in cats– Cat flu– Kennel cough

The problem

• Lots of animals• Lots of bugs• Stressful environment• Bugs are cleverer than we are

• The ideal future: no overpopulation + responsible pet ownership = no shelters

•Infectious diseases common in shelters•Caused by a variety of ‘bugs’•Bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms....•Viruses probably the biggest problem

Infectious diseases

1. Bug2. Host3. Environment

Relationships

BugThe Bug

• Which one(s)• Which animals are affected• How easily it’s transmitted• How well it survives in the environment

The Host

• Age• Pregnancy/ birth• Stress (physical or psychological)• Immunity (vaccination)

Environment

• Contact between animals

• Presence of FOMITES

• Hygiene – cleaning, surfaces, drains, bedding

• Presence of quarantine/ isolation

1. Bug2. Host3. Environment

Relationships

DISEASE

Three Part Strategy

1. PREVENT2. PROTECT3. CONTROL

PREVENT

• Are the animals in a healthy environment?

PREVENT

• Nutrition and changes in diet

PREVENT

• Nutrition and changes in diet• Stress

PREVENT

• Nutrition and changes in diet• Stress • Most vulnerable animals

PREVENT

• Nutrition and changes in diet• Stress • Most vulnerable animals • Vaccination

PROTECT

• Quarantine facilities for new arrivals

PROTECT

• Quarantine facilities for new arrivals

• Vaccinate!

What is a vaccine?• Similar to natural infection• Immune system responds to the vaccine

and protects the animal for a period of time

• The body remembers

Types of vaccine

• Lots of different types

• Vaccination is safer than natural infection

Expectations

• Nothing can stop an animal meeting a bug

• Some vaccines stop clinical disease and shedding of virus – canine parvovirus

• Some vaccines reduce clinical disease and shedding of virus – cat flu

PROTECT

• At least two vaccines when they start their vaccines

• Vaccinate as soon as possible after entering the shelter

PROTECT

• Quarantine facilities for new arrivals• Vaccinate!• Vaccinate at the right age

Can be too young

Exception to the rule

• Poor start in life• High risk

Never too old

PROTECT

• Quarantine facilities for new arrivals• Vaccinate!• Vaccinate at the right age• Isolate sick animals

PROTECT

• Quarantine facilities for new arrivals• Vaccinate!• Vaccinate at the right time• Isolate sick animals• Avoid spread of disease

PREVENT

CONTROL

• Recognise a problem early

CONTROL

• Recognise a problem early• Get EVERYONE involved

CONTROL

• Recognise a problem early• Get EVERYONE involved• Shut the area/shelter

CONTROL

• Recognise a problem early• Get EVERYONE involved• Shut the area/shelter• Euthanasia

CONTROL

Teamwork!

• eds_catherding_low.MPG

The Plan

• Principles of disease prevention & control– Bug, Host, Environment– Prevent, Protect, Control

• Infectious diseases– Parvovirus in dogs– Parvovirus in cats– Cat flu– Kennel cough

Canine parvovirus

1. The bug• Small virus• Very hardy and difficult

to kill• Faecal-oral transmission• Likes rapidly dividing

Canine parvovirus(and other causes of diarrhoea)Canine parvovirus

The host

• Puppies• At time of weaning• Change of diet, stress, disease

The environment• Presence of lots of virus• Other diseases• Stress

Canine parvovirus

The disease• Diarrhoea, often bloody• Vomiting• Miserable and lethargic• Dead litters

Canine parvovirus

Prevent• Most vulnerable• Foster pregnant bitches and litters• Hygiene

Protect• Dispose of faeces• Isolate where possible• Staff for isolation/clean last• Vaccinate

Canine parvovirus

• The vaccine works well• Stops disease and shedding• When and how frequently you give it will

depend on the situation• Pups get immunity directly from mother’s

milk – maternal antibody• Maternal antibody protects pups BUT

interferes with vaccine

Canine parvovirus

• Maternal antibody gives protection in first weeks of life

• Amount depends on: Immunity of mumMum’s milk productionHow much puppy

suckles

Age of pup (weeks)

0 4 8 12 16

Maternalantibody

PREVENT

Canine parvovirus

• If in doubt vaccinate

• Start early and finish late!

Control• Be suspicious early• Alert your vet• Hygiene very important• Euthanasia

Feline parvovirus

= Feline Panleukopenia

= Feline Infectious Enteritis

Feline Parvovirus1. The bug

– Very similar to the dog– Can spread to dogs

2. The host

3. The environment

Special cases

• wobblycat.avi

Feline Parvovirus

1. Prevent2. Protect

– Vaccination is very good

3. Control– ISOLATE!– Euthanasia?

Cat flu

1. The bug(s)• There are lots of them – viruses and

bacteria• Cat-cat spread• Some are very good at living outside the

body – FOMITES• Can be infected with no signs – ‘Carriers’• Latent infection

Cat flu

2. The host• Kittens are very vulnerable (> 6 weeks)• Adults can get ill too

Cat flu

3. The environment

• Lots of bugs and lots of cats

• Bugs survive well outside the cat

• Carriers

Cat flu

3. The environment

Stress makes it worse

Latency

Cat flu

1. PREVENT• Hygiene• Barriers• Ventilation

Cat flu

2. PROTECT• Keep quarantined until vaccinated

• Vaccination• reduces amount of disease/virus• does not prevent infection

• Isolate cats with flu

Cat flu

3. CONTROLAfter infection takes time to see disease

One sneeze = TROUBLE!

Call your vet

Isolate

Kennel cough

1. Bug• Lots of bugs

2. Host• Most dogs

3. Environment• Many kennels

Kennel cough

• kennel cough.avi

Kennel coughKennel cough

Disease• Coughing!!!• Snotty noses• Some mildly ill• Few very ill• Pneumonia

Kennel coughKennel cough

1. Prevent• Quarantine new dogs

2. Protect• Vaccines may help

3. Control• Isolate• Fomites!• Cats/humans

Thank you

• Centre for Evidence based Veterinary Medicine

• School of Veterinary Medicine and Science• ICAWC• Shelters and animals• Brigita

ICAWC 2011: Rachel Dean and Jenny Stavisky - Feline and Canine Infectious Diseases

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