HISTORY OFMICROBIOLOGY &

IMMUNOLOGY

Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy,New Kamptee, Nagpur.

ByMs. Neha S. RautAssistant Professor

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HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

1590 – First compound light microscopeZacharias Janssen

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1676 –first observation of bacteria“animalcules”

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

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1938 – First Electron Microscope

The electron microscope iscapable of magnifying biologicalspecimens up to one milliontimes. These computertimes. These computerenhanced images of 1. smallpox,2. herpes simplex, and 3. mumpsare magnified, respectively,150,000, 150,000 and 90,000times.

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PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Robert Hooke, UK (1665)Proposed the Cell TheoryObserved cork with crude microscopeAll living things are composed of cellsAll living things are composed of cells

Spontaneous generation Some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-

living matter

Francesco Redi, IT (1668)Redi’s experiments first to dispprove S.G.

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PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, DE (1673) First observed live microorganisms (animalcules)

Schleiden and Schwann, DE Schleiden and Schwann, DE Formulated Cell Theory: cells are the fundamental units

of life and carry out all the basic functions of livingthings

Pasteur, FR and Tyndall, UK (1861) Finally disproved S.G.

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PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Chemist Fermentation (1857) Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to kill spoilage

bacteria (1864)bacteria (1864) Vaccine development – rabies Proposed the germ theory of disease Proposed aseptic techniques (prevent contamination by

unwanted microbes) Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894)

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PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Joseph Lister, UK (1867)Used phenol (carbolic acid) to disinfect woundsFirst aseptic technique in surgery

Robert Koch, DE (1876)Robert Koch, DE (1876)Postulates – Germ theory (1876) Identified microbes that caused anthrax (1876),

tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883)Developed microbiological media & streak plates for pure

culture (1881)

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KOCH’S POSTULATES

The specific causative agent must be found in everycase of the disease.

The disease organism must be isolated from thelesions of the infected case and maintained in pureculture.culture.

The pure culture, inoculated into a susceptible orexperimental animal, should produce the symptomsof the disease.

The same bacterium should be re-isolated in pureculture from the intentionally infected animal.

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LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1894)Father of microbiologyDemonstrated air is filled with microorganismsDemonstrated that sterile infusions will stay

sterile in specially constructed flasks even whenthey were left open to the air

Fermentation (1857)Fermentation (1857)Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to kill spoilage

bacteria (1864)Vaccine development – rabiesProposed the germ theory of diseaseProposed aseptic techniques (prevent

contamination by unwanted microbes)Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894)

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JOHN TYNDALL

Explained differences in results obtained fromdifferent laboratories

Proved Pasteur correctHe concluded that different infusions require

different boiling times to be sterilizeddifferent boiling times to be sterilizedBecause of heat resistant microorganisms:

Endospores

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GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY (1857-1914)

Rapid advances by Pasteur and Robert KochDiscovery of agents of many diseases and role of

immunity in prevention and cure of diseaseDiscoveries include:

Fermentation and pasteurization Fermentation and pasteurization Germ theory of disease Vaccination

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FERMENTATION ANDPASTEURIZATION

Pasteur- why did wine sour?Believed at time, that converted sugars into

alcoholYeasts do the work of fermentation

Bacteria cause spoilageBacteria cause spoilagePasteurization

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GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Germs are the cause of disease and the reason forthe contagious factor

Pasteur: to fight silkworm disease Ignaz Semmelweis: Instructed hospital staff to

wash handswash handsLister: treated surgical wounds with phenol

solution John Snow: Interviewed sick and healthy

Londoners during cholera epidemicRobert Koch

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FFERDINANDERDINAND CCOHNOHNCredited with

DiscoveringEndospores

Some microorganismsexist in two forms: 1. a cell that is readily 1. a cell that is readily

killed by boiling 2. one that is heat

resistant

German botanistFather of Bacteriology

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JJOSEPHOSEPH LLISTERISTER

Developed Antiseptic Surgery

Sterilized with Heat

Swabbed with Carbonic Acid

Reduced Post SurgicalInfectionsInfections

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RROBERTOBERT KKOCHOCH

CREDITED WITHDEMONSTRATING THEFIRST DIRECT LINKFIRST DIRECT LINKBETWEEN A SINGLEMICROBE AND ASINGLE DISEASE –TUBERCULOSIS.

1 in 7 People Died from TB18

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

Demonstrated that anthrax caused byBacillus anthracisUsual means of transmission: resistant

endospores

Introduced use of pure culture techniquesIntroduced use of pure culture techniquesfor handling bacteria in lab

Cultured bacteria on agarDiscovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis –

causative agent for tuberculosisProved germ theory of disease 19

AANGELINANGELINA HHESSEESSE

Development ofAgar Used to GrowMicroorganisms.

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EEDWARDDWARD JJENNERENNER

Introduced vaccine for smallpox 1796 Inoculate with fluid from cowpox blisters prevented smallpox

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PPAULAUL EEHRLICHHRLICH

•Theory of immunity (1890)

•Worked in Koch’s Lab doingDifferential Staining

•Speculated at a ChemicalMight Selectively TargetSpecific Cells and Kill Them.Specific Cells and Kill Them.

•Used arsenic compounds tofight disease – ‘magic bullet’(1878)

•Developed the Discipline ofChemotherapy.

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AALEXANDERLEXANDER FFLEMINGLEMING (1881 –1955)

• biologist, pharmacologist and botanist.

•bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy

•Discovered Enzyme lysozyme in 1923

•antibiotic substance penicillin from themould Penicillium notatum in 1928mould Penicillium notatum in 1928

•Noted that Mold Might Kill Bacteria

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EERNSTRNST CCHAINHAIN

DevelopedPenicillin.

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HISTORY

1953 Structure of DNA RevealedWatson & Crick

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HISTORY

1954 Polio VaccineJonas Salk

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THANKYOUYOU

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