Post on 23-Feb-2016
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Healthcare Fundamentals
Day 1History of Medicine
Medical Organizations
Objectives
Explain the development of medicine through the agesIntroduce medical pioneersIdentify national and international health organizations
Ancient Medicine
As long as society has existed, there have been people who have been responsible for fighting death and diseaseMany of our “modern” medical terms can be traced back to the ancient Greeks and Romans
Medical TerminologyAtlas
Achilles Tendon
Human health linked to the spiritual gods, goddesses, demons, humors etc
Ancient physicians were closer to spiritual practitioners than scientists
Gods and Goddesses
Asclepius Greek god of medicine
• Caduceus- Staff of Hermes
Hygieia goddess of health, cleanliness, sanitation
Panacea goddess of cures, all healing
Around 5000 BC begin to see evidence of drugs, surgery, and other medical treatments
Ancient Physicians
Hippocrates (~400 B.C.) Father of Medicine Helped to move
medicine from mysticismto science
Hippocratic Oath
Galen (162 AD) Father of experimental physiology
Few challenged these ancient physicians until schools of medicine appeared
Ex Royal Academy of London - 1662
Medical Pioneers
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) Belgian “Father of Modern Anatomy”
Gabrielle Fallopius (1523-1562) Italian Student of Vesalius Described and named various parts of
anatomy
William Harvey (1578-1657) English First to describe heart as muscular pump
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Dutch Discovered magnification First “Bacteriologist”
Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) Italian First “Histologist”
Studies tissues and cells under the microscope
John Hunter (1728-1793) English “Founder of scientific surgery” Studied tissue transfer Developed artificial feeding methods
Edward Jenner (1749-1823) English Developed smallpox vaccine (first
vaccination)Leopold Auenbrugger (1722-1809) Austrian Use of percussion in diagnosis
Rene Laennec (1781-1826) French Developed the stethoscope
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweiss (1818-1865) Hungarian Pioneer in the field of germ theory and
infection
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) French “Father of Bacteriology” Pasteurization Pioneer in germ theory
Joseph Lister (1827-1912) “Father of Sterile Surgery” Developed antiseptic methods
Robert Koch (1843-1910) Bacteriologist Koch’s Postulates Cholera Tuberculin
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) Chemotherapy
Syphilis – formula 606
Crawford Williamson Long (1815-1878) Use of ether as an anesthetic agent
Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen (1845-1922) Discovered x-rays
Marie and Pierre Curie Discovered radium and radiation
Women in MedicineFlorence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Founder of formal nursing Founded first nursing school in London in 1860
Clara Barton (1821-1912) Helped form Bureau of Records First president of the American Red Cross
Dr. Emily Stowe (1831-1903) First Canadian woman to practice medicine in
CanadaJennie Trout
First Canadian woman to be licensed by the College of Physicians and Surgeons
20th Century Medical Pioneers
Sir Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin
Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin Developed polio vaccine
Christiaan Barnard First human heart transplant
Canadian Medical Pioneers
Frederick Banting and Charles Best Development of insulin as treatment for
diabetesFrederick Tisdall, Theodore Drake, Alan Brown Developed Pablum at Sick Kid’s Hospital in
Toronto
Dr. Wilder Penfield Mapped brain Developed a surgical treatment for epilepsy
“Montreal Procedure”Wilfred Bigelow Development of pacemaker Use of hypothermia for open-heart surgery
Gordon Murray Cardiac surgery in children
International Health Organizations
World Health Organization (WHO) Founded in 1948 Agency of the United Nations Objective:
“the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health”
Set world standards and give guidance Accomplishments:
Eradication of smallpoxPossible eradication of polio and leprosy
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Based in Atlanta, Georgia US Federal Agency concerned with health
and safety Researches origin, control and prevention of
diseaseNational Institutes of Health (NIH) Medical and behavioural research Bethesda, Maryland
Canadian Health Organizations
Health Canada Federal ministry of health Administers Canada Health Act Minister Leona Aglukkaq
Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Provides health insurance, drug benefits, long-term
and home care, health promotion and disease prevention
Minister Deb Matthews