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Challenge AGRAMMAR NOTEBOOK

SEMESTER 2

Instructions:

Pages 3 – 48 are Semester 2 Grammar Rules and Practice pages. Each week starts with a list of all the grammar rules assigned for that week. The practice pages will give you practice for all the grammar rules for that week in different ways. Most are copying rules or chart again but sometimes they are fill in the blank or just suggesting reading the rule again.

I would suggest setting up a grammar notebook in a 3-ring binder so that you can assign the pages how you want. You could print multiple copies of the practice pages to practice on different days of the week. Or you might want to only assign these practice pages once and then on the other pages utilize my Grammar Chart Book which are the main charts that you will need to learn each week. The Grammar Chart Book is located on my website (https://henlelatinhelps.wordpress.com/) under Challenge A resources.

Pages 49 through page 81 are “Additional Practice Pages for Each Week”. They are charts that you can add per week that cover all the vocabulary for week. You may want to only add additonal pages from this section when you feel like more practice is necessary.

https://henlelatinhelps.wordpress.com/

GRAMMAR -SEMESTER 2 WEEK 1

Active Voice – Indicative MoodNo 163: Imperfect Tense (present stem) – 1st Conjugation

Number Person Form MeaningSingular 1st P laud-ābam I was praisingSingular 2nd P. laud-ābas you were praisingSingular 3rd P. laud-ābat he, she, it were praising

Plural 1st P. laud-ābāmus we were praisingPlural 2nd P. laud-ābātis you were praisingPlural 3rd P. laud-ābant they were praising

No 164: Future Tense (present stem) - 1st Conjugation

Number Person Form MeaningSingular 1st P laud-ābō I will praise (he, she, it will be praising)Singular 2nd P. laud-ābis you will praise (he, she, it will be praising)Singular 3rd P. laud-ābit he, she, it will praise (he, she, it will be praising)

Plural 1st P. laud-ābimus we will praise (we will be praising)Plural 2nd P. laud-ābitis you will praise (you will be praising)Plural 3rd P. laud-ābunt they will praise (they will be praising)

Additional Rules from Reading:

Imperfect Indicative Active:

1. The imperfect of a verb is formed on the PRESENT STEM.

2. The ending has the a of the first conjugation

3. The FINAL PERSONAL SIGNS are the same as for the present tense.

4. The ending contains a TENSE SIGN: ba (e.g. laud-ā-ba-t), which is ALWAYS THE SIGN OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE (The Latin verb is thus a sort of CODE which you learn to decipher.)

Future Indicative Active

1. The future tense is formed on the PRESENT STEM.

2. The ending had the a of the first conjugation

3. The final personal signs are the same as for the present and the imperfect tenses.

4. The ending contains a tense sign, bi (e.g. laud-ā-BI-t) which is the sign of the future in the FIRST and SECOND conjugations.

PRACTICE Semester 1 Week 1

Active Voice – Indicative MoodNo 163: Imperfect Tense (present stem)

Practice the imperfect tense by adding the form and meaning using laudo, 1, tr, praise

Number Person Form MeaningSingular 1st PSingular 2nd P. Singular 3rd P.

Plural 1st P. Plural 2nd P. Plural 3rd P.

No 164: Future Tense (present stem)

Practice the future tense by adding the form and meaning using laudo, 1, tr, praise




Review:

Additional Rules from Reading:

Imperfect Indicative Active:

5. The imperfect of a verb is formed on the __________________ STEM.

6. The ending has the a of the ___________ conjugation

7. The FINAL PERSONAL SIGNS are the same as for the _______________ tense.

8. The ending contains a TENSE SIGN: ________ (e.g. laud-ā-ba-t), which is ALWAYS THE SIGN OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE (The Latin verb is thus a sort of CODE which you learn to decipher.)

Future Indicative Active

5. The future tense is formed on the ______________STEM.

6. The ending had the a of the _____________ conjugation

7. The final personal signs are the same as for the ___________ and the____________ tenses.

8. The ending contains a tense sign, ____________ (e.g. laud-ā-BI-t) which is the sign of the future in the ________________and _______________ conjugations.


No. 123:

First Person Personal Pronouns

Number Case Form Meaning

Singular Nominative ego I

Singular Genitive meī of me, of myself

Singular Dative mihi to me, to myself

Singular Accusative me me, myself

Singular Ablative me (by, etc.) me, myself

Plural Nominative nōs we

Plural Genitive nostrīnostrum

of us, of ourselves

Plural Dative nobis to us, to ourselves

Plural Accusative nōs us, ourselves

Plural Ablative nobis (by, etc.) us, ourselves

Footnotes: mē - Mēcum, tēcum, nōbīscum, vōbīscum are used for cum, mē, etc.Nostrī and vestrī are objective genitives only (see No. 684)Nostrum and vestrum are used as partitive genitives (See no. 686)


No. 124: 2nd Person Personal PronounsNumber Case Form Meaning

Singular Nominative tū you

Singular Genitive tuī of you, of yourself

Singular Dative tibi to you, to yourself

Singular Accusative tē you, yourself

Singular Ablative tē (by, etc.) you, yourself

Plural Nominative vōs you

Plural Genitive vestrīvestrum

of you, yourselves

Plural Dative vōbis to you, yourselves

Plural Accusative vōs you, yourselves

Plural Ablative vōbis (by, etc.) you, yourselves

No. 128 B. 3rd Person Personal Pronoun - Non-reflexiveNum Case Masc Fem Neuter

Sing Nom is he ea she id it

Sing Gen ējus of himhis

ējus of herher

ējus of itits

Sing Dat eī to or for him

eī to or for her

eī to or for it

Sing Acc eum him eam her id it

Sing Abl. eō (by, etc) him

eā (by, etc) her

eō (by, etc) it

Pl Nom eī they eae they ea they (those things)

Pl Gen eōrum of themtheir

eārum of themtheir

eōrum of themtheir

Pl Dat eīs to or for them

eīs to or for them

eīs to or for them

Pl Acc eōs them eās them ea them (those things)

Pl Abl. eīs (by, etc) them

eīs (by, etc) them

eīs (by, etc) them


No. 123:


Add form and meaning for ego, meī

Person Case Form Meaning

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

No. 124: 2nd Person Pronouns Add form and meaning for tū, tuī

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative


No. 128 B. Third Person Personal Pronouns - Non-reflexiveFill in below chart:

Masc Fem Neuter

Sing Nom

Sing Gen

Sing Dat

Sing Acc

Sing Abl.

Pl Nom

Pl Gen

Pl Dat

Pl Acc

Pl Abl.

PRACTICE Semester 1 Week 3 (Review week)Review

Active Voice – Indicative MoodNo 163: Imperfect Tense (present stem)

Practice the imperfect tense by adding the form and meaning using laudo, 1, tr, praise



No 164: Future Tense (present stem)

Practice the future tense by adding the form and meaning using laudo, 1, tr, praise




No: 165 : Present Tense (present stem) : I advise

Form MeaningSingular 1st P mon-eō I advise, I am advising, I do adviseSingular 2nd P mon-ēs You advise, You are advising, You do adviseSingular 3rd P mon-et he, she, it advises; he, she, it is advising;

he, she it does advise

Plural 1st P mon-ēmus we advise, we are advising, we do advisePlural 2nd P mon-ētis You advise, You are advising, You do advisePlural 3rd P mon-ent they advise, they are advising, they do

advise

No: 168 : Imperfect Tense (present stem) : I was advising

Form MeaningSingular 1st P mon-ēbam I was advisingSingular 2nd P mon-ēbas you were advisingSingular 3rd P mon-ēbat he, she, it was advising

Plural 1st P mon-ēbāmus we were advisingPlural 2nd P mon-ēbātis you were advisingPlural 3rd P mon-ēbant they were advising

No. 171: Future Tense (present stem): I shall advise

Form MeaningSingular 1st P mon-ēbō I shall advise (you shall be advising)

Singular 2nd P mon-ēbis you will advise (you will be advising)Singular 3rd P mon-ēbit he, she, it will advise (he, she, it will be

advising)

Plural 1st P mon-ēbimus we shall advise (we shall be advising)Plural 2nd P mon-ēbitis you will advise (you will be advising)Plural 3rd P mon-ēbunt they will advise (they will be advising)


Additional Rules from the Reading:

1. All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in -ĒRE belong to the second conjugation.

2. Model for moneō

1. Find the stem by dropping the ending of the present infinitive active, thus: monēre, STEM: mon-.

2. Add -eō for the first person present indicative active.

3. For the other endings use the endings of the first conjugation but change the first a of the endings to e.


Give form and meaning for moneō, 2. tr., advise in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 165.

Form MeaningSingular 1st PSingular 2nd PSingular 3rd P

Plural 1st PPlural 2nd PPlural 3rd P

Give form and meaning for moneō, 2. tr., advise in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 168.



Give form and meaning for moneō, 2. tr., advise in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 171.




Review: Additional Rules from the Reading:

1. All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in -ĒRE belong to the _______________ conjugation.

2. Model for moneō

1. Find the stem by dropping the ending of the _____________________, thus: monēre, STEM: mon-.

2. Add -____ for the first person present indicative active.

3. For the other endings use the endings of the first conjugation but change the first a of the endings to _______.

PRACTICE Semester 1 Week 4 (Review week)

Give form and meaning for moneō, 2. tr., advise in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 165.



Give form and meaning for moneō, 2. tr., advise in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 168.



Give form and meaning for moneō, 2. tr., advise in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 171.




Review Rules for #123 and #124

No. 346 – Indicative Present

Form MeaningSingular 1st P sum I am Singular 2nd P es You areSingular 3rd P est he, she, it is

Plural 1st P sumus we arePlural 2nd P estis you arePlural 3rd P sunt they are


Personal Pronouns:

1. Pronouns of the FIRST person are those which refer to the SPEAKER OR WRITER. In English they are: I (ME), WE (US).

2. Pronouns of the SECOND person are those which refer to the person spoken TO. In English they are: YOU (THOU, THEE, YE)

3. Pronouns of the THIRD person are those which refer to the person or thing spoken or written ABOUT. In English they are : HE (HIM), SHE (HER), IT, THEY (THEM)


No. 123:



Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

Footnotes: mē - Mēcum, tēcum, nōbīscum, vōbīscum are used for cum, mē, etc.Nostrī and vestrī are objective genitives only (see No. 684)Nostrum and vestrum are used as partitive genitives (See no. 686)


No. 124: 2nd Person Personal Pronouns


Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

Practice Indicative Active of Sum



Review:


Personal Pronouns:

1. Pronouns of the FIRST person are those which refer to the _______________________. In English they are: I (ME), WE (US).

2. Pronouns of the SECOND person are those which refer to __________________. In English they are: YOU (THOU, THEE, YE)

3. Pronouns of the THIRD person are those which refer to _________________________________________________ In English they are : HE (HIM), SHE (HER), IT, THEY (THEM)


No. 128 B. Third Person Personal Pronouns Non-reflexive

Masc Fem Neuter

Sing Nom is he ea she id it

Sing Gen ējus of himhis

ējus of herher

ējus of itits

Sing Dat eī to or for him

eī to or for her

eī to or for it

Sing Acc eum him eam her id it

Sing Abl. eō (by, etc) him

eā (by, etc) her

eō (by, etc) it

Pl Nom eī they eae they ea they (those things)

Pl Gen eōrum of themtheir

eārum of themtheir

eōrum of themtheir

Pl Dat eīs to or for them

eīs to or for them

eīs to or for them

Pl Acc eōs them eās them ea them (those things)

Pl Abl. eīs (by, etc) them

eīs (by, etc) them

eīs (by, etc) them

No. 129 Note: 1. The meanings given for the masculine and feminine of is, ea, id hold only when the pronouns refers to PERSONS. Otherwise all forms are translated as in the neuter.

Urbem cēpit. Posteā eam incendit. He took the city,. Afterwards, he burned it.

No 479A pronoun agrees with the word to which it refers, in gender and number; its case depends on its use in sits own clause


No. 128 B. Third Person Personal Pronouns - Non-reflexiveFill in below chart:

Masc Fem Neuter

Sing Nom

Sing Gen

Sing Dat

Sing Acc

Sing Abl.

Pl Nom

Pl Gen

Pl Dat

Pl Acc

Pl Abl.

Copy Grammar rules:

# 129 ________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

# 479 ________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________


No. 127 a) Third Person Personal Pronouns Reflexive

Form MeaningNom …........... …........... Gen suī of himself, herself, itself, themselvesDat sibi to himself, herself, itself, themselvesAcc sē (sēsē) himself, herself, itself, themselvesAbl sē (sēsē) (by, with, from) himself, herself, itself, themselves

Eī sē laudābant. They were praising themselves.

Marīa sē nōn laudat. Mary does not praise herself.

Caesar sē laudābat. Caesar was praising himself.

Legiō sē laudābat. The legion was praising itself.

Additional Rule from Reading:

A pronoun that refers back to the subject of its own clause is called a direct reflexive.


No. 127 a) Third Person Personal Pronouns Reflexive

Form MeaningNomGenDatAccAbl

Eī sē laudābant. They were praising _____________________.

Marīa sē nōn laudat. Mary does not praise __________________.

Caesar sē laudābat. Caesar was praising __________________.

Legiō sē laudābat. The legion was praising __________________.

Additional Rule from Reading:

A pronoun that refers back to the subject of its own clause is called a _____________ ___________________.


Active Voice – Indicative Mood

No: 166 : Present Tense (present stem) : I send

Form MeaningSingular 1st P mitt-eō I send, I am sending, I do sendSingular 2nd P mitt-is you send, you are sending, you do send

Singular 3rd P mitt-it he, she, it sends; he, she, it is sending; he, she, it does send

Plural 1st P mitt-imus we send, we are sending, we do send

Plural 2nd P mitt-itis you send, you are sending, you do sendPlural 3rd P mitt-unt they send, they are sending, they do send

No: 169 : Imperfect Tense (present stem) : I was sending

Form MeaningSingular 1st P mitt-ēbam I was sendingSingular 2nd P mitt-ēbās you were sending

Singular 3rd P mitt-ēbat he, she, it was sending

Plural 1st P mitt-ēbāmus we were sendingPlural 2nd P mitt-ēbātis you were sendingPlural 3rd P mitt-ēbant they were sending

Additional rules from reading:

Future Indicative Active of Mittō

The future indicative active of the third conjugation is quite different from that of the first and second. The personal signs are the SAME, but there is NO TENSE SIGN and the VOWEL of the endings change.


No 166: Present Tense (present stem)

Give form and meaning for mittō, 3. tr., send for the present tense.



No 169: Imperfect Tense (present stem)

Give form and meaning for mittō, 3. tr., send for the imperfect tense.



Review:

Additional rules from reading:

Future Indicative Active of Mittō

The future indicative active of the third conjugation is quite different from that of the first and second. The personal signs are the SAME, but there is NO ________________ and the ___________ of the endings change.


No. 172: Future Tense (present stem): I shall send

Form MeaningSingular 1st P mitt-am I shall send (I shall be sending)

Singular 2nd P mitt-ēs you will send (you will be sending)Singular 3rd P mitt-et he, she, it will send (he, she, it will be

sending)

Plural 1st P mitt-ēmus we shall send (we shall be sending)Plural 2nd P mitt-ētis you will send (you will be sending)Plural 3rd P mitt-ent they will send (they will be sending)


Give form and meaning for mittō, 3. tr., send in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 172





No: 167 : Present Tense (present stem) : I hear

Form MeaningSingular 1st P aud-iō I hear, I am hearing, I do hear

Singular 2nd P aud- īs you hear, you are hearing, you do hearSingular 3rd P aud-it he, she, it hears; he, she, it is hearing; he,

she it, does hear

Plural 1st P aud- īmus we hear, we are hearing, we do hear

Plural 2nd P aud- ītis you hear, you are hearing, you do hear

Plural 3rd P aud-iunt they hear, they are hearing, they do hear


No: 170 : Imperfect Tense (present stem) : I was hearing

Form MeaningSingular 1st P aud-iēbam I was hearingSingular 2nd P aud-iēbās you were hearingSingular 3rd P aud-iēbat he, she, it was hearing

Plural 1st P aud-iēbāmas we were hearingPlural 2nd P aud-iēbātis you were hearingPlural 3rd P aud-iēbant they were hearing

No: 173 : Future Tense (present stem) : I shall hearForm Meaning

Singular 1st P aud-iam I shall hear (I shall be hearing)Singular 2nd P aud-iēs you will hear (you will be hearing)Singular 3rd P aud-iēt he, she, it will hear (he, she, it will be

hearing)

Plural 1st P aud-iēmas we shall hear ( we shall be hearing)Plural 2nd P aud-iētis you will hear (you will be hearing)Plural 3rd P aud-ient they will hear (they will be hearing)



Present System Active of 4th Conjugation To form the principal parts of regular verbs of the fourth conjugation, drop the -iō of the first person singular present indicative and add -īre, īvī, ītus (notice the long ī). Thus:

aud-iō, audīre, aud-īvī, aud-ītus


Give form and meaning for audiō, 4. tr. – hear in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 167.



Give form and meaning for audiō, 4. tr. – hear in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 170.



Give form and meaning for audiō, 4. tr. – hear in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 173.




No. 14 - Nouns have gender, number, case and declension

No. 15 - Gender. There are three genders in Latin: masculine, feminine, neuter.

No. 16 - All nouns meaning individual male persons are masculine.

No. 17 - All nouns meaning individual female persons are feminine.

No. 18 - The gender of other nouns must be learned from their declension of from the vocabularies.

No. 19 - Number. There are two numbers in Latin: singular and plural.

No. 20 The singular speaks of one: via, a road.

No. 21 The plural speaks of more than one: viae, roads.

No. 22 Case. There are six cases in Latin:

Nominative: the case of the Subject. Genitive: the case of the Possessor. Dative: the case of the Indirect Object; the ‘to’ or ‘for’ caseAccusative: the case of the Direct Object.Ablative: the ‘by-with-from’ case [ used frequently with prepositions]Vocative: the case of the Person Addressed.

No. 23 Declension. Declension consists in adding the proper ENDINGS to the STEM to show the different genders, numbers, and cases

No. 24 Stem. The stem is found by dropping the ENDING of the GENITIVE SINGULAR. vi-ae, stem: vi-


No. 346 – Indicative Present – Irregular Verb - Sum

Form MeaningSingular 1st P sum I am Singular 2nd P es You areSingular 3rd P est he, she, it is

Plural 1st P sumus we arePlural 2nd P estis you arePlural 3rd P sunt they are

No. 347 – Indicative Imperfect – Irregular verb - Eram

Form MeaningSingular 1st P eram I wasSingular 2nd P erās you wereSingular 3rd P erat he, she, it was

Plural 1st P erāmus we werePlural 2nd P erātis you werePlural 3rd P erant they were

No. 348 – Indicative Future – Irregular verb - erō

Form MeaningSingular 1st P erō I shall beSingular 2nd P eris you will beSingular 3rd P erit he, she, it will be

Plural 1st P erimus we shall bePlural 2nd P eritis you will bePlural 3rd P erunt they will be


Present, Imperfect, and and Future Indicative of Sum:

1. The final personal signs are the same as in the four conjugations.2. The third person plural of the future is erunt.

No. 474 - A predicate adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case

Vīta brevis est.Life is short.

No. 477 - An attributive adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number and case.

Mīles fortis pugnat.The brave soldier fights.


Copy or fill in the blank Grammar Rules:

No. 14 - Nouns ____________________________________________________________

No. 15 - Gender. There are three genders in Latin: ________________________________.

No. 16 - All nouns meaning individual male persons are _______________________.

No. 17 - All nouns meaning individual female persons are _______________________.

No. 18 - The gender of other nouns must be learned from their ______________ of from the vocabularies.

No. 19 - Number. There are two numbers in Latin: _______________________________.

No. 20 The singular speaks of ___________: via, a road.

No. 21 The plural speaks of more than _______________: viae, roads.

No. 22 Case. There are ________ cases in Latin:

_______________: the case of the ____________________.

_________________: the case of the ________________. _________________: the case of the ________________; the _____/________ case.

_________________: the case of the ________________.

_________________: the “ ________________” case [used frequently with _______________]

_________________: the case of the ________________.

No. 23 Declension. _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

No. 24 Stem. The stem is found by dropping the __________________of the GENITIVE ____________________ vi-ae, stem: vi-


No. 346 – Indicative Present - SUM



No. 347 – Indicative Imperfect – ERAM



No. 348 – Indicative Future - ERO



Copy Grammar Rules: No. 474: ______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

No. 477: ______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________GRAMMAR -SEMESTER 2 WEEK 13

Verbs

No 142 Verbs have voice, mood, tense, number, and person.

No 143 Voice. There are two vocies: active and passive.

No 144 a. The active represents the subject as acting or being. Lēgātum laudō. I praise the envoy. Valeō. I am well.

No 145 b. The passive represents the subject as acted upon. Laudor. I am praised.

No 146 Mood. There are three moods: indicative, subjunctive, imperative. (The meanings and used of these moods and tenses must be learned by syntax)

No 147 Tense. There are six tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect. (The meanings and used of these moods and tenses must be learned by syntax)

No 148 Number. There are two numbers: singular and plural. No 149 Person. There are three persons:

First (the one speaking – I, we)

Second (the one spoken to – you)

Third (the one spoken of – he, she, it, they)

No 150 Conjugation consists in adding the proper endings to the proper stem to show the different voices, moods, tenses, numbers and persons.


No 174Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem)

Form MeaningSingular 1st P laudāv-ī I praised ( I have praised)Singular 2nd P laudāv-istī you praised ( you have praised)Singular 3rd P laudāv-īt he, she, it praised ( he, she, it has praised)

Plural 1st P laudāv-imus we praised ( we have praised)

Plural 2nd P laudāv-istis you praised ( you have praised)Plural 3rd P laudāv-ērunt they praised (they have praised)


Form MeaningSingular 1st P monu-ī I advised (I have advised)Singular 2nd P monu-istī you advised ( you have advised)Singular 3rd P monu-īt he, she, it advised (he, she, it has advised)

Plural 1st P monu-imus we advised ( we have advised)Plural 2nd P monu-istis you advised (you have advised)Plural 3rd P monu-ērunt they advised (they have advised)


Form MeaningSingular 1st P mīs -ī I sent ( I have sent)Singular 2nd P mīs-istī you sent ( you have sent)Singular 3rd P mīs -īt he, she, it sent ( he, she, it has sent)

Plural 1st P mīs-imus we sent ( we have sent)Plural 2nd P mīs-istis you sent ( you have sent)Plural 3rd P mīs-ērunt they sent (they have sent)



Form MeaningSingular 1st P audīv-ī I heard ( I have heard)Singular 2nd P audīv-istī you heard ( you have heard)Singular 3rd P audīv-īt he, she, it heard ( he, she, it has heard)

Plural 1st P audīv-imus we heard ( we have heard)Plural 2nd P audīv-istis you heard ( you have heard)Plural 3rd P audīv-ērunt they heard (they have heard)

No. 349

Indicative Perfect – Irregular verb - fuī

Form MeaningSingular 1st P fu-ī I have been, I wasSingular 2nd P fu-istī you have been, you were

Singular 3rd P fu-īt he, she, it has been; he, she it was

Plural 1st P fu-imus we have been, we werePlural 2nd P fu-istis you have been, you werePlural 3rd P fu-ērunt they have been, they were


The Perfect Active Stem:

1. The perfect system of the indicative active includes the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.

2. The perfect active stem is found by dropping the ending -ī of the third principal part.

laudāv-ī stem: laudāv-

monu-ī stem: monu-

mīs-ī stem: mīs-

audīv-ī stem: audīv-

fu-ī stem: fu-

Perfect Indicative Active

The PERFECT tense expresses a past act

For all three forms in English, Latin has one form: the PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

The perfect indicative active of ALL LATIN VERBS, REGULAR AND IRREGULAR, is formed by:

1. Finding the perfect stem from the third principal part;

2. Adding the endings shown in the model, Grammar No. 174


Copy or fill in the blank Grammar Rules:

Verbs

No 142 Verbs have ______________________________________________________.

No 143 Voice. There are two vocies: ________________________________________.

No 144 a. The active represents the ______________________________. Lēgātum laudō. I praise the envoy. Valeō. I am well.

No 145 b. The passive represents the __________________________________. Laudor. I am praised.

No 146 Mood. There are three moods: _________________________________________. (The meanings and used of these moods and tenses must be learned by syntax)

No 147 Tense. There are six tenses________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________. (The meanings and used of these moods and tenses must be learned by syntax)

No 148 Number. There are two numbers: ___________________________________. No 149 Person. There are three persons:

___________________(the one speaking – I, we)

____________________(the one spoken to – you)

__________________(the one spoken of – he, she, it, they)

No 150 Conjugation ________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________.


No 174Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem) - laudāv-ī



No 177Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem) - monu-ī



No 178Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem) - mīs -ī




No 179Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem) - audīv-ī -



S2W13

No. 349

Indicative Perfect - fu-ī




No 175

Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum)

Form MeaningSingular 1st P laudāv-eram I had praised

Singular 2nd P laudāv-erās you had praisedSingular 3rd P laudāv-erat he, she, it had praised

Plural 1st P laudāv-erāmus we had praised Plural 2nd P laudāv-erātis you had praised Plural 3rd P laudāv-erant they had praise

No 176

Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem)

Form MeaningSingular 1st P laudāv-erō I shall have praised Singular 2nd P laudāv-eris you will have praisedSingular 3rd P laudāv-erit he, she, it will have praised

Plural 1st P laudāv-erimus we shall have praised Plural 2nd P laudāv-eritis you will have praised Plural 3rd P laudāv-erint they will have praised

No 180Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum)

Form MeaningSingular 1st P monu-eram I had advisedSingular 2nd P monu-erās you had advised Singular 3rd P monu-erat he, she, it had advised

Plural 1st P monu-erāmus we had advisedPlural 2nd P monu-erātis you had advised Plural 3rd P monu-erant they had advised



Form MeaningSingular 1st P mīs -eram I had sentSingular 2nd P mīs-erās you had sentSingular 3rd P mīs -erat he, she, it had sent

Plural 1st P mīs-erāmus we had sentPlural 2nd P mīs-erātis you had sentPlural 3rd P mīs-erant they had sent


Form MeaningSingular 1st P audīv-eram I had heardSingular 2nd P audīv-erās you had heardSingular 3rd P audīv-erat he, she, it had heard

Plural 1st P audīv-erāmus we had heardPlural 2nd P audīv-erātis you had heardPlural 3rd P audīv-erant they had heard

No 183Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Stem (Perfect Stem)

Form MeaningSingular 1st P monu-erō I shall have advisedSingular 2nd P monu-eris you will have advised Singular 3rd P monu-erit he, she, it will have advised

Plural 1st P monu-erimus we shall have advisedPlural 2nd P monu-eritis you will have advised Plural 3rd P monu-erint they will have advised



Form MeaningSingular 1st P mīs -erō I shall have sentSingular 2nd P mīs-eris you will have sentSingular 3rd P mīs -erit he, she, it will have sent

Plural 1st P mīs-erimus we shall have sentPlural 2nd P mīs-eritis you will have sentPlural 3rd P mīs-erint they will have sent


Form MeaningSingular 1st P audīv-erō I shall have heardSingular 2nd P audīv-eris you will have heardSingular 3rd P audīv -erat he, she, it will have heard

Plural 1st P audīv-erimus we shall have heard Plural 2nd P audīv-eritis you will have heard Plural 3rd P audīv-erint they will have heard


No 175

Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum) – laudav-



No 176

Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem) - laudav



No 180Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum) – monu-




No 181Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum) - mīs



No 182Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum)- audīv



No 183Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Stem (Perfect Stem) - monu




No 184Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Stem (Perfect Stem) - mīs



No 185Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Stem (Perfect Stem) - audīv



ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PAGES FOR EACH WEEK

Additional Practice for Semester 2 Week 1

Practice the Imperfect tense by filling in form and meaning on the following charts:

IMPERFECT - pugnō, 1., intr. - fight



FUTURE - pugnō, 1., intr. - fight



IMPERFECT - superō, 1. tr. - overcome, conquer, surpass




FUTURE - superō, 1. tr. - overcome, conquer, surpass



IMPERFECT - portō, 1. tr. - carry



FUTURE - portō, 1. tr. - carry




IMPERFECT - dō, dare, dedī, datus, 1, tr. - give



FUTURE - dō, dare, dedī, datus, 1, tr. - give



IMPERFECT - vocō, 1. tr. - call




FUTURE - vocō, 1. tr. - call



Review: Nouns

numerus, ī - number

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Subject

Singular Genitive Possessive

Singular Dative Indirect object

Singular Accusative Direct object

Singular Ablative Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative Subject

Plural Genitive Possessive

Plural Dative Indirect object

Plural Accusative Direct object

Plural Ablative Object of the Preposition


centuriō, centuriōnis - a centurion

Form Meaning Use











mors, mortis - death

Form Meaning Use












hīberna, hībernōrum – winter quarters

Form Meaning Use












Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary with the following chart:

locus, ī – (pl., loca, locōrum) - place

Form Meaning Use











Decline adjectives from the vocabulary

aliēnus, a, um - unfavorable, another's, foreign

Masculinelike servus

Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural AblativeAdditional Practice for Semester 2 Week 3

Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary using the following charts:

ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis - speech, prayer

Form Meaning Use












Give form and meaning for timeō, timēre, timuī, 2 tr. – fear in the Present Tense (present stem) (No. 165)

Form Meaning

Singular 1st PSingular 2nd PSingular 3rd P


Give form and meaning for timeō, timēre, timuī, 2 tr. – fear in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) (No. 168)



Give form and meaning for timeō, timēre, timuī, 2 tr. – fear in the Future Tense (present stem) (No. 171)




Give form and meaning for terreō, 2, tr. – terrify in the Present Tense (present stem) (No. 165)

Form Meaning



Give form and meaning for terreō, 2, tr. – terrify fear in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) (No. 168)



Give form and meaning for terreō, 2, tr. – terrify in the Future Tense (present stem) (No. 171)




Give form and meaning for habeō, 2, tr. - have in the Present Tense (present stem) (No. 165)

Form Meaning



Give form and meaning for habeō, 2, tr. - have in the Imperfect Tense (present stem)

(No. 168)



Give form and meaning for habeō, 2, tr. - have in the Future Tense (present stem)

(No. 171)




Review: Nouns

arma, armōrum – arms

Form Meaning Use












Give form and meaning for videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, 2. tr. – see in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 165.



Give form and meaning for videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, 2. tr. – see in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 168.



Give form and meaning for videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, 2. tr. – see in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 171.




Give form and meaning for teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus, 2., tr. - hold in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 165.



Give form and meaning for teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus, 2., tr. - hold in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 168.



Give form and meaning for teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus, 2., tr. - hold. – see in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 171.




Give form and meaning for moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus, 2., tr. - move in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 165.



Give form and meaning for moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus, 2., tr. - in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 168.



Give form and meaning for moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus, 2., tr. - – see in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 171.




Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary using the following charts:

fīnēs, fīnium, m. - territory (plural noun from the 3rd declension)

Form Meaning Use












Give form and meaning for sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus, 2., tr. - sustain, withstand in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 165.



Give form and meaning for sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus, 2., tr. - sustain, withstand in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 168.



Give form and meaning for sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus, 2., tr. - sustain, withstand in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 171.




Give form and meaning for dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus, 3, tr. - lead, guide in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 166.



Give form and meaning for dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus, 3, tr. - lead, guide in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 169.



Give form and meaning for gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus, 3. tr. - carry, carry on in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 166.




Give form and meaning for gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus, 3. tr. - carry, carry on in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 169.



Give form and meaning for dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus, 3. tr. – defend in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 166.



Give form and meaning for dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus, 3. tr. – defend in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 169.




Give form and meaning for īnstruō, īnstruere, īnstrūxī, īnstrūctus, 3. tr. - draw up, equip in the Present Tense (present stem)

No. 166.



Give form and meaning for īnstruō, īnstruere, īnstrūxī, īnstrūctus, 3. tr. - draw up, equip in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 169.



Give form and meaning for vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus, 3. tr. - conquer in the Present Tense (present stem)

No. 166.




Give form and meaning for vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus, 3. tr. - conquer in the Imperfect Tense (present stem)

No. 169.



Give form and meaning for petō, petere, petīvī, petītus, 3. tr. - seek, beg, request in the Present Tense (present stem)

No. 166.



Give form and meaning for petō, petere, petīvī, petītus, 3. tr. - seek, beg, request in the Imperfect Tense (present stem)

No. 169.




Give form and meaning for pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus, 3. tr. - drive, repulse, rout in the Present Tense (present stem)

No. 166.



Give form and meaning for pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus, 3. tr. - drive, repulse, rout in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 169.




Review: Nouns

litterae, litterārum – letter (i.e. an epistle) , dispatch

Form Meaning Use







Practice with verbs from vocabulary

Give form and meaning for pōnō, pōmere, posuī, positus, 3. tr. - put, place, set in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 172



Give form and meaning for contendō, contendere, contendī, 3. intr. - strive, contend, hastenin the Future Tense (present stem) No. 172



S2W10

Give form and meaning for agō, agere, egī, āctus, 3. tr., - drive, do, act, treat in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 172




Give form and meaning for muniō, 4. tr. - fortify, in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 167.



Give form and meaning for muniō, 4. tr. - fortify, in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 170.



Give form and meaning for muniō, 4. tr. - fortify, in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 173.




Give form and meaning for veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum, 4, intr. - come, in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 167.



Give form and meaning for veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum, 4, intr. - come, in the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 170.



Give form and meaning for veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum, 4, intr. - come in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 173.




Give form and meaning for conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum, 4. intr. - come together, assemble, in the Present Tense (present stem) No. 167.



Give form and meaning for conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum, 4. intr. - come together, assemble the Imperfect Tense (present stem) No. 170.



Give form and meaning for conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum, 4. intr. - come together, assemble in the Future Tense (present stem) No. 173.




No 174Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Present Stem) - collocō, 1. tr. - place, station



No 177Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Present Stem) - maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus, 2. tr. - remain



No 178Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Present Stem) - compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus, 2. tr.; w. abl. - fill (with)




No 179Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Present Stem) - cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessūrus, 3. intr. - give way, yield




Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem) - adjuvō, adjuvāre, adjūvī, adjūtus, 1. tr. - help, aid



Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum) - - adjuvō, adjuvāre, adjūvī, adjūtus, 1. tr. - help, aid



Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem) - - perturbō, 1. tr. - confuse, disturb




Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum) - perturbō, 1. tr. - confuse, disturb



Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Stem (Perfect Stem) - incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus, 3. tr. - set fire to, burn



Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum) - - incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus, 3. tr. - set fire to, burn




Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Stem (Perfect Stem) incitō, 1. tr. - incite, arouse



Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum) - incitō, 1. tr. - incite, arouse



Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Stem (Perfect Stem) servō, 1. tr – guard, keep




Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum) - servō, 1. tr – guard, keep



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