Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

Tourism Policy and Knowledge Processes

Exploring European Case Studies

1. Re-conceptualising tourism policy

2. Tourism policy and knowledge dynamics: Comparative perspectives

3. Knowledge-based tourism policy strategies

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

Widespread typologies (Fayos-Solá, Hall)

• generational approach– boosterism, economic, community, sustainable

• multi-dimensional ideal-types

A certain unease

• not with the sources but with application

• discursive ‘game of labels’

• over-looking variation and contradictions

RE-CONCEPTUALISINGTOURISM POLICY

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

RE-CONCEPTUALISINGTOURISM POLICY

Points of departure

• new institutionalism (North)

• network theory (Rhodes)

• discourse analysis (Åkerstrøm Andersen)

• policy analysis (Hogwood, Hood)

Point of reference

• institutionalist approach to regional policy – H Halkier: Institutions, Discourse and Regional

Development, Peter Lang 2006

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

RE-CONCEPTUALISINGTOURISM POLICY

Socio-economic context

Destination TargetsState/regionTouristsCompetitors

SponsoringStrategyResources

OrganisationAimsInstrumentsKnowledge

DMO

Focus on three central relations

• the destination and its political, social, economic contexts

• the destination and its destination management organisation (DMO)

• the DMO and it targets among firms, workforce, tourists, institutions

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

Tourism policies comparedTOURISM CONTEXTS 1

Attraction

Cultural Natural

Organi-sation

Individual Ruhr heritageSkaane filmAntalya brandingNorth DK museums

Achterhoek ruralNorth DK coastal

Collective Antalya football Antalya coastal

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

Tourism policies comparedTOURISM CONTEXTS 1

Attraction

Cultural Natural

Organi-sation

Individual Ruhr heritageSkaane filmAntalya brandingNorth DK museums

Achterhoek ruralNorth DK coastal

Collective Antalya football Antalya coastal

Individual-culturalIndividual-naturalCollective-culturalCollective-natural

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

Tourism policies comparedTOURISM CONTEXTS 2

RuhrAchterhoek

North DK

Antalya

Skaane

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

Tourism policies comparedSTRATEGIC AIMS

Communication

Continuity Change

Service/experience

Continuity Service strategy Marketing strategy

Change Innovation strategy Branding strategy

Individual-culturalIndividual-naturalCollective-culturalCollective-natural

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

Tourism policies comparedPOLICY TARGETS

Individual-culturalIndividual-naturalCollective-culturalCollective-natural

Target capabilities

Hardware Software Orgware

Target insti-tutions

Individuals

Firms

System

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

Tourism policies comparedPOLICY INSTRUMENTS

Individual-culturalIndividual-naturalCollective-culturalCollective-natural

Rules /

resources

Authority Infor-mation Finance Organi-sation

Mandatory

Conditional

Voluntary

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

Individual-culturalIndividual-naturalCollective-culturalCollective-natural

Tourism policies comparedKNOWLEDGE IMPACT

Analy-tical

Synthetic Symbolic

Exploration

Examination

Exploitation

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

Existing policies key features: Across contexts

• focus on development of new services

• instruments/networks knowledge intensive– growing importance of knowledge input/competences

Rooms for knowledge-oriented improvement

• networked DMOs– with local SMEs and extra-regional/international links

• creative generation of market/trend intelligence – private partners and public knowledge institutions

Tourism policies comparedCONCLUSIONS

Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@cgs.aau.dk

For draft written paper:

halkier@cgs.aau.dk

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Tourism Policy and Knowledge Processes

Exploring European Case Studies