Grammar

Diana von Mehren Period 1

Table of Contents (Semester 1)1- Introduction2- Table of Contents3-9 Preterite– 4 Charts – 5 Trigger words– 6 -car, -gar, -zar– 7 spock verbs– 8 Snake – 9 Snakey– 10 Cucaracha

11-14 Imperfect – 12 Charts– 13 Trigger Words– 14 Irregulars

15 Preterite vs. Imperfect16 Ser17 Estar

18 Verbs like Gustar19 Comprartives and

Superlatives20 Transition words21-23 Future24 Por25 Para

Table of Contents (Semester 2)

27-29 Conditional30-35 Perfect Tenses– Present – Past– Irregulars– Subjunctive Perfect

36 Tanto y Tan37 Impersonal “Se”38 Saber vs. Conocer39-48 Commands

49 Subjunctive50 Impersonal

Expressions51-52 Expressions of

Emotions53-54 Conjunctions of

Time55 Demonstrative

Adjectives and Pronouns

PRETERITE

-AR

è amos

aste

ò aron

-ER/-IR

ì imos

iste

iò ieron

Regular Preterite

Trigger Words

• Un día• Una vez• Ayer• Hace un año• Ya• El martes• El mes pasado• Anteayer• Por una hora

-car, -gar, -zar

• to get the same sound for certain verbs, the ending must change.

• Ejemplos:– to get the hard “c” from buscar, you must replace the “c”

with a “qu”:

buscar + -é = busquéto get the hard “g” sound in pagar in the yo form,change the “ge” to a “gu”:

pagar + -é = paguéto get the soft “z” sound in almorzar, in the yo form change the “z” to a “c”

almorzar + -é = almorcé

Spock Words

DarVer

Ir Ser

Hace

r

Dar/Ver

d/v -i d/v -imos

d/v -iste

d/v -io d/v -ieron

Ir/Ser

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste

Fue Fueron

Hacer

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste

Hizo Hicieron

Snake• These verbs are stem changers in the “usted” and

“ustedes” form. • e > i

pedirpreferircompetirrepetirservirsentir

• o > udormirmorir

Snakey

• They need to have a “y” in the usted and ustedes.

• Verbs like leer and oir.

Leer

leí leímos

leiste leísteis

leyó leyeron

Cucaracha

• These verbs change form for preterite.

• These verbs need only the normal preterite ending.

• The verbs in red are the only exceptions• In the plural verb form,

these verbs add “-eron” instead of “-ieron” because they end in “j”s

andar anduv-estar estuv-poder pud-poner pus-querer quis-saber sup-tener tuv-venir vin-decir dij-traer traj-conducir conduj-producir produj-traducir traduj-

Imperfect

-AR

aba ábamos

abas

aba aban

-ER/-IR

ìa ìamos

ìas

ìa ìan

Irregulars

ser ir ver

era iba veìa

eras ibas veìas

era iba veìa

èramos ìbamos veìamos

eran iban veìan

Trigger Words

• A veces • Siempre • Todo los días• Cada día• Muchas veces• Los lunes• Frecuentemente

IrregularsIR

iba íbamos

ibas

iba iban

Verveía veíamos

veías

veía veían

Ser

era éramos

eras

era eran

Preterite vs. Imperfect

Preterite• Actions viewed by the

speaker as completed• Express the beginning or

end of a past action• Narrate a series of past

actions• Used for specific events

imperfect• Ongoing past actions with no

reference to the beginning or end

• Express habitual past actions and events

• Describe physical and emotional states and characteristics

• Used for background information such as time, weather, location.

Ser

•description

D

•origins

O•c

lassifications

C•t

ime

T

•occupation

O

•relationships

R

•possession

P

•events

E

•dates

D

Ser

soy somos

eres sois

es son

Estar

•health

H

•emotions

E

•locations/conditions

L

•present condition

P

•-ar = ando

•-er/ir = iendo

“ING”

Estar

estoy estamos

estás

está estan

Verbs like gustar

• When followed by one or more verbs in the infinitve, the singluar form is used

• Gustar is often used in the conditional to soften a request

• Some examples are:– Aburrir– Encantar– Faltar– Importar– Doler– Interesar

Comparatives and Superlatives

• Comparatives– Más + adjective + que – Menos + adjective + que

• Superlatives– El/la Más + adjective + de – El/la Menos + adjective + de

• Irregulars– Bueno Mejor– viejo mayor– Malo peor– Joven menor

Transition Words

• A pesar de• Aunque• Mientras• Pero• Por lo tanto• Sin embargo• No obstante • también

Future

AR/ER/IRé emosás éisá án

Irregulars

• Decir• Hacer• Poner• Salir• Tener• Valer• Venir• Poder• Querer• Saber• Caber• Haber

• Dir• Har• Pondr• Saldr• Tendr• Valdr• Vendr• Poor• Querr• Sabr• Cabr• Habr

Trigger Words

• El proximo ______– Día, año, semana, hora, etc

• Mañana• En (number)– Día, año, semana, hora, etc

Por

• Passing through• General rather than specific• Location• How long something lasts• The cause of something• An exchange• Doing something of or instead of someone else• A means of transportation• Numbers and time

Para

• For whom something is done• Destination• The purpose for which something is done• To express an opinion• To compare or contrast• To express the idea of a deadline

Conditional Tense

• When is it used?– Possibility– Probability– Wonder– “Would, could, must have, or probably”

Conditional Tense

Conditional Conjugations

ía íamos

ías

ía ían

Conditional Tense

• Irregulars– Caber: yo cabría– Poner: yo pondría– Decir: yo diría– Haber: yo habría– Salir: yo saldría– Hacer: yo haría– Poder: yo podría– Tener: yo tendría– Querer: yo querría– Valer: yo valdría– Saber: yo sabría– Venir: yo vendría

Present Perfect

• Compound tense• Ways to use Perfect Tense– When speaking about something (an action) that

was true in the past and is still true in the present– To indicate an action was completed recently – To tell what you have or have not done

Present Perfect

EndingsAR ADO

IR IDO

ER IDO

HABER

He Hemoes

Has

Ha Han

Past Perfect

• combine the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle

• Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

Haberhabía habíamos

habías

había habían

Present Perfect

• Irregulars– Abrir- abierto– Cubrir- cubierto– Decir- dicho– Escribir- escrito– Hacer- hecho– Morir- muerto– Poner- puesto– Resolver- resuelto– Romper- roto– Ver- visto– Volver- vuelto– Ir -ido

Subjuntivo Perfecto

• used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect.

• The present subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the present or future, while the present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past.

• Example: Dudo que lo hayas hecho.

Haber + past participle

Haber

Haya hayamos

Hayas

Haya hayan

Tanto y tan

• tan + adjective (adverb) + como– Example: El libro es tan bueno como la película.

• tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como– Example: Juan tiene tanto dinero como María

“Se” Impersonal

• Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb

• When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person

• Se can be used in all tenses

Conocer and saber

• Conocer–People, places, literature

• Saber– Facts and information

Sabersé sabemos

sabes

sabe saben

ConocerConozco conocemos

conoces

conoce conocen

Mandatos

Formal (Ud./Uds.)

• Yo form of a verb• Drop the “o” and add the opposite ending– Ar: “e” – Ir/Er: “a”

• Plural- add an “n”• Examples– hablar:- hable/n– Comer- coma/n

Formal (Ud./Uds.) Irregular• Tener- tengo --> tengue/en

• Venir- vengo --> venga/an

• Dar/Decir- dé/en or diga/an

• Ir- voy --> vaya/an

• Ser-sea/an

• Hacer- hago --> haga/an

• Estoy- estoy --> esté/en

• Saber- sepá/an

Tú Affirmative

• Conjugate the verb in the tú form and drop the “s”

• Examples– Hablar: habla– Comer: come

Tú Affirmative- Irregulars

• Decir- di• Hacer- haz• Ir- ve• Poner- pon• Salir- sal• Tener- ten• Venir- ven

Negative Tú Mandatos

• Yo form then drop the “o”• Add the opposite tú ending• Examples– Hablar: No hables– Comer: No comas

Negative Tú Mandatos- Irregulars

• Tener- tengas

• Venir- vengas

• Decir- digas

• Ir- vayas

• Ser-sayas

• Hacer- hagas

• Estoy- estes

• Saber- sepas

Nosotros Mandatos

• Yo form of the verb in present tense, drop the “o” and add the opposite nosotros ending

• Example– Hablar: hablemos– Comer: comamos

• With reflexive verbs, you drop the final “S” of the command form before attaching the reflexive pronoun– Levantemos: nos levantèmonos

IOP/DOP Placement

• Commands– object pronouns are attached directly to the end

of the imperative form of the verb• Example: Cómprelo Ud• Example: Cómpralo

– If both direct and indirect object pronouns are attached, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun• Example: Cómprelo Ud. Cómpremelo Ud.

IOP/DOP Placement

• Negative Commands– the object pronouns come before the imperative

form of the verb• Example: No lo compre.

– If there are both direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun.• Example: No me lo compre.

Present SubjunctiveAttitudes, uncertain, hypothetical

Yo form drop "o"change to opposite

vowel

Example:

Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.

(I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.)

Irregulars: Tener-tenga, Venir- venga, Decir- diga Dar- dé, Ir- vaya, Ser- se, Hacer- haga Haber- haya, Estar- este, Saber- sepa

Impersonal

•Es bueno que…

•Es mejor que…

Example: Es bueno que vaya el doctor.

•Es malo que…

•Es importante que…

Example: Es muy importante que

aprendas el subjuntivo.

•Es necesario que…

•Es fácil que…

Example: Es necesario que estudien para el

examen.

Expressions of Emotions

Main clause: hope, fear, joy, pity, and

suprise

Subordinante clause: Use Subjunctive

Example: Nos alegramos que te gustan las floras.

Expressions of Emotions

When there is not a change of subject, use the infinitive Example: Temo llegar tarde.

Expressions of Emotions: •Alegarse, esperar, sentir, soprender,

temer, es triste, ojalá que

Conjunctions of Time• take the indicative when the action in the

subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future

• Example: Trabajé hasta que mis niños me llamaron.– I worked until my kids called

Conjunctions of TimeConjunctions of Time

así que as soon as

cuando when

despues de que after

en cuanto as soon as

hasta que until

luego que as soon as

tan pronto como as soon as

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

• “this” “that “these” “those”• Ejemplos:– Adjectives:

• Este libro es facil.– This book is easy.

• Yo quiero esta taza.– I want that cup

– Pronouns• Yo quiero este.

– I want that.

• ¿Que es ese?– What is that?

Singular

Male Female

este esta (this)

ese esa (that)

aquel aquella (that over there)

Plural

Male Female

estos estas (this)

esos esas (that)

aquellos aquellas (that over there)