Healthcare Fundamentals

Day 1History of Medicine

Medical Organizations

Objectives

Explain the development of medicine through the agesIntroduce medical pioneersIdentify national and international health organizations

Ancient Medicine

As long as society has existed, there have been people who have been responsible for fighting death and diseaseMany of our “modern” medical terms can be traced back to the ancient Greeks and Romans

Medical TerminologyAtlas

Achilles Tendon

Human health linked to the spiritual gods, goddesses, demons, humors etc

Ancient physicians were closer to spiritual practitioners than scientists

Gods and Goddesses

Asclepius Greek god of medicine

• Caduceus- Staff of Hermes

Hygieia goddess of health, cleanliness, sanitation

Panacea goddess of cures, all healing

Around 5000 BC begin to see evidence of drugs, surgery, and other medical treatments

Ancient Physicians

Hippocrates (~400 B.C.) Father of Medicine Helped to move

medicine from mysticismto science

Hippocratic Oath

Galen (162 AD) Father of experimental physiology

Few challenged these ancient physicians until schools of medicine appeared

Ex Royal Academy of London - 1662

Medical Pioneers

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) Belgian “Father of Modern Anatomy”

Gabrielle Fallopius (1523-1562) Italian Student of Vesalius Described and named various parts of

anatomy

William Harvey (1578-1657) English First to describe heart as muscular pump

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Dutch Discovered magnification First “Bacteriologist”

Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) Italian First “Histologist”

Studies tissues and cells under the microscope

John Hunter (1728-1793) English “Founder of scientific surgery” Studied tissue transfer Developed artificial feeding methods

Edward Jenner (1749-1823) English Developed smallpox vaccine (first

vaccination)Leopold Auenbrugger (1722-1809) Austrian Use of percussion in diagnosis

Rene Laennec (1781-1826) French Developed the stethoscope

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweiss (1818-1865) Hungarian Pioneer in the field of germ theory and

infection

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) French “Father of Bacteriology” Pasteurization Pioneer in germ theory

Joseph Lister (1827-1912) “Father of Sterile Surgery” Developed antiseptic methods

Robert Koch (1843-1910) Bacteriologist Koch’s Postulates Cholera Tuberculin

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) Chemotherapy

Syphilis – formula 606

Crawford Williamson Long (1815-1878) Use of ether as an anesthetic agent

Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen (1845-1922) Discovered x-rays

Marie and Pierre Curie Discovered radium and radiation

Women in MedicineFlorence Nightingale (1820-1910)

Founder of formal nursing Founded first nursing school in London in 1860

Clara Barton (1821-1912) Helped form Bureau of Records First president of the American Red Cross

Dr. Emily Stowe (1831-1903) First Canadian woman to practice medicine in

CanadaJennie Trout

First Canadian woman to be licensed by the College of Physicians and Surgeons

20th Century Medical Pioneers

Sir Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin

Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin Developed polio vaccine

Christiaan Barnard First human heart transplant

Canadian Medical Pioneers

Frederick Banting and Charles Best Development of insulin as treatment for

diabetesFrederick Tisdall, Theodore Drake, Alan Brown Developed Pablum at Sick Kid’s Hospital in

Toronto

Dr. Wilder Penfield Mapped brain Developed a surgical treatment for epilepsy

“Montreal Procedure”Wilfred Bigelow Development of pacemaker Use of hypothermia for open-heart surgery

Gordon Murray Cardiac surgery in children

International Health Organizations

World Health Organization (WHO) Founded in 1948 Agency of the United Nations Objective:

“the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health”

Set world standards and give guidance Accomplishments:

Eradication of smallpoxPossible eradication of polio and leprosy

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Based in Atlanta, Georgia US Federal Agency concerned with health

and safety Researches origin, control and prevention of

diseaseNational Institutes of Health (NIH) Medical and behavioural research Bethesda, Maryland

Canadian Health Organizations

Health Canada Federal ministry of health Administers Canada Health Act Minister Leona Aglukkaq

Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Provides health insurance, drug benefits, long-term

and home care, health promotion and disease prevention

Minister Deb Matthews