Post on 16-Jan-2016
Household Economy Analysis (HEA) FINDINGS
Establishing livelihood baselines for zones in Warrap, Northern and Western Bahr el Ghazal
South Sudan
BRACE Steering Committee Meeting
17 January 2013
Contents
• HEA Overview• What was done• Baseline results• HEA Outcome analysis• HEA/quasi-experimental linkage
HEA Framework: Overview
HEA starts with an understanding of how households normally live….
HEA Framework: Overview
…then it incorporates the impact of a
shock….
Survival Threshold
Livelihoods Protection ThresholdGap
HEA Framework: Overview
…and finally looks at how people might be able to cope.
The analysis suggests that post-shock, households will not be able to maintain their normal livelihood
assets without assistance.
BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =
HEA Framework Overview: Components
In practice this process is broken into six steps
What it does:Defines areas within which people share broadly the
same patterns of livelihood
BASELINE
Livelihood Zoning
Why it is necessary:Allows you to target
geographically &
to customize indicators for livelihoods monitoring
systems
Step 1:
HEA Framework Overview: Components
BRACE Phase 1 Livelihood zones
The Western Flood Plains •Warrap, & Northern Bahr el Ghazal
The Ironstone Plateau •Warrap, Northern and Western el Ghazal
BASELINE
Step 2:
What it does:Groups people together using local definitions
of wealth and quantifies their livelihood assets
Why it is necessary:Allows you to
disaggregate the population and indicate who (and how many)
need assistance
HEA Framework Overview: Components
Wealth Breakdown
0
10
20
30
40
50
very poor poor middle better off
% o
f hou
seho
lds
Step 3:
What it does:Quantifies sources of food and income, and expenditure patterns
using ‘common currency’
Why it is necessary:Enables comparisons across wealth groups, zones and countries
& provides starting point
for outcome analysis
BASELINE
HEA Framework Overview: Components
What was done
• Training• District level enquiry and market
information.• Community-level key informant interview• Household-level interviews by wealth
group in two livelihood zones
HEA Training
• Data collectors were selected and recruited by ACTED
• 10 people were trained. 8 were selected for field work
• The training:• (i) classroom training: introduction to food security and
livelihood security concepts; practice kcal calculations; review of HEA questionnaire forms (4 forms in total);
• (ii) field implementation: actual field work put the classroom training to use
InformationReference year: Sept 2011 – Aug 2012
Ironstone Plateau LZ
Western Floodplains
LZ
Total
County level meetings Agricultural data + local measuresLivestock dataMarket PricesPopulationRainfall
2 5 7
Market interviews Market pricesTrading volumes and routesSupply chains
2 2 4
Key informant focus group meetings at village level (10 participants per interview)
Yields and agricultural supportMilk yields and livestock migrationSeasonal calendarsWealth group breakdownTimeline
80 people(8 villages = 8
interviews x 10 participants )
80 people (8 interviews)
160 people (16
interviews)
Household representative interviews by wealth group (6-8 participants per interview)
Sources of food (12 months)Sources of income (12 months)Expenditure (12 months)
256 people (8 villages x 4 wealth groups
= 32 interviews x 8 participants
per wealth group = 256 participants)
256 people (32
interviews)
512 people (64
interviews)
Total sample size of study = 683 people
Zone I: Ironstone Plateau
• Sales of firewood, charcoal and grass (VP,P)
• Local agricultural labour (i.e., in the green belt) (VP, P)
• Crop sales and sales of dried fish (M,B/O)
• Sale of livestock and livestock products (M, B/O)
Main sources of income 2011-12The Ironstone Plateau is located in the west. A number of counties fall in the zone including parts of Aweil West, Wau, Yirol, Tonj, Cuibet, Rumbek, Terekeka and Mundri. The zone is mostly agricultural. Sorghum, sesame and groundnuts are the principal crops supplemented by maize, cowpeas, pumpkin seeds, cassava and okra. Wild foods and fish comprise an estimated 25-35% of household annual food needs. Shea nut oil is particularly important in addition to wild yams, honey, desert date and palms. Fish are caught during the dry season from rivers then dried and eaten during the hunger season. The Ironstone Plateau receives between 950 – 1300 mm rainfall on average. However, due to shallow and poor soils the zone suffers serious water problems. Tsetse fly for livestock and sleeping sickness for humans are two health challenges as is river blindness.
Wealth Breakdown 2011-12
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Better-off
Middle-income
Poor
Very Poor
Zone 2: Western Floodplains
• Sale of fresh fish (VP,P, M, B/O)• Sales of charcoal & firewood; wood collection; brick production, agricultural labour (VP, P)
• Sale of livestock and livestock products (M, B/O)
• Crop sales (M, B/O)
Main sources of income Sept 2011- Aug 2012The Western Floodplains LZ in the north-west is home to the Dinka. The following counties fall within the zone: Aweil, Gogrial, Twic, Rumbek, Tonj and Yirol. For the very poor and the poor, wild foods and fish are the most important food sources (40-50% of their annual food energy needs). By contrast, milk and meat are a key food source for wealthier households (25-45% of their annual food needs). Crops – such as sorghum, groundnuts, maize and sesame - supplement fish, wild plants and livestock products. Seeds, tubers and desert dates are particularly important bush foods. Seasonal migration between the lowland flood plains (toch) and the highlands (gok) is common throughout the zone. Although the rivers are a crucial resource for fishing, livestock and crops, severe flooding is also a livelihood hazard. Drought and conflicts are other hazards.
Wealth Breakdown Sept 2011- Aug 2012
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Better-off
Middle-income
Poor
Very Poor
Wealth Characteristics
The Ironstone Plateau Livelihood Zone
Wealth Group
HH size Land cultivated
Livestock + Assets
Harvest + Income
Very Poor 5 0 – 0.8 feddans
0-4 hens Annual income SSP 2,500-3,500Harvest lasted 3 months
Poor 6 0.81 – 1.5 feddans
0-3 goats5-6 hens
Annual income SSP 3,600-4,500Harvest lasted 5 months
Middle-Income
7-10 1.51 -2.5 feddans
4-6 goats0-4 sheep0-4 cattle
Annual income SSP 4,600-7,000Harvest lasted 5 months
Better-off 11-15 2.51 plusfeddans
7 + goats5 + sheep5 + cattle1 fishing net
Annual income SSP 7,100 +Harvest lasted 6 months
Wealth Characteristics
Western Floodplains Livelihood Zone
Wealth Group HH size Land cultivated Livestock + Assets Harvest + Income
Very Poor
3-4 0 – 0.5 feddans 0-3 goats0-4 hens
Annual income SSP 1,500-4,500Harvest lasted 3 months
Poor 5-6 0.51 – 0.99 feddans
4-9 goats0-4 sheep0-5 cattle
Annual income SSP 4,600-6,500Harvest lasted 4-5 months
Middle-Income 7-9 1 -1.99 feddans 10-29 goats5-19 sheep6-30 cattle
Annual income SSP 6,600-9,500Harvest lasted 5-6 months
Better-off 10-15 2 plus feddans 30 + goats20 + sheep31 + cattle5-10 fish nets
Annual income SSP 9,600 +Harvest lasted 6-8 months
Sources of Food - Ironstone Plateau
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off
wild food & fish
food aid
purchase
payment in kind
livestock prod.
crops
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Very Poor Poor Middle Better-off
Fishing Wild Food
Wild Food & Fishing
Sources of Food - Western Floodplains
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off
wild food & fish
food aid
purchase
payment in kind
livestock prod.
crops
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
Very Poor Poor Middle Better-off
River fish, Flood water fish Pond fish
Fish – River, Flood, Pond
12 FOOD TYPES (FNTA technical guide on DD Version II)
Wet season (May- Sept/Oct, 5-6 months)
Dry season (Nov- April/May, 5-6 months)
1. Cereals (sorghum,maize, millet, rice and various types of naturally occurring ‘grass’ seeds)
Some stored, some purchased depending on own production and in-kind payments and Household budgeting for cult/cropping season (Peak energy needs)
Eaten green pre-harvest, own production post harvest and purchased to benefit from lower seasonal prices plus saving own production for cult/cropping season.
2. Roots and tubers inc. wild foods Cassava in Ironstone plateau plus wild tubers
Dried cassava, but mostly naturally occurring wild roots & tubers
3. Vegetables & wild foods Okra, pumpkin, wild leaves plus other naturally occurring greens (vines, leaves,etc.) Onion and tomatoes purchased by Better off groups.
Dried and stored Okra and other veg. used in sauces. Okra and local greens also cultivated by rivers. Onion and tomatoes purchased by Better off.
4. Fruits & wild foods Wild fruits consumed by children (Dhiot, Cum, Cuei, Lang, Thou flesh, Pac,
Wild fruits consumed by children
5. Meat & offal including game meat Mainly only consumed during festivals (funeral & wedding feasts etc)
Mainly only consumed during festivals (funeral & wedding feasts etc)
6. Eggs Occasional Occasional
7. Fish Pool fishing at the end of the wet season - begining of the dry season,
Dried fish used in cooking. River fishing end of the dry season- beg. wet season
8. Pulses & nuts including Wild Foods Cowpea, groundnuts, and nuts occurring naturally in the forest
Stored own production plus Thou/Lalop from the forest (January - March)
9. Milk/products Less available for Poor Hhs - occasionally accessed from wealthier kin or purchased
Less available for Hh members not moving to the Toic with the cattle - especially for poorer Hhs
10. Oils and fats including simsim (sesame) and Lulu oil (Raak/Shea nut)
Groundnut oil, Lulu oil (Ironstone Plateau), simsim oil and from market
Groundnut oil, Lulu oil (Ironstone Plateau) simsim/sesame oil & from market
11. Sugar & honey Sugar purchased. Honey more accessible in the Ironstone plateau zone
Sugar purchased. Honey more accessible in the Ironstone plateau zone
12. Misc. Termites, shield bugs, etc when in seasonBeer and other local brews
Termites, shield bugs, etc when in seasonBeer and other local local brews
Dietary Diversity & Quality
Sources of Income - Ironstone Plateau
Sources of Income- Western Flood Plains (N)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off
wild fish/ meat sale wild root/ fruit
self-employment agr.labour
livestock sales
l/stock prod. salescrop sales
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Very Poor Poor Middle Better-off
River fish Flood water fish Pond Fish
Actual Income earned by wealth group from fish sales in SSP
Income Level by LZ and Wealth GroupWealth Group Average annual Hh
Income (SSP)Ironstone Plateau
Average annual Hh Income (SSP)Western Floodplains
V Poor
2750-3250 3000-4000
Poor
4000-4500 4500-5500
Middle
5000-6000 7000-8000
Better- off
9000-10000 13000-14000
Gender aspects re income activities
LEGEND: Men Women BOTH
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
SEASON: Dry Dry Dry Dry Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Dry Dry
Land preparation
Planting
Weeding
Harvesting
Labor employment
Charcoal
Firewood
Grass sale
Brewing
Brick Making
Livestock sale
Milking
Wild food collection
Fishing
Expenditure - Ironstone Plateau
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off
other
clothes
social serv.
inputs
water
HH items
non-staple foodstaple food
Ironstone Plateau Expenditures by Wealth Group
Actual Spending on Livelihood Inputs in SSP, 2011-12
Other Items includes primarily tobacco but also festivals and social obligations
SSP
EXPENDITURES in SSP Very Poor Poor Middle Better-off
Staple food 756 1093 1380 1300Non-staple food 558 776 1436 1664
Tea 30 40 50 220
Salt 120 120 120 130
Soap 200 280 280 350
Kerosene
Grinding
Water for humans
Firewood 100
Utensils 50 75 75 150
Animal drugs 150
Salt for animals
Water for animals
Ploughing
Seeds 50 50 130 100
Fertilizer
Pesticides
Labour 450
Livestock restocking 40 550 650
Other essential inputs
Other inputs (tools) 60 265 110 150
School 225 275 350 400
Medicine 225 200 225 750
Clothing 230 240 400 900
Tax
Gifts
Transport
Other items 50 90 275 815
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Very Poor Poor Middle Better-off
Other inputs (tools)
Labour
Livestock Purchase
Seeds
Animal drugs
SSP
Expenditure- Western Flood Plains (N)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off
other
clothes
social serv.
inputs
water
HH items
non-staple foodstaple food
Western Floodplains Expenditures by Wealth Group
EXPENDITURES in SSP Very Poor Poor Middle Better-offstaple food 985 1145 1762 1335
non-staple food 895 1720 2141 3670
Tea 110 120 190 242
Salt 72 110 140 150
Soap 210 250 290 310
Kerosene
Grinding
Water for humans
Firewood
Utensils 100 200 275 350
Animal drugs 0 33 200 460
Salt for animals
Water for animals
Ploughing
Seeds 20 105 170 175
Fertilizer
Pesticides
Labour 0 0 600 1250
Livestock restocking 0 0 1060 2400
Other essential inputs 90 160 500 1100
Other inputs (tools) 52 80 170 250
School 24 120 250 260
Medicine 90 120 220 250
Clothing 230 450 920 1100
Tax 15 30 30 40
Gifts
Transport
Other items 80 140 145 400
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Very Poor Poor Middle Better-off
Other inputs (tools)
Other essentialinputs
Livestock restocking
Labour
Seeds
Animal drugs
Actual Spending on Livelihood Inputs in SSP, 2011-12
SSP
Other Items includes primarily tobacco but also beer, festivals and social obligations.
Seasonal Access to Food and Income SourcesIronstone Plateau
LEGEND: LP = land preparation, P= planting, W = weeding, H = harvest.
SEASON: Dry Dry Dry Dry Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Dry Dry
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Millet, Maize, Sorghum LP P P W W H H H
Cow peas, Groundnuts LP P P W W H H
Okra, Pumpkin leaves, seeds LP P W H H H
Wild Foods Ngaana Thou Ngaana Raak Ajuet Raak
Fishing
Livestock milk production cattle + shoats shoats
Livestock sales
Charcoal, firewood sales grass char-coal fire-wood grass
Migrant labour
Food purchase peak peak peak peak
Seasonal Access to Food and Income SourcesWestern Floodplains
LEGEND: LP = land preparation, P= planting, W = weeding, H = harvest.
Dry Dry Dry Dry Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Dry Dry
SEASON: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Millet, Maize, Sorghum LP LP P P W W H H H
Groundnuts, Sesame, Cow peas LP LP P P W H H H
Okra, Pumpkin leaves, seeds LP LP P P P W H H H H
Wild Foods Ngaana Thou Thou Ngaana Raak Ajuet Raak Thou Lang
Fishing
Livestock milk production cattle + shoats shoats
Livestock sales
Charcoal, firewood & grass sales grass char-coal fire-wood grass
Labour / employment
Food purchase peak peak peak peak
Outcome analysis
Step 4:
What it does:Translates a hazard
into economic consequences at household level
Why it is necessary:Allows you to
mathematically link the shock to each relevant
livelihood strategy
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Problem Specification
Crop loss of 75%
Local labor rates down 50%
Food prices doubled
Chicken prices down 50%
Migratory labor increased 50%
HEA Framework Overview: Components
Step 5:
What it does:Assesses the ability of households to respond
to the hazard
Why it is necessary:Determines the amount
of external assistance required
&Highlights monitoring
indicators for testing prediction
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
HEA Framework Overview: Components
Livelihoods Protection Threshold
Predicted Outcome
Step 6:
What it does:Predicts the outcome of the hazard in relation to livelihood protection and
survival thresholds
Why it is necessary:Allows you to determine
whether people need external assistance in order to survive and/or
to maintain their livelihood assets
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
HEA Framework Overview: Components
Survival Threshold
BRACE issues to monitor & measure:
Food availability, access and utility– Seasonal aspects? - the contribution from
food/income sources April-October viz local labour and petty trade options for the more vulnerable groups + wild food access + stored and preserved foods?
– Community dynamics and wealth group inter-relationships? (Employers<> Employees)…strengthening the local labour market and care needed when considering FFA work that may clash with local labour demand. … acting as a disincentive for the Middle and Better-off groups to increase area under cultivation etc.
– Production constraints for more vulnerable (Risk & RTHL)
BRACE Issues to monitor & measure:
Food availability, access and utility
– Markets - availability and access issues (Cash and in-kind payment shifts depending on access and inflationary factors) - Seasonal road access and trade from North and South, oil revenues back on ? Etc.
– Gender inequalities, Childcare - traditional roles and responsibilities, maternal education, hygiene and sanitation practices? Link to malnutrition trends, seasonal events and household behaviour.
• Strengthen coping options?• Monitor changes around the Livelihood
protection threshold• Observe any shifts in proportioning of Wealth
groups• Try to detect whether increased access to
food (from FFA) is building resilience or resulting in the substitution of other food and income activities by households
• Expected benefits of FFA viz GFD?– Short term– Long term?…. in order to monitor these changes.
Issues to monitor & measure: Resilience
SAMPLING• Livelihood zones• Wealth groupsTOOLS• Seasonal calendar – activities
HEA & the Quasi-experimental study