HS305 Research Methods for Health Sciences
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Transcript of HS305 Research Methods for Health Sciences
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HS305 RESEARCH METHODS FOR HEALTH SCIENCES
Audio Seminar!
Please be sure your speakers are on!1
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AGENDA
Review of unit projectKey TermsCritique of an interview
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PERSONAL GOAL FOR SEMINARSCreate community of shared
learnersProvide a summary of material
from the weekAnswer questions; clarify
information as needed
HAVE FUN!
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KEY TERMS
Qualitative Research Designs Case Study Ethnography Phenomenological Study Grounded Theory Study Content Analysis
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KEY TERMS
Research Methods for Qualitative DesignsObservation Interviews
QuestionnairesOpen-ended questionsFixed alternative questions
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UNIT 6 PROJECT: QUESTIONNAIRETwo Parts
Cover letter and questionnaireDiscussion of data collection method
You might want to try Survey Monkey: http://www.surveymonkey.com/?cmpid=us:ps:yahoo Free and fun to use!
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ORGANIZATION OF QUESTIONNAIRES
Create introductory material to increase response rate Cover letter Introductory statement Thank respondents for participating
Use descriptive title Ensure question order does not influence responses Use instructions throughout questionnaire to
minimize respondent confusion Craft questions so they are easy to complete Include open space Use numbers to designate response choices
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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRE COVER LETTERWrite for expected participantsBe clear and to the pointIdentify purpose of questionnaire to
Enhance likelihood of completionAdd to the credibility of the project
Be concise. You want them to move on to complete the questionnaire!
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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRESURVEY SECTION
Appropriate for ethnology researchWhat is ethnography research?
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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRESURVEY SECTIONAppropriate for ethnology research
Qualitative research Studies an intact cultural groupConducted in a natural settingFocuses on a period of time
How could an ethnography study affect the development of a
questionnaire?
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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRESURVEY SECTIONHow an ethnography study affect
the development of a questionnaireCultural sensitivity neededPotential language barriersReluctance to be truthfulBecause of cultural mores may feel
they cannot refuse
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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRESURVEY SECTIONAppropriate for ethnology research10-15 questions (no more) including:
2 fixed alternative questions with only 2 potential answers
5 fixed alternative questions with 4-5 potential answers
1 open-ended questionOther questions for a minimum of 10
questions; maximum of 15 questions
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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WRITING SURVEY QUESTIONSAvoid confusing phrasing & jargonUse correct grammar and spellingBe concise, but clear. Use shorter
rather than longer words & sentencesRelate questions to the purpose of the
questionnaireSee Research Process PowerPoint
Step 4c Research Methods – Questionnaires for many hints!
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TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Open-Ended Fixed Alternative
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TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Allow respondent to fill in own answer
May ask for specific information or
May ask for narrative response Respondent
says/writes whatever he/she wants
Open-Ended Fixed Alternative
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TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Allow respondent to fill in own answer
May ask for specific information or
May ask for narrative response Respondent
says/writes whatever he/she wants
Respondent chooses from list of possible responses
May also be called Fixed choice questions Forced choice
questions
Open-Ended Fixed Alternative
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EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF QUESTIONS
What is your annual income? Check appropriate box:
no income
Less than $5000
$5001 - $20,000
More than $20,000
Open-Ended Fixed Alternative
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FIXED ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS
Must have mutually exclusive and exhaustive response categories Exhaustive=all possible choices
includedExclusive=only one possible response
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FIXED ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS
Exhaustive=all possible choices included
Which example is exhaustive? How many times have you visited a doctor
in the last year? 01-23-56-1011 or more
o1-2o2-3o3-4o5o6
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FIXED ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS
Exclusive=only one possible responseWhich example is exclusive?
How many times have you visited a doctor in the last year? 01-23-56-1011 or more
o1-2o2-3o3-4o5o6
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LIKERT “QUESTIONS”Usually framed as declarative
statements – not questionsDescribe intensity of
feeling/belief/opinionWith or without an explicitly measured
neutral point in the center
1 2 3 4 5Strongly Agree No Disagree Strongly Agree Opinion Disagree
1 2 3 4Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Agree Disagree
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ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO QUESTIONNAIRES
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ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO QUESTIONNAIRESDealing with Sensitive Subjects
Self-reportNo identifying information
Web-based studies Researcher cannot guarantee
absolute anonymity of web surveyHarm
Most harm in survey research arises from breach of confidentiality
Some surveys may cause psychological harm
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UNIT 6 QUESTIONNAIRE PART 2
Analyze how you would conduct your survey
Approximately 1 page + title page and reference page
Use Standard EnglishUse APA format with citations
and references
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METHODS TO CONDUCT A QUESTIONNAIRE
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METHODS TO CONDUCT A QUESTIONNAIRETelephoneInternetMailSelf administered question given
in a group of peopleFace to face Interview
More information in Research Process Step 4c Research Methods – Questionnaires!
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INTERVIEWS V. QUESTIONNAIRE
SInterviews
StructuredUnstructuredSemi-Structured
QuestionnairesWritten questions with response
areaNo opportunity to clarify meaning of
questions
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FACE TO FACE INTERVIEWS
Pros Cons
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FACE TO FACE INTERVIEWS
Rapport - increases completion rates
Meaning explained that is not clear
Interviewer can go into unplanned areas to get the most complete info from respondents; tailor questions
Pros Cons
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FACE TO FACE INTERVIEWS
Rapport - increases completion rates
Meaning explained that is not clear
Interviewer can go into unplanned areas to get the most complete info from respondents; tailor questions
Time consuming Expensive Respondent might
give answer that she/he expects will please interviewer
Pros Cons
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LET’S HAVE SOME FUN!WEB FIELD TRIPUse two windows
DO NOT CLOSE the seminar!!! Go to
http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=health+interview&ei=UTF-8&fr=att-portal&vid=0001147179657
What type of interview is this? Structured? Unstructured? Semi-structured? Explain your answer!
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WEB FIELD TRIP
Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?
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WEB FIELD TRIP
Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?
Were questions focused rather than abstract?
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WEB FIELD TRIPDid the interviewer establish
rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?
Were questions focused rather than abstract?
Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers?
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WEB FIELD TRIP Did the interviewer establish rapport?
What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?
Were questions focused rather than abstract?
Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers?
Do you think the interview was effective?
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WEB FIELD TRIP Did the interviewer establish rapport?
What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?
Were questions focused rather than abstract?
Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers?
Do you think the interview was effective? Would the interview prompt you to learn
more about the person interviewed? About what?
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YOUR EXPERIENCEHow are questionnaires used in
your area of health science?How are interviews used?Have you ever created a
questionnaire? Please share your experience!
With what type do you think you would be most comfortable: creating a questionnaire or conducting an interview? Explain your answer!
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WHY ARE SURVEYS USED IN HEALTH SCIENCE?
Easy to completeMany people find them
enjoyable and readily participate
Standardized answers are easier to analyze
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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROCESS STEP 4C. RESEARCH METHODSData Collection tools, such as
ExperimentsSurveys & InterviewsNaturalistic Observation CorrelationCase studiesOther methods
More than one method can be used in a single study
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QUESTIONS?Unit Questions linkAOL instant message: proflpburchEmail: [email protected] Phone if an emergency: 757-339-7494
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COMING ATTRACTIONS: UNIT 7
Seminar: Helping Dr. Iwant T. Know develop a a sampling plan
Discussion: Analysis of various Descriptive designs
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HS305 RESEARCH METHODS FOR HEALTH
SCIENCES
Thanks for Participating!42