I. Population Evolution

Evolutionary Processes

A. Definitions

1. Population versus Specie2. Gene Pool versus Gene Frequency3. Homozygous versus Heterozygous4. Alleles versus Genes

B. Mendel’s Principles

1. ConditionsOne gene = One trait and a fixed gene

pool.First principle =

Monohybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of phenotypic and genotypic ratios?

2. Application

Second principle =

Dihybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of phenotypic and genotypic ratios?

Principle of SegregationPrinciple of Independent

Assortment

Phenotypic Ratio

Genotypic Ratio

3:1

1:2:1

Figure 14.5

Phenotypic Ratio9:3:3:1Genotypic Ratio1:1:2:2:4:2:2:1:1

Figure 14.8

C. Hardy-Weinberg Principle

1. ConditionsFor the H-W principle to work: No Mutation,

No Gene Flow, Large Population, Random Mating, and No Natural Selection

2. Application

p = A & q = aAA = p2, aa = q2, and Aa = 2pq or 1 = p2 + 2pq + q2

If p = .8% and q = .2% then p + q = 1

Figure 23.8

D. Microevolution

1. Trendsa. Gene

FlowImmigration and Emigration

Figure 24.11

b. Genetic Drift

Bottleneck and Founder Effects

Figure 23.10

c. Mutation =

A random change in the DNA

Why or How?

Figure 25.23

d. Non-random and Assortative mating Inbreeding vs. Sex

Selectione. Natural Selection TrendsStabilizing vs. Directional vs.

DiversifyingCauses?

Figure 23.13

E. Extinction

1. Causesa. DistributionThe range needed for

survival.b. Interactionsc. Habitat Changes

Who plays with whom?

Events that could cause change?

Natural versus Man-made

II. Species FormationA.

DefinitionB. Speciation Mechanisms

1. Allopatric

Figure 24.5

Figure 24.5

Figure 24.5

2. Sympatric

Figure 24.11

3. Parapatric

4. Isolation

Figure 24.3

C. Speciation Rates or Pace

1. Gradualistic

Figure 24.17

vs. 2. Punctuated

3. Mosaic

Figure 25.26

III. Macroevolution

A. DefinitionsB. Rate

Gradualistic vs. Punctuated

Figure 24.17

C. Mechanisms

a. Exaptations

Figure 34.30

b. Allometric Growth

Figure 25.21

i. Heterochrony

Figure 25.21

ii. Paedomorphosis

Figure 25.22

It’s the daily grind that gets the goal.