Post on 05-Jan-2016
Honors Latin II
Test Next Wednesday• Vocabulary, Chapters 1-4
• Present Infinitive, Indicative, Imperative Active of the First and Second Conjugation
• Uses of the Cases
• First Declension
• Second Declension
• Present Tense of Sum
Present Active Verbs
First and Second Conjugation
Implicit and Explicit Subjects
• For Latin verbs, there is always a built-in (implicit) subject, e.g., sum, “I am”; amant, “they love”
• There is often an explicit subject as well. An explicit subject will be a noun separate from the verb, e.g., feminae amant, “the women love”
Principal Parts of the Verb
• Examples of principal parts of verbs in English: think-thought-thought; sing-sang-sung
• The first principal part of the verb in Latin is also the first-person singular present active form of the verb, e.g., amō, “I love,” habitō, “I live,” cōgītō, “I think”
The Verb Stem
• For (finite) verbs there are two parts: the stem and the personal ending.
• The stem is derived from the second principal part of the verb (= infinitive)
Determining the Verb Stem
• To determine the stem of a verb, drop the final –re from the second principal part:
• amō, amāre amāre amāre • stem = amā• moneō, monēre monēre monēre
• stem = monē
Conjugations
• As nouns are grouped into declensions, verbs are grouped into conjugations.
• The first and second conjugation are very similar, and their stems are derived by the same process described above.
Second Principal Part
• The 2d principal part of a 1st-conjugation verb ends in –āre
• The 2d principal part of a 2d-conjugation verb ends in –ēre
• Note: the macron over the penultimate e in the infinitive of a second-conjugation verb is important to include. Without the macron, the verb appears to be third conjugation.
Personal Endings
• The personal endings are the same for both conjugations:
• -ō first person singular, “I”
• -s 2d person singular, “you”
• -t 3d person sg., “she,” “he,” “it”
• -mus 1st pl., “we”
• -tis 2d pl., “you”
• -nt 3d pl., “they”
Forming present-tense verbs
• the first principal part is also the first person singular; just copy it
• get the stem: from the second principal part, drop the final –re
• to the stem, add the personal endings: -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
Example I
•amō, amāre•1st person singular: amō, “I love”
•Stem: amā
Example – Part II
• Stem: amā
• 2d sg. = amā + s = amās, “you love”• 3d sg. = amā + t = amat, “she loves”• 1st pl. = amā + mus = amāmus, “we
love”• 2d pl. = amā + tis = amātis, “you love”• 3d pl. = amā + nt = amant, “they love”
Example II
•moneō, monēre•1st person singular: moneō, “I warn”
•Stem: monē
Example II – Part II
• Stem: monē• 2d sg. = monē + s = monēs, “you warn”• 3d sg. = monē + t = monet , “he warns”• 1st pl. = monē + mus = monēmus , “we
warn”• 2d pl. = monē + tis = monētis , “you
warn”• 3d pl. = monē + nt = monent, “they
warn”
Translating the Present Tense
• moneō• “I warn”• “I am warning” (present
progressive)• “I do warn” (present emphatic)
Present Active Imperative
• The imperative mood is used for commands or requests.
• The singular imperative is identical in form to the stem of the verb.
• The plural imperative is the stem + te.
• amo, amāre, amāvi, amatum• Singular imperative: amā• Plural imperative: amāte
Present Tense of the Verb “To Be”
• The verb “to be” is irregular in all languages. (Cf. I am, you are, she is, we were, they have been.)
• It must simply be memorized.
• The first two principal parts are sum, esse
Present Forms of Sum, Esse
• Sum, “I am”
• Es, “you [sg.] are”
• Est, “s/he is”
• Sumus, “we are”
• Estis, “y’all are”
• Sunt, “they are”
Similarity to Regular Verbs
• Sum, “I am”
• Es, “you [sg.] are”
• Est, “s/he is”
• Sumus, “we are”
• Estis, “y’all are”
• Sunt, “they are”
Studying Noun Forms
How to Do It
1st and 2nd-Declension Nouns
• Memorize the nominative and genitive singular forms of nouns.
• On a test, you’ll usually be given the nominative and genitive singular forms of nouns to decline.
• To decline a noun is to put the noun into its singular and plural forms in the five cases: nom., gen., dat., acc., and abl.
Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns
• Write down the memorized or given nominative singular form.
• From the genitive singular, drop the ending, e.g, -ae, -ī, to get the base
•ara, arae arae ar•puer, puerī puerī puer
•ager, agrī agrī agr
Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns
• To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural:
• First declension• N. –a (memorized) –ae• G. –ae (memorized) –ārum• D. –ae –īs• Acc. –am –as• Abl. –ā –īs
You must memorize the
first-declension case endings
Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns
• To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural:
• Second declension, masculine• N. – (memorized) –ī• G. –ī (memorized) –ōrum• D. –ō –īs• Acc. –um –ōs• Abl. –ō –īs
You must memorize the second-declension
masculine case endings
Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns
• To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural:
• Second declension, neuter• N. –um (memorized) –a• G. –ī (memorized) –ōrum• D. –ō –īs• Acc. –um –a• Abl. –ō –īs
You must memorize the second-declension neuter case endings
Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns
• Note: the dative and ablative plural endings are -īs in the first and second declension.
• In the second declension, the dative and ablative singular are identical, –ō
• In the neuter of any declension, the nominative and accusative forms are identical.