HumanBehaviourinEmergencyCondi4onsPresentedbySteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM

steve@crowdsafety.org

www.crowdsafety.org

SteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM

•  25YearsCrowdandEventSafetyExperience‘NormalandEmergency’

•  DegreeCrowdandSafetyManagement

•  CharteredHealthandSafetyConsultant

•  OccupaFonalSafetyandHealthConsultantsRegister–RegisteredConsultant

•  CharteredFireSafetyConsultant

•  FormerRoyalNavyFire-Fighter

•  FormerDirectorofSecurityandSafety:Oasis,Eminem,RedHotChiliPeppers,Kasabian,RollingStones(UKOnly),BeasKeBoys,LedZeppelin,Shakira,Stereophonics,DixieChicks,BeadyEye,LionelRichie

•  RetailSector,VariousEvents,Venues,StudentUnions,GradBalls,FesFval’sandotherMajorEventsworldwideincludingWorldTitleBoxing,Motorsports,RoyalEvents,FireworksandeventsofnaFonalsignificantimportance

•  VirginGroup–EventSafetyConsultant

•  Purple/MauveGuide–AcknowledgedContributor

•  AustralianlivePerformance–AuthoroftheAudienceSafetyChapter

•  EventWorkingPartyforUSTechnicalStandardsversionofthePurpleGuide

•  ManagingCrowdsSafely(HSG154)–Reviewed2016forUKCMA

•  Pioneerofthe“ShowstopProcedure”(UsedgloballyandrecognisedbyHSE)

•  ConsultantnaFonallyandworldwideforeventsafety/security,crowdmanagementandFireSafety

•  FireRiskAssessorforleisure,eventandretailsectors

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Showstop

•  EmergencycondiKonsataneventcanoccuratwithoutanynoKce,thoughother’scanbedeemedasforeseeable.

•  TheShowstopProcedureservestofocustheaudience,reducethelikelihoodofinjuryandpre-movementKmeintheeventofanevacuaKon.

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TerrorismCrowdedSpaces

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SomeCrowdDisasterslast6years

•  2016:-50–600DeadStampedeEthiopia

•  2015:-2442Dead&1028injured

•  2014:-106Dead&262Injured

•  2013:-470Dead&757injured

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WitnessQuote-Hillsborough•  I had no choice in the matter, I just

got carried along with it .. and where I ended up I ended up…..there was no choice, well, you know, ‘right, I’m gonna stand over there’….. you had no choice. You went where the crowd took you.. as everybody else did .. it was that scary, it was terrifying, but as I said once blind panic has set in, I I would think that was that was the main part, everyone really panicked, sheer panic, the police panicked, the crowd panicked, everyone panicked……..

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Whydocrowdcrusheshappen?

•  WearetryingtoservicemorepeopleinlessFme….

•  Toomanypeopleintoolihlespace

•  Bohlenecks•  PoorPlanning/LackofTraining•  PoorDesign•  InformaFon

•  Management

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PrimaryInfluencer’s

•  Design–Barriertypes,eventfootprint,sitecapacity,ingress/egressflowrates,areaanddensity,anydelaysaroundthesite(toilets/bars/merchandising/amusementsetc)

•  Informa4on–AdvanceinformaKon,Signage,communicaKonsystems,VMS,websites,socialmedia,rumour’s

•  Management–Processes,planning,communicaKons,protocols,chainofcommand,briefings,redflagindicators(normalandemergency),competencyofplanners,assessorsandcriKcaldecisionmakers…

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InformaFonDelivery

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3PrimaryReasonstoprevent

•  Moral

•  Legal

•  Financial

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ManchesterUnitedEvacuaFon

•  TheblunderissettocostManchesterUnited£3millionasitisforcedtoshellouttodisappointedfans.

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The biggest risks of all are….

People!!!

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CrowdDensity-FluidMoFon

•  Whencrowdsarelessdenselypacked,lessthan4people/persquaremeter,theyhaveKmetomakedecisions,theydonothaveinvoluntarymovementasone,almostlikeafluid…..

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CrowdDensityConsideraFons…

•  Mostcrowdrelatedissuesarebasedupontoomanypeopleintooli`lespace…..

•  Bohlenecks•  Anthropometry•  Bulkybags•  Coats•  Pushchairs/Prams•  Wheelchairs•  Peoplelayingdown•  Furniture/SeaFngTables

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CrowdDensity

•  Densitycanbedescribedasthenumberofpeopleinaprescribedspace.

•  Forexample2Persons/persquaremetre

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AddiFonalFactors

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5Persons/persquaremetre

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IndividualsDensityPercepFon

•  TherelaFonshipwiththepeopleinvolved

•  TheduraFonoftheexperience

•  Thephysicalcontextoftheexperience

•  Themeaningoftheexperience

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SpaFalandSocialDensity

Spa4alDensity

•  Thesamenumberofpeoplebutthespacealters…

SocialDensity

•  Occurswhenthenumberofpeoplealters,butthespaceremainsthesame….

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CrowdDensity–SocialDensity

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CrowdDensityDemonstraFon

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Maledominatedcrowds

•  MaledominatedcrowdshaveagreaterpotenKaltobehaveinamoreaggressivemannerincomparisontofemaledominatedcrowdswithahighproporKonoffamilygroups….

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EgressandDispersal

•  Crowds’egressenmasse,innormalandemergencycondiFons.

•  OunlowmustnotbeobstructedandneedssufficientSPACEtopreventanyblockageswhichwouldincreasedensityandandsafetyconsideraFonsfurther.

•  Considerwherepersonsaredispersingtoo…

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FlowRateConsideraFon’s

•  UniFlow

•  BiDirecFonalFlow

•  MulFFlow

•  Ounlow

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Perception of Risk

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The Crowds’ Expectation’s

•  If we were to split crowds into two groups, we could perhaps suggest that they were in fact:

–  Compliant

–  Non Compliant

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BradfordFireOverview(32yrsago)

•  May1985

•  BradfordCityvLincoln•  56Killed•  Over265Injuries•  Fanshadtobreakdownlockedexitstoescape

•  ManyreceivedpolicecommendaFonsforbravery

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SummerlandLeisureCentre1973•  Circa53deaths

•  Startedby3youngboyssmoking

•  LockedFireExits

•  CrowdCrushatmainentrance

•  ChildrenacKviKes1stFloor

•  Parentswentupstairstocollectchildren

•  ChangestobuildinglegislaKonpostthisincident

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SocialMedia–15minsoffame

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Pre - Movement Time

•  The time taken from the embryonic phase of an incident…

•  Through to detection

•  Response to the incident

•  Movement of the crowd to a Place of Safety (pre-determined)

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Extended Pre-Movement time can lead to

•  The loss of life

•  Catastrophic brand damage,

•  International condemnation

•  Media onslaught

•  Loss of Liberty

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Sime’sGeneralRule25-50-25

•  25%MoveCloser

•  50%Stayput

•  25%Movetoexits

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StaFonNightclubFire-2003

•  100Died

•  232Injuries

•  Cause–IndoorPyro

•  FlammableSoundproofing

•  ThisincidentestablishednewstandardsacrosstheUSA

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HerdingBehaviour

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NextImageisGraphic….

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HerdingBehaviourinEmergency

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ArchingEffectFranciscoEnrique

•  Bohlenecks

•  Archingeffectascrowdstrytoflowthroughanarrowpoint

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ConsideraFons

•  9outof10peoplewillleavethewaytheyentered

•  Familiesandgroupswillleavetogether

•  ChildrenacFviFesshouldbeposiFonedatstreetlevelwherepossible

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Panic-RealityorMyth

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Panic-Suddenuncontrollablefearoranxiety,ocencausingwildlyunthinkingbehaviour….

Source:OxfordDicKonary

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3-TypesofsituaFons

•  Tangible

•  Intangible

•  Rumour

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Rumour

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ThinkPoint…

•  Atgroundlevel,crowdscannotseebeyondafewmetre’sinfrontoftheirposiKon….

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RomanianFire–ColecFvClub

•  27pluskilled•  VictorLonescu,whowasatthe

clubwithhisgirlfriend,paintedagraphicpictureoftheconfusionandpanicasthefiresweptthroughthebuilding.

•  “PeoplewerefainKngfromthesmoke.Itwastotalchaos,peopleweretramplingoneachother”hesaid

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EvacuaFon

•  HumanResponse

•  PeerPressure•  StaffResponse•  PerformerResponse

•  Obstacles•  Possessions•  FriendsandFamily

•  InvacuaFon?????

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7/7BombingsLondon

•  Manyreportsofpanicandfearfromindividualsthatwerethere…

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Panic–Wasnotrecordedatthese

•  BradfordFire1985•  KingsCrossFire1987•  Hillsborough1989•  911WTC

•  TheproblemispeopleocennottakingthesituaKonasseriouslyasitactuallyis…

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SoluFons

• 

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SystemWideApproach

•  Ifsafetyandsuccessaretobemaximised,thewholesystem,includingindividualworkers,contractors,technology,audience,processes,designsetc,shouldbeconsideredasasinglesystem…Hendrick1997

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EmergencyPlan&CrowdRA

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KeyConsideraFons

•  ConductevacuaKon/invacuaKonanalysis•  IdenKfyyourcrowddemographic

•  RecognisetheInterpretaKon,preperaKonandacKon(pre-movement)Kme

•  ProvideclearandaccurateinformaKonduringtheemergency.

•  RecogniseCrowdswillwanttousefamiliarroutes

•  Understandthatcrowdswillwanttogroupwithfamily/friends

•  Considerthedispersalarrangements

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BriefingsandTraining

•  OnInducFon•  Regularrefreshertraining

•  Asanynewthreats/informaFoncometolight

•  Intheeventofanyworksbeingcarriedoutatyoursite

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RolesandResponsibiliFes

•  Clearlydefinedroles

•  StafffullyawareofwhoisulFmatelyresponsible

•  OrganisaFonawareoftheramificaFonsoftheeventgoingwrong

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“WhatIf”Scenarios

Thefullscopeof“whatif”scenariostoidenFfypotenFalproblemsandtestoutthesuitabilityandsufficiencyoftheplansinplace.

AwiderangeofscenariosshouldbetestednotonlyforterrorismbutalsolessdramaFcsuchastriphazards,bohlenecks,technologyfailiure’s,weatherandevennaturaldisaster’s.

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Thankyou

PresentedbySteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM

www.crowdsafety.org