Post on 14-Dec-2015
I. Population Evolution
Evolutionary Processes
A. Definitions
1. Population versus Specie2. Gene Pool versus Gene Frequency3. Homozygous versus Heterozygous4. Alleles versus Genes
B. Mendel’s Principles
1. ConditionsOne gene = One trait and a fixed gene
pool.First principle =
Monohybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
2. Application
Second principle =
Dihybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Principle of SegregationPrinciple of Independent
Assortment
Phenotypic Ratio
Genotypic Ratio
3:1
1:2:1
Figure 14.5
Phenotypic Ratio9:3:3:1Genotypic Ratio1:1:2:2:4:2:2:1:1
Figure 14.8
C. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
1. ConditionsFor the H-W principle to work: No Mutation,
No Gene Flow, Large Population, Random Mating, and No Natural Selection
2. Application
p = A & q = aAA = p2, aa = q2, and Aa = 2pq or 1 = p2 + 2pq + q2
If p = .8% and q = .2% then p + q = 1
Figure 23.8
D. Microevolution
1. Trendsa. Gene
FlowImmigration and Emigration
Figure 24.11
b. Genetic Drift
Bottleneck and Founder Effects
Figure 23.10
c. Mutation =
A random change in the DNA
Why or How?
Figure 25.23
d. Non-random and Assortative mating Inbreeding vs. Sex
Selectione. Natural Selection TrendsStabilizing vs. Directional vs.
DiversifyingCauses?
Figure 23.13
E. Extinction
1. Causesa. DistributionThe range needed for
survival.b. Interactionsc. Habitat Changes
Who plays with whom?
Events that could cause change?
Natural versus Man-made
II. Species FormationA.
DefinitionB. Speciation Mechanisms
1. Allopatric
Figure 24.5
Figure 24.5
Figure 24.5
2. Sympatric
Figure 24.11
3. Parapatric
4. Isolation
Figure 24.3
C. Speciation Rates or Pace
1. Gradualistic
Figure 24.17
vs. 2. Punctuated
3. Mosaic
Figure 25.26
III. Macroevolution
A. DefinitionsB. Rate
Gradualistic vs. Punctuated
Figure 24.17
C. Mechanisms
a. Exaptations
Figure 34.30
b. Allometric Growth
Figure 25.21
i. Heterochrony
Figure 25.21
ii. Paedomorphosis
Figure 25.22
It’s the daily grind that gets the goal.