HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY€¦ · Robert Koch, DE (1876) Postulates – Germ theory (1876)...
Transcript of HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY€¦ · Robert Koch, DE (1876) Postulates – Germ theory (1876)...
HISTORY OFMICROBIOLOGY &
IMMUNOLOGY
Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy,New Kamptee, Nagpur.
ByMs. Neha S. RautAssistant Professor
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HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
1590 – First compound light microscopeZacharias Janssen
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1676 –first observation of bacteria“animalcules”
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
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1938 – First Electron Microscope
The electron microscope iscapable of magnifying biologicalspecimens up to one milliontimes. These computertimes. These computerenhanced images of 1. smallpox,2. herpes simplex, and 3. mumpsare magnified, respectively,150,000, 150,000 and 90,000times.
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PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY
Robert Hooke, UK (1665)Proposed the Cell TheoryObserved cork with crude microscopeAll living things are composed of cellsAll living things are composed of cells
Spontaneous generation Some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-
living matter
Francesco Redi, IT (1668)Redi’s experiments first to dispprove S.G.
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PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, DE (1673) First observed live microorganisms (animalcules)
Schleiden and Schwann, DE Schleiden and Schwann, DE Formulated Cell Theory: cells are the fundamental units
of life and carry out all the basic functions of livingthings
Pasteur, FR and Tyndall, UK (1861) Finally disproved S.G.
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PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Chemist Fermentation (1857) Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to kill spoilage
bacteria (1864)bacteria (1864) Vaccine development – rabies Proposed the germ theory of disease Proposed aseptic techniques (prevent contamination by
unwanted microbes) Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894)
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PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY
Joseph Lister, UK (1867)Used phenol (carbolic acid) to disinfect woundsFirst aseptic technique in surgery
Robert Koch, DE (1876)Robert Koch, DE (1876)Postulates – Germ theory (1876) Identified microbes that caused anthrax (1876),
tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883)Developed microbiological media & streak plates for pure
culture (1881)
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KOCH’S POSTULATES
The specific causative agent must be found in everycase of the disease.
The disease organism must be isolated from thelesions of the infected case and maintained in pureculture.culture.
The pure culture, inoculated into a susceptible orexperimental animal, should produce the symptomsof the disease.
The same bacterium should be re-isolated in pureculture from the intentionally infected animal.
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LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1894)Father of microbiologyDemonstrated air is filled with microorganismsDemonstrated that sterile infusions will stay
sterile in specially constructed flasks even whenthey were left open to the air
Fermentation (1857)Fermentation (1857)Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to kill spoilage
bacteria (1864)Vaccine development – rabiesProposed the germ theory of diseaseProposed aseptic techniques (prevent
contamination by unwanted microbes)Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894)
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JOHN TYNDALL
Explained differences in results obtained fromdifferent laboratories
Proved Pasteur correctHe concluded that different infusions require
different boiling times to be sterilizeddifferent boiling times to be sterilizedBecause of heat resistant microorganisms:
Endospores
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GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY (1857-1914)
Rapid advances by Pasteur and Robert KochDiscovery of agents of many diseases and role of
immunity in prevention and cure of diseaseDiscoveries include:
Fermentation and pasteurization Fermentation and pasteurization Germ theory of disease Vaccination
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FERMENTATION ANDPASTEURIZATION
Pasteur- why did wine sour?Believed at time, that converted sugars into
alcoholYeasts do the work of fermentation
Bacteria cause spoilageBacteria cause spoilagePasteurization
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GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
Germs are the cause of disease and the reason forthe contagious factor
Pasteur: to fight silkworm disease Ignaz Semmelweis: Instructed hospital staff to
wash handswash handsLister: treated surgical wounds with phenol
solution John Snow: Interviewed sick and healthy
Londoners during cholera epidemicRobert Koch
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FFERDINANDERDINAND CCOHNOHNCredited with
DiscoveringEndospores
Some microorganismsexist in two forms: 1. a cell that is readily 1. a cell that is readily
killed by boiling 2. one that is heat
resistant
German botanistFather of Bacteriology
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JJOSEPHOSEPH LLISTERISTER
Developed Antiseptic Surgery
Sterilized with Heat
Swabbed with Carbonic Acid
Reduced Post SurgicalInfectionsInfections
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RROBERTOBERT KKOCHOCH
CREDITED WITHDEMONSTRATING THEFIRST DIRECT LINKFIRST DIRECT LINKBETWEEN A SINGLEMICROBE AND ASINGLE DISEASE –TUBERCULOSIS.
1 in 7 People Died from TB18
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
Demonstrated that anthrax caused byBacillus anthracisUsual means of transmission: resistant
endospores
Introduced use of pure culture techniquesIntroduced use of pure culture techniquesfor handling bacteria in lab
Cultured bacteria on agarDiscovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis –
causative agent for tuberculosisProved germ theory of disease 19
AANGELINANGELINA HHESSEESSE
Development ofAgar Used to GrowMicroorganisms.
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EEDWARDDWARD JJENNERENNER
Introduced vaccine for smallpox 1796 Inoculate with fluid from cowpox blisters prevented smallpox
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PPAULAUL EEHRLICHHRLICH
•Theory of immunity (1890)
•Worked in Koch’s Lab doingDifferential Staining
•Speculated at a ChemicalMight Selectively TargetSpecific Cells and Kill Them.Specific Cells and Kill Them.
•Used arsenic compounds tofight disease – ‘magic bullet’(1878)
•Developed the Discipline ofChemotherapy.
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AALEXANDERLEXANDER FFLEMINGLEMING (1881 –1955)
• biologist, pharmacologist and botanist.
•bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy
•Discovered Enzyme lysozyme in 1923
•antibiotic substance penicillin from themould Penicillium notatum in 1928mould Penicillium notatum in 1928
•Noted that Mold Might Kill Bacteria
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EERNSTRNST CCHAINHAIN
DevelopedPenicillin.
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HISTORY
1953 Structure of DNA RevealedWatson & Crick
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HISTORY
1954 Polio VaccineJonas Salk
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THANKYOUYOU
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