Post on 19-Nov-2015
Hand Tools
Shop Tools and Techniques
Industrial Tool UsageTwo categoriesHand toolsMachine toolsImportance of hand tools should not be overlookedBench work includes operations of inspecting, fitting, and assembling
Shop Tools and Techniques
Two Classes of Hand ToolsNon cuttingCutting
Shop Tools and Techniques
Two Classes of Hand ToolsNon cuttingInclude vises, hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches, pliers, and etc.Used basically for holding, forming, assembling, reassembling, destroying, or dismantling parts
Shop Tools and Techniques
Bench ViseAlso Called Machinists ViseUsed to hold small work securely for sawing, chipping, filing, polishing, drilling, reaming, and tappingSize determined by width of jaws
Shop Tools and Techniques
Shop Tools and Techniques
Bench Vise
Solid or swivel baseJaw caps made of brass, aluminum, or copper to protect the work surface from being marred or damaged
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Other Vises
Shop Tools and Techniques
Clamping DeviceC-ClampPopular in Plant settings2 to 12Allows clamping two or more items together or clamping one item to another
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Clamping DeviceBoiler ClampsHeavy Duty6 to 24
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Hard Faced HammersBall PeenPeen: smaller, rounded endUsed in riveting or peening operationsVariety of sizes
Shop Tools and Techniques
Hard Faced HammersSledgeLargest striking surfaceUsed in persuading or nudging objectsVariety of sizes: head mass range 1 to 12 lbSmaller sizes used for gentle persuasionLarger sizes used for serious business
Shop Tools and Techniques
Hard Faced HammersClaw typeSmaller striking surfaceClaw end can be used for prying nails and etcVariety of sizes: head mass range 10 oz to 22 ozSmaller available with ergonomic handles
Shop Tools and Techniques
Soft-Faced HammersFaces made of plastic or rubber. Plastic or rubber faced hammers are fastened to steel body and replaced when wornUsed in assembling or dismantling parts so finished surface of work not marred
Shop Tools and Techniques
Soft-Faced HammersHeads with replaceable faces made of plastic or rubber
Shop Tools and Techniques
Soft-Faced HammersHeads made of rawhide, aluminum, brass, copper, copper/bronze or leadEntire head made of above materialUsed in assembling or dismantling parts so finished surface of work not marred
Shop Tools and Techniques
Soft-Faced HammersHeads with replaceable section of leather.
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Soft-Faced HammersDead Blow hammersFilled with lead or steel shotDo not bounce back or rebound after striking objectDo not lose shape and last longer than lead hammers
Shop Tools and Techniques
Safety Precautions When Using a HammerBe sure handle is solid and not crackedBe sure head is tight on handle and secured with proper wedge to keep handle expanded in headNever use with greasy handle or when your hands are greasyNever strike two hammer faces together
Shop Tools and Techniques
Screw driversTwo most common types Standard or flat bladeBlades for smaller make of round stockBlades for larger often square for leveragePhillipsDifferent sizes and stylesStandard shankStubby shankOffset
Shop Tools and Techniques
Regular Screwdrivers Tip for use with slotted-type screw Manufactured in various sizesTo suit various-sized slots in heads of fasteners
Shop Tools and Techniques
Phillips Screwdrivers Tip for use with Phillips-type screwsManufactured in sizes: #1, #2, #3, #4To suit various-sized recesses in heads of fasteners
Shop Tools and Techniques
Torx Screwdrivers shaped tip for use with Torx-type recessed screw headsManufactured in assorted sizesTo suit various-sized recesses in heads of fasteners
Shop Tools and Techniques
Square Head Screwdrivers Tip for use with Square-type screw headsManufactured in assorted sizesTo suit various-sized recesses in heads of fasteners
Shop Tools and Techniques
Star Head ScrewdriversStar shaped tip for use with Star-type recessed screw headsManufactured in assorted sizesTo suit various-sized recesses in heads of fasteners
Shop Tools and Techniques
Allen Head Screwdrivers Tip for use with Allen-type screw headsManufactured in assorted sizes
Shop Tools and Techniques
Care of a ScrewdriverChoose correct size of screwdriver for jobToo small, both screw recess and tip of screwdriver may become damagedDo not use screwdriver as pry bar, chisel, or wedgeIf tip or handle breaks or wears out, replace the screwdriver
Shop Tools and Techniques
WrenchesMany types used in machine shop workEach suited for specific purposeName derived from use, shape, or constructionMost available in both inch and metric measuring systems
Shop Tools and Techniques
Open-End WrenchesSingle-ended or double-endedOpenings usually offset at 15 anglePermits turning nut or bolt head in limited spaces by "flopping" wrenchDouble-ended have different-size opening at each end
Shop Tools and Techniques
Box-End WrenchesCompletely surround nut and useful in close quarters where only small rotation of nut can be obtained at one timeBox end has 4, 6, or 12 precisely cut notches around inside faceNotches fit closely over points on outside of nutHave different sizes at each end
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Combination WrenchesBox end at one endOpen end at otherMay have socket attached as one endWide variety available
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Line WrenchesAlso referred to as Flared nut wrenchesSix point constructionOne section of wrench head removed to enable the head to encircle a flared nut with a line or tube running through it.
Shop Tools and Techniques
Spud WrenchesSimilar to box or open end wrenchesOnly one end has a wrench headOther end used as an alignment tool
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Striking End WrenchesBox or open end wrenchesOnly one end has a wrench headOther end used as an striking surface
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Torque WrenchesSpecialized wrenches for tightening nuts and bolts to specificationsBeam TypeDial TypeDigital TypeClicker Type
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Torque Wrenches
Beam Types
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Torque Wrenches
Dial Type
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Torque Wrenches
Digital Type
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Torque Wrenches
Clicker Types
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Torque Wrenches
3/8 Drive will measure 25-250 inchpounds3/8 Drive will measure 10-75 footpounds1/2 Drive will measure 20-150 footpounds
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Torque Wrenches
Clicker Type
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SocketsSize of Drives inchLight duty driveGeneral purpose inch driveGeneral Purpose inch drive and aboveIndustrial Applications
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Sockets
Six PointEight PointTwelve Point
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SocketsRegularGeneral purposeImpactHeavy dutyIndustrial
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Socket Accessories
Universal JointsVarious Adapters
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SocketsSpecialtyHex HeadTorx Head InternalTorx Head ExternalFlare Nut Crows Foot
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Socket DriversRachets
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Sockets AdjunctsExtensions
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Socket Accessories
Breaker BarSpeeder BarBreaker Bar
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Adjustable WrenchesMay be adjusted to within certain range to fit several sizes of nuts or bolt headsUseful for odd-size nuts or when proper size not availableCan slip when not properly adjusted to flats of nut
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Pipe WrenchesMade of Cast Iron, Aluminum, or Beryllium/CopperUsed to loosen or tighten pipe connections6 to 48
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Allen Setscrew WrenchesCommonly called hex keysHexagonal fits into recesses of socket head setscrews and capscrews
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Allen Setscrew Wrenches
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Pin Spanner WrenchesSpecialized wrenches supplied by machine tool manufacturer for use on specific machinesSupplied in various sizes
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Pin Spanner WrenchesFixed-face spanners position in two fixed location holes on face of special nut or threaded fitting on machine
Shop Tools and Techniques
Pin Spanner WrenchesAdjustable-face spanners adjust to various positions of two holes on face of special nut or threaded fitting on machine
Shop Tools and Techniques
Pin Spanner WrenchesHook-pin spanner used on circumference of round nutPin of spanner fits into hole in periphery of nut
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Strap WrenchesSpecialized wrenches for use on pipe or large tubingSupplied in various sizes
Shop Tools and Techniques
Chain WrenchesSpecialized wrenches for use on pipe or large tubingSupplied in various sizesSimilar to the Strap wrenches
Shop Tools and Techniques
Hints on Using WrenchesAlways select wrench that fits nut or bolt properlyDont use inch on metric or vice versaPull rather than push on wrenchAlways be sure nut is fully seated in wrench jawMisalignment will cause slippageUse wrench in same plane as nut or bolt head
Shop Tools and Techniques
PliersUseful for gripping and holding small parts for certain machining operations or when assembling partsMany types and sizesNames by shape, function or construction
Shop Tools and Techniques
Types of PliersCombination or slip-joint pliersAdjustable to grip both large and small workGrip work when small holes must be drilled or for bending or twisting light, thin materials
Shop Tools and Techniques
Types of PliersSide-cutting pliersUsed mainly for cutting, gripping, and bending of small diameter (1/8 in. or less) rods or wires
Shop Tools and Techniques
Types of PliersChannel-LocksAvailable in variety of sizesUseful for holding just about anything, loosening and tightening about anything, and about anything else you can think of.
Shop Tools and Techniques
Types of PliersNeedle-nose pliersAvailable in both straight- and bent-nose typesUseful for holding very small parts, positioning them in hard-to-get-at places and bending wire
Shop Tools and Techniques
Types of PliersSnap Ring pliersExternal Type shownUsed to remove or install external snap rings
Shop Tools and Techniques
Types of PliersSnap Ring pliersInternal Type shownUsed to remove or install internal snap rings.
Shop Tools and Techniques
Types of PliersVise-grip pliersExtremely high gripping power because of adjustable lever actionMany different stylesstandard jaws, needle jaws and C-clamp jaws
Shop Tools and Techniques
Hints on Using PliersNever use pliers instead of wrenchNever attempt to cut large-diameter or heat-treated material with pliersAlways keep pliers clean and lubricated
Shop Tools and Techniques
Two Classes of Hand ToolsNoncuttingCutting
Shop Tools and Techniques
Two Classes of Hand ToolsCuttingInclude saws, grinders, files, and etc.Used to separate, part, trim, or divide parts
Shop Tools and Techniques
Sawing, Filing and ScrapingOften necessary to perform certain metal-cutting operations at bench or on jobCommon toolsHacksawsFilesScrapers
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Pistol-Grip Hand HacksawSolid frame rigid and will accommodate blades of one specific lengthAdjustable frame more common and will take blades from 10 to 12 in. longWing nut provides adjustment
Shop Tools and Techniques
Hacksaw BladesHigh-Carbon Steel BladesShort lastingBlades relatively softBlade wears quicklyInexpensiveHigh-Speed Molybdenum or Tungsten-alloy Steel BladesLong lasting Blades with hardened and tempered teeth
Shop Tools and Techniques
Hacksaw BladesTwo typesSolid blade (all-hard)Hardened throughout and very brittleFlexible blade Teeth hardened, while back of blade soft and flexibleStand more abuse than all-hard blade, but will not last long in general useUsed on channel iron, tubing, copper and aluminum
Shop Tools and Techniques
Blade PitchNumber of teeth per inchManufactured in various pitches14, 18, 24, and 32General use choice 18 in. tooth bladeChoose as coarse blade as possibleProvides plenty of chip clearance and to cut through work as quickly as possibleShould have at least two teeth in contact with work at all timesPrevent work from jamming and stripping teeth
Shop Tools and Techniques
Guide for Proper Blade Selection
Shop Tools and Techniques
Guide for Proper Blade Selection
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Shop Tools and Techniques
Guide for Proper Blade Selection
Shop Tools and Techniques
Guide for Proper Blade Selection
Shop Tools and Techniques
FilesHand cutting tool made of high-carbon steelSeries of teeth cut on body by parallel chisel cutsUsed to remove surplus metal and to produce finished surfacesManufactured in variety of types and shapesTwo classes: single-cut and double-cut
Shop Tools and Techniques
Single-cut FilesSingle row of parallel teethrunning diagonally across faceUsed when smooth finish desiredInclude mill, long-angle lathe, and saw files
Shop Tools and Techniques
Double-cut FilesTwo intersecting rows of teethFirst row coarser and called overcutSecond row called upcutHundreds of cutting teethProvides for fast removal of metals and easy clearing of chips
Shop Tools and Techniques
Degrees of CoarsenessBoth single- and double-cut files come in various degrees of coarseness
RoughCoarseBastardSecond-cutSmoothDead smoothMost Common
Shop Tools and Techniques
Machinist FilesTypes most commonly used in shop
Flat Hand Round Half-round Square
Pillar Three-quarter Warding Knife
Shop Tools and Techniques
Cross-sectional Views of Shop Files
Shop Tools and Techniques
Care of FilesDo not store files where they rub togetherDont throw into drawer with other filesNever use file as pry of hammerDo not knock file on vise or other metallic object to clean it Use brush or file cardApply pressure only on forward stroke
Shop Tools and Techniques
Care of FilesDo not press too hard on new fileToo much pressure also results in "pinning" which scratches work surfaceSmall particles get wedged between teeth of file and clog it up
Shop Tools and Techniques
Rotary FilesTeeth cut and form broken linesDissipate heat of frictionUseful for work on tough die steels, forgings, and scaly surfaces
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Ground BurrsTeeth uniform in tooth shape and size Unbroken flutesFlutes machine ground to master burr to ensure uniformity of tooth shape and sizeMay be made of high-speed steel or carbideCarbide last up to 100 times longer
Shop Tools and Techniques