Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at...

58
Human Behaviour in Emergency Condi4ons Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM [email protected] www.crowdsafety.org

Transcript of Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at...

Page 1: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

HumanBehaviourinEmergencyCondi4onsPresentedbySteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM

[email protected]

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 2: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

SteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM

•  25YearsCrowdandEventSafetyExperience‘NormalandEmergency’

•  DegreeCrowdandSafetyManagement

•  CharteredHealthandSafetyConsultant

•  OccupaFonalSafetyandHealthConsultantsRegister–RegisteredConsultant

•  CharteredFireSafetyConsultant

•  FormerRoyalNavyFire-Fighter

•  FormerDirectorofSecurityandSafety:Oasis,Eminem,RedHotChiliPeppers,Kasabian,RollingStones(UKOnly),BeasKeBoys,LedZeppelin,Shakira,Stereophonics,DixieChicks,BeadyEye,LionelRichie

•  RetailSector,VariousEvents,Venues,StudentUnions,GradBalls,FesFval’sandotherMajorEventsworldwideincludingWorldTitleBoxing,Motorsports,RoyalEvents,FireworksandeventsofnaFonalsignificantimportance

•  VirginGroup–EventSafetyConsultant

•  Purple/MauveGuide–AcknowledgedContributor

•  AustralianlivePerformance–AuthoroftheAudienceSafetyChapter

•  EventWorkingPartyforUSTechnicalStandardsversionofthePurpleGuide

•  ManagingCrowdsSafely(HSG154)–Reviewed2016forUKCMA

•  Pioneerofthe“ShowstopProcedure”(UsedgloballyandrecognisedbyHSE)

•  ConsultantnaFonallyandworldwideforeventsafety/security,crowdmanagementandFireSafety

•  FireRiskAssessorforleisure,eventandretailsectors

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 3: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Showstop

•  EmergencycondiKonsataneventcanoccuratwithoutanynoKce,thoughother’scanbedeemedasforeseeable.

•  TheShowstopProcedureservestofocustheaudience,reducethelikelihoodofinjuryandpre-movementKmeintheeventofanevacuaKon.

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 4: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

TerrorismCrowdedSpaces

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 5: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

SomeCrowdDisasterslast6years

•  2016:-50–600DeadStampedeEthiopia

•  2015:-2442Dead&1028injured

•  2014:-106Dead&262Injured

•  2013:-470Dead&757injured

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 6: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

WitnessQuote-Hillsborough•  I had no choice in the matter, I just

got carried along with it .. and where I ended up I ended up…..there was no choice, well, you know, ‘right, I’m gonna stand over there’….. you had no choice. You went where the crowd took you.. as everybody else did .. it was that scary, it was terrifying, but as I said once blind panic has set in, I I would think that was that was the main part, everyone really panicked, sheer panic, the police panicked, the crowd panicked, everyone panicked……..

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 7: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Whydocrowdcrusheshappen?

•  WearetryingtoservicemorepeopleinlessFme….

•  Toomanypeopleintoolihlespace

•  Bohlenecks•  PoorPlanning/LackofTraining•  PoorDesign•  InformaFon

•  Management

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 8: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

PrimaryInfluencer’s

•  Design–Barriertypes,eventfootprint,sitecapacity,ingress/egressflowrates,areaanddensity,anydelaysaroundthesite(toilets/bars/merchandising/amusementsetc)

•  Informa4on–AdvanceinformaKon,Signage,communicaKonsystems,VMS,websites,socialmedia,rumour’s

•  Management–Processes,planning,communicaKons,protocols,chainofcommand,briefings,redflagindicators(normalandemergency),competencyofplanners,assessorsandcriKcaldecisionmakers…

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 9: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

InformaFonDelivery

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 10: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

3PrimaryReasonstoprevent

•  Moral

•  Legal

•  Financial

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 11: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

ManchesterUnitedEvacuaFon

•  TheblunderissettocostManchesterUnited£3millionasitisforcedtoshellouttodisappointedfans.

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 12: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

The biggest risks of all are….

People!!!

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 13: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

CrowdDensity-FluidMoFon

•  Whencrowdsarelessdenselypacked,lessthan4people/persquaremeter,theyhaveKmetomakedecisions,theydonothaveinvoluntarymovementasone,almostlikeafluid…..

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 14: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

CrowdDensityConsideraFons…

•  Mostcrowdrelatedissuesarebasedupontoomanypeopleintooli`lespace…..

•  Bohlenecks•  Anthropometry•  Bulkybags•  Coats•  Pushchairs/Prams•  Wheelchairs•  Peoplelayingdown•  Furniture/SeaFngTables

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 15: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

CrowdDensity

•  Densitycanbedescribedasthenumberofpeopleinaprescribedspace.

•  Forexample2Persons/persquaremetre

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 16: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

AddiFonalFactors

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 17: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

5Persons/persquaremetre

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 18: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

IndividualsDensityPercepFon

•  TherelaFonshipwiththepeopleinvolved

•  TheduraFonoftheexperience

•  Thephysicalcontextoftheexperience

•  Themeaningoftheexperience

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 19: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

SpaFalandSocialDensity

Spa4alDensity

•  Thesamenumberofpeoplebutthespacealters…

SocialDensity

•  Occurswhenthenumberofpeoplealters,butthespaceremainsthesame….

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 20: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

CrowdDensity–SocialDensity

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 21: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

CrowdDensityDemonstraFon

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 22: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Maledominatedcrowds

•  MaledominatedcrowdshaveagreaterpotenKaltobehaveinamoreaggressivemannerincomparisontofemaledominatedcrowdswithahighproporKonoffamilygroups….

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 23: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

EgressandDispersal

•  Crowds’egressenmasse,innormalandemergencycondiFons.

•  OunlowmustnotbeobstructedandneedssufficientSPACEtopreventanyblockageswhichwouldincreasedensityandandsafetyconsideraFonsfurther.

•  Considerwherepersonsaredispersingtoo…

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 24: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

FlowRateConsideraFon’s

•  UniFlow

•  BiDirecFonalFlow

•  MulFFlow

•  Ounlow

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 25: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Perception of Risk

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 26: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

The Crowds’ Expectation’s

•  If we were to split crowds into two groups, we could perhaps suggest that they were in fact:

–  Compliant

–  Non Compliant

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 27: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

BradfordFireOverview(32yrsago)

•  May1985

•  BradfordCityvLincoln•  56Killed•  Over265Injuries•  Fanshadtobreakdownlockedexitstoescape

•  ManyreceivedpolicecommendaFonsforbravery

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 28: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

SummerlandLeisureCentre1973•  Circa53deaths

•  Startedby3youngboyssmoking

•  LockedFireExits

•  CrowdCrushatmainentrance

•  ChildrenacKviKes1stFloor

•  Parentswentupstairstocollectchildren

•  ChangestobuildinglegislaKonpostthisincident

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 29: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

SocialMedia–15minsoffame

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 30: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Pre - Movement Time

•  The time taken from the embryonic phase of an incident…

•  Through to detection

•  Response to the incident

•  Movement of the crowd to a Place of Safety (pre-determined)

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 31: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Extended Pre-Movement time can lead to

•  The loss of life

•  Catastrophic brand damage,

•  International condemnation

•  Media onslaught

•  Loss of Liberty

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 32: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Sime’sGeneralRule25-50-25

•  25%MoveCloser

•  50%Stayput

•  25%Movetoexits

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 33: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

StaFonNightclubFire-2003

•  100Died

•  232Injuries

•  Cause–IndoorPyro

•  FlammableSoundproofing

•  ThisincidentestablishednewstandardsacrosstheUSA

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 34: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 35: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

HerdingBehaviour

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 36: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

NextImageisGraphic….

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 37: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

HerdingBehaviourinEmergency

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 38: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

ArchingEffectFranciscoEnrique

•  Bohlenecks

•  Archingeffectascrowdstrytoflowthroughanarrowpoint

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 39: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

ConsideraFons

•  9outof10peoplewillleavethewaytheyentered

•  Familiesandgroupswillleavetogether

•  ChildrenacFviFesshouldbeposiFonedatstreetlevelwherepossible

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 40: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Panic-RealityorMyth

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 41: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Panic-Suddenuncontrollablefearoranxiety,ocencausingwildlyunthinkingbehaviour….

Source:OxfordDicKonary

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 42: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

3-TypesofsituaFons

•  Tangible

•  Intangible

•  Rumour

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 43: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Rumour

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 44: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 45: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

ThinkPoint…

•  Atgroundlevel,crowdscannotseebeyondafewmetre’sinfrontoftheirposiKon….

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 46: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 47: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

RomanianFire–ColecFvClub

•  27pluskilled•  VictorLonescu,whowasatthe

clubwithhisgirlfriend,paintedagraphicpictureoftheconfusionandpanicasthefiresweptthroughthebuilding.

•  “PeoplewerefainKngfromthesmoke.Itwastotalchaos,peopleweretramplingoneachother”hesaid

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 48: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

EvacuaFon

•  HumanResponse

•  PeerPressure•  StaffResponse•  PerformerResponse

•  Obstacles•  Possessions•  FriendsandFamily

•  InvacuaFon?????

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 49: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

7/7BombingsLondon

•  Manyreportsofpanicandfearfromindividualsthatwerethere…

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 50: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Panic–Wasnotrecordedatthese

•  BradfordFire1985•  KingsCrossFire1987•  Hillsborough1989•  911WTC

•  TheproblemispeopleocennottakingthesituaKonasseriouslyasitactuallyis…

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 51: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

SoluFons

• 

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 52: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

SystemWideApproach

•  Ifsafetyandsuccessaretobemaximised,thewholesystem,includingindividualworkers,contractors,technology,audience,processes,designsetc,shouldbeconsideredasasinglesystem…Hendrick1997

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 53: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

EmergencyPlan&CrowdRA

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 54: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

KeyConsideraFons

•  ConductevacuaKon/invacuaKonanalysis•  IdenKfyyourcrowddemographic

•  RecognisetheInterpretaKon,preperaKonandacKon(pre-movement)Kme

•  ProvideclearandaccurateinformaKonduringtheemergency.

•  RecogniseCrowdswillwanttousefamiliarroutes

•  Understandthatcrowdswillwanttogroupwithfamily/friends

•  Considerthedispersalarrangements

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 55: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

BriefingsandTraining

•  OnInducFon•  Regularrefreshertraining

•  Asanynewthreats/informaFoncometolight

•  Intheeventofanyworksbeingcarriedoutatyoursite

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 56: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

RolesandResponsibiliFes

•  Clearlydefinedroles

•  StafffullyawareofwhoisulFmatelyresponsible

•  OrganisaFonawareoftheramificaFonsoftheeventgoingwrong

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 57: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

“WhatIf”Scenarios

Thefullscopeof“whatif”scenariostoidenFfypotenFalproblemsandtestoutthesuitabilityandsufficiencyoftheplansinplace.

AwiderangeofscenariosshouldbetestednotonlyforterrorismbutalsolessdramaFcsuchastriphazards,bohlenecks,technologyfailiure’s,weatherandevennaturaldisaster’s.

www.crowdsafety.org

Page 58: Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions...Showstop • Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable. • The Showstop Procedure

Thankyou

PresentedbySteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM

www.crowdsafety.org