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HS305 RESEARCH METHODS FOR HEALTH SCIENCES

Audio Seminar!

Please be sure your speakers are on!1

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AGENDA

Review of unit projectKey TermsCritique of an interview

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PERSONAL GOAL FOR SEMINARSCreate community of shared

learnersProvide a summary of material

from the weekAnswer questions; clarify

information as needed

HAVE FUN!

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KEY TERMS

Qualitative Research Designs Case Study Ethnography Phenomenological Study Grounded Theory Study Content Analysis

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KEY TERMS

Research Methods for Qualitative DesignsObservation Interviews

QuestionnairesOpen-ended questionsFixed alternative questions

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UNIT 6 PROJECT: QUESTIONNAIRETwo Parts

Cover letter and questionnaireDiscussion of data collection method

You might want to try Survey Monkey: http://www.surveymonkey.com/?cmpid=us:ps:yahoo Free and fun to use!

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ORGANIZATION OF QUESTIONNAIRES

Create introductory material to increase response rate Cover letter Introductory statement Thank respondents for participating

Use descriptive title Ensure question order does not influence responses Use instructions throughout questionnaire to

minimize respondent confusion Craft questions so they are easy to complete Include open space Use numbers to designate response choices

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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRE COVER LETTERWrite for expected participantsBe clear and to the pointIdentify purpose of questionnaire to

Enhance likelihood of completionAdd to the credibility of the project

Be concise. You want them to move on to complete the questionnaire!

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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRESURVEY SECTION

Appropriate for ethnology researchWhat is ethnography research?

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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRESURVEY SECTIONAppropriate for ethnology research

Qualitative research Studies an intact cultural groupConducted in a natural settingFocuses on a period of time

How could an ethnography study affect the development of a

questionnaire?

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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRESURVEY SECTIONHow an ethnography study affect

the development of a questionnaireCultural sensitivity neededPotential language barriersReluctance to be truthfulBecause of cultural mores may feel

they cannot refuse

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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRESURVEY SECTIONAppropriate for ethnology research10-15 questions (no more) including:

2 fixed alternative questions with only 2 potential answers

5 fixed alternative questions with 4-5 potential answers

1 open-ended questionOther questions for a minimum of 10

questions; maximum of 15 questions

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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WRITING SURVEY QUESTIONSAvoid confusing phrasing & jargonUse correct grammar and spellingBe concise, but clear. Use shorter

rather than longer words & sentencesRelate questions to the purpose of the

questionnaireSee Research Process PowerPoint

Step 4c Research Methods – Questionnaires for many hints!

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TYPES OF QUESTIONS

Open-Ended Fixed Alternative

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TYPES OF QUESTIONS

Allow respondent to fill in own answer

May ask for specific information or

May ask for narrative response Respondent

says/writes whatever he/she wants

Open-Ended Fixed Alternative

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TYPES OF QUESTIONS

Allow respondent to fill in own answer

May ask for specific information or

May ask for narrative response Respondent

says/writes whatever he/she wants

Respondent chooses from list of possible responses

May also be called Fixed choice questions Forced choice

questions

Open-Ended Fixed Alternative

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EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF QUESTIONS

What is your annual income? Check appropriate box:

no income

Less than $5000

$5001 - $20,000

More than $20,000

Open-Ended Fixed Alternative

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FIXED ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS

Must have mutually exclusive and exhaustive response categories Exhaustive=all possible choices

includedExclusive=only one possible response

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FIXED ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS

Exhaustive=all possible choices included

Which example is exhaustive? How many times have you visited a doctor

in the last year? 01-23-56-1011 or more

o1-2o2-3o3-4o5o6

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FIXED ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS

Exclusive=only one possible responseWhich example is exclusive?

How many times have you visited a doctor in the last year? 01-23-56-1011 or more

o1-2o2-3o3-4o5o6

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LIKERT “QUESTIONS”Usually framed as declarative

statements – not questionsDescribe intensity of

feeling/belief/opinionWith or without an explicitly measured

neutral point in the center

1 2 3 4 5Strongly Agree No Disagree Strongly Agree Opinion Disagree

1 2 3 4Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Agree Disagree

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ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO QUESTIONNAIRES

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ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO QUESTIONNAIRESDealing with Sensitive Subjects

Self-reportNo identifying information

Web-based studies Researcher cannot guarantee

absolute anonymity of web surveyHarm

Most harm in survey research arises from breach of confidentiality

Some surveys may cause psychological harm

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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRE PART 2

Analyze how you would conduct your survey

Approximately 1 page + title page and reference page

Use Standard EnglishUse APA format with citations

and references

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METHODS TO CONDUCT A QUESTIONNAIRE

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METHODS TO CONDUCT A QUESTIONNAIRETelephoneInternetMailSelf administered question given

in a group of peopleFace to face Interview

More information in Research Process Step 4c Research Methods – Questionnaires!

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INTERVIEWS V. QUESTIONNAIRE

SInterviews

StructuredUnstructuredSemi-Structured

QuestionnairesWritten questions with response

areaNo opportunity to clarify meaning of

questions

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FACE TO FACE INTERVIEWS

Pros Cons

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FACE TO FACE INTERVIEWS

Rapport - increases completion rates

Meaning explained that is not clear

Interviewer can go into unplanned areas to get the most complete info from respondents; tailor questions

Pros Cons

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FACE TO FACE INTERVIEWS

Rapport - increases completion rates

Meaning explained that is not clear

Interviewer can go into unplanned areas to get the most complete info from respondents; tailor questions

Time consuming Expensive Respondent might

give answer that she/he expects will please interviewer

Pros Cons

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LET’S HAVE SOME FUN!WEB FIELD TRIPUse two windows

DO NOT CLOSE the seminar!!! Go to

http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=health+interview&ei=UTF-8&fr=att-portal&vid=0001147179657

What type of interview is this? Structured? Unstructured? Semi-structured? Explain your answer!

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WEB FIELD TRIP

Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?

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WEB FIELD TRIP

Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?

Were questions focused rather than abstract?

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WEB FIELD TRIPDid the interviewer establish

rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?

Were questions focused rather than abstract?

Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers?

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WEB FIELD TRIP Did the interviewer establish rapport?

What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?

Were questions focused rather than abstract?

Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers?

Do you think the interview was effective?

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WEB FIELD TRIP Did the interviewer establish rapport?

What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?

Were questions focused rather than abstract?

Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers?

Do you think the interview was effective? Would the interview prompt you to learn

more about the person interviewed? About what?

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YOUR EXPERIENCEHow are questionnaires used in

your area of health science?How are interviews used?Have you ever created a

questionnaire? Please share your experience!

With what type do you think you would be most comfortable: creating a questionnaire or conducting an interview? Explain your answer!

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WHY ARE SURVEYS USED IN HEALTH SCIENCE?

Easy to completeMany people find them

enjoyable and readily participate

Standardized answers are easier to analyze

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROCESS STEP 4C. RESEARCH METHODSData Collection tools, such as

ExperimentsSurveys & InterviewsNaturalistic Observation CorrelationCase studiesOther methods

More than one method can be used in a single study

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QUESTIONS?Unit Questions linkAOL instant message: proflpburchEmail: lburch2@kaplan.edu Phone if an emergency: 757-339-7494

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COMING ATTRACTIONS: UNIT 7

Seminar: Helping Dr. Iwant T. Know develop a a sampling plan

Discussion: Analysis of various Descriptive designs

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HS305 RESEARCH METHODS FOR HEALTH

SCIENCES

Thanks for Participating!42