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GLOSSARY 2
A species-specifichuman activity
spiiz spsfkhjumn ktvti
O activitate umanspecific omului caspecie
Speech organs spit nz Organele vorbiriiBiological function baldkl fkn Funcie biologicBreathing bri RespiraiaTwo organ systems tu n sstmz Dou sisteme organiceThe upper part of thefood tract
i p pt v fudtrkt
Partea superioar atubului digestiv
The respiratory system rsprtri sstm Sistemul respiratorA closeinterdependence
klz ntdpendns O strnsinterdependen
Respiration respren RespiraieSpeech production spit prdkn Producerea vorbiriiA supplementaryactivity to respiration
splmentri ktvti t respren
O activitatesuplimentar (+D)respiraiei
The respirationapparatus
respren prets
Aparatul respirator
Maintains that mentenz t Susine cNourishment nrmnt NutriieFar more agile than it
needs to be for thepurpose of eating
f mr dal n t
nidz t bi f ppsv it
Mult mai agil dect
necesar n scopulalimentriiThe speech mechanism
In their totality n e ttlti n totalitatea lorAre referred to as... rfd tu z Sunt denumite...The speech tract spit trkt Tubul fonatorThe speech mechanism spit meknzm Mecanismul vorbiriiThe art of phonation i t v fnen Actul fonaiuniiThe production ofspeech sounds
prdkn v spitsandz
Producerea sunetelorvorbirii
The thorax rks Toracele
The lungs lz PlmniiIs initiated z netd Este iniiat ncepeThe air-stream i estrim Curentul de aerThe source of sounds ss v sandz Sursa sunetelorThe larynx lrks LaringeleThe sound is generatedthrough the vibrationof the vocal cords
sand zdenretd ru vabren v vklkdz
Sunetul se genereazprin vibraia coardelorvocale
The supraglottal
cavities
supr ltl
kvtz
Cavitile supraglotice
Glottis lts Glota
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Act as resonators kt z reznetz Funcioneaz carezonatori
Through theirdisposition
ru e dspzn Prin dispunerea lor
Make possible the
diversity thefundamental tone ofvoice
mek psbl da
vsti fndmentltn v vs
Fac posibil
diversificarea tonuluifundamental al vocii
The thoraxThe air current i e krnt Curentul de aerSpeaking may beregarded as a by-product of respiration
spik me bi rddz baprdkt vrespren
Vorbirea poate ficonsiderat un produssecundar al respiraiei
Respiratory apparatus rsprtri prets Aparatul respiratorIs active in the
production of speech
z ktv n pr
dkn v spit
Particip la producerea
vorbiriiThe breathingmovement
bri muvmnt Micrile respiratorii
Expiration inspiration ekspren nspren ExpiraieInspiraie
The two layers ofintercostal muscles
tu lez v ntkstl mslz
Cele dou straturi demuchi intercostali
Elastic tissue lstk tu esut elasticThe ribs the diaphragm rbz dafrm Coaste
The chest cavity test kvti DiafragmThe volume increasesor decreases
vljum nkrisz dkrisz
Volumul crete sauscade
Which brings about theinflammation ordeflation of the lungs
wt brz bat inflmen dflenv lz
Ceea ce produceumflarea saudezumflarea plmnilor
The rate of respirationranges normally
ret v resprenrendz nmli
Frecvena respiraieivariaz n mod normal
10 to 20 cycles perminute
ten t twenti saklzp'minit
10-20 cicli pe minut
The ratio between
inspiration andexpiration is 1 to 1.1
re btwin
nspren nd ekspren z wn t wnwn
Raportul dintre
inspiraie i expiratieeste de 1:1,1
The expiration stagemay be considerablyprolonged dependingon the length ofutterance
i ekspren stedme bi knsdrbliprlddpend n le vtrns
Faza expiraiei se poateprelungi considerabil nfuncie de lungimeaenunurilor
We are physiologicallyconditioned by thelimitations of our lungs
wi physioloicalleikndnd ba lmtenz v a lz
Suntem condiionaifiziologic de limiteleplmnilor notri
The lungs need refillingafter short intervals
lz nid riflft t ntvlz
Plmnii trebuie s sereumple la scurte
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intervaleThe speech chain spit ten Lanul vorbiriiIntegrated stretches ofspeech
ntretd stretz vspit
Segmente constitutiveale vorbirii
Breath groups bre rups Grupuri de suflu
The breaks in speechdo not fall at regularintervals of time
breks n spit dnt fl t rejlrntvlz v tam
Pauzele n vorbire nu seproduc la intervalleregulate de timp
With each new intakeof air
w it nju ntek ve
Odat cu fiecare noupriz de aer
They are notconditioned by outsidefactors
e nt kndnd baatsad fktz
Ele nu suntcondiionate de factoriexterni
They coincide withsyntactic cuts in
speech as well
e knsad w sntktk kts n spit z
wel
Ele coincide i cuseciunile sintactice n
vorbirePhonetic phenomenon fnetk fnmnn Fenomen foneticThe abdominal andintercostal muscles
i bdmnl nd ntkstl mslz
Muchii abdominali iintercostali
Dynamic stress danmk stres Accentual dinamicThe larynx
Originated in the lungs rdnetd n lz Nscut, aprut nCare pornete dinplmni
Trachea trki TraheeWind pipe cartilage wnd pap ktld beregheatMuscle enclosing msl nklz CartilajThe cricoids cartilage krakdz k tld inveli muscularThe thyroid cartilage ard ktld Cartilaj tiroidAdam's apple dmz pl Mrul lui AdamTwo lip-like folds ofligament and tissue
tu lp lak fldz vlmnt nd tu
Dou cute n form debuze din esutligamentos
The vocal cords vkl kdz Coardele vocaleThe opening betweenthem is called the
glottis
i pn btwinm z kld lts
Deschiderea dintre elese numete glot
A sort of value barringthe entry of any foreignbodies into the trachea
| st v vlju bri entri v eni frnbdz nt trki
Un fel de valv carempiedic intrareaeventualelor corpuristrine n trahee
Various breathing orspeaking functions
vers bri spik fknz
Diferite funciirespiratorii sau vocale
Normal breath nml bre Respiraia normalThe free passage of theair-stream through the
glottis is accompaniedby audible friction
fri psd v iestrim ru lts
z kmpnid badbl frkn
Trecerea liber pringlot a curentuluu de
aer este nsoit de ofriciune audibil
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A sort of (h) sound st v /h/ sand Un sunet ca un fel de(h) (dasia) (fluxlaringal)
If the breathing isdirected in and out
through the mouthinstead of the nose
f bri z drektdn nd at ru
ma nsted v nz
Dac aerul este dirijatla intrare i la ieire
prin gur i un pe nas
Heavy breathing hevi bri Respiraia adncWhispered speech wspd spit Vorbea n oaptThe vocal cords arebrought looselytogether along themedian line
vkl kdz brtlusli ter l midn lan
Coardele vocale secupleaz lejer pe liniamedian
Only part of the glottis nli pt v lts Numai o parte a glotei
The act of phonation i kt v fnen Actul fonaiuniiVoicing vs Producie vocalicThe air is forcedthrough the glottis bylung pressure
i e z fst ru lts ba l pre
Aerul este expulzat pringlot de presiuneapulmonar
2 theories about vocalcord vibration
tu rz bat vklkd vabren
2 teorii cu privire lavibraia coardelorvocale
the tonic theory tnk ri Teoria tonicVibration is caused by
the air-stream
vabren z kzd ba i
estrim
Vibraia este produs
de curentul de aerThe laryngeal recurrentnerve
lrndil rkrntnv
Nervul laringalrecurrent (care revinela locul de origine)
Which transmitsnervous fluxes fromthe brain
wt trnzmts nvsflksz frm bren
Care transmite fluxurinervoase da la creier
The vocal cords mayalso be kept tightlyclosed
vkl kdz mels bi kept tatliklzd
Coardele vocale se maipot ine nchise strns
By compressing the airbehind this closure aglottal stop is produced
ba kmpres i e bhand s klr ltl stp s prdjust
Presnd aerul dinspatele acesteiocluziuni se produce ooclusiv glotal
Transcribed as (P) trnskrabd z /p/ Transcris ca (P)Controversial problems kntrvl prblmz Problem controversateA few things howeverhave been provesexperimentally
fju z haev hvbin pruvz kspermentli
Totui cteva lucruri aufost demonstrateexperimental
The vocal cords arethicker for a low
register voice andthinner for a high
vkl kdz kfr l redst vs
nd n fr haredst wn
Coardele vocale suntmai groase n cazul
vocii n registru jos imai subiri n cazul
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register one vocii n registru naltIt is possible to controlthe vocal cords in sucha way that only part ofthem is allowed to
vibrate
t s psbl t kntrl vkl kdz n st we t nli pt vm z lad t va
bret
Eeste posibil s secontroleze coardelevocale estfel nct s sepermit numai vibraia
unei pri a lorOr to regulate the rateof vibration
t rejlet retvvabren
Ori s se reglezefrecvena vibraiilor
Practical tests for thevibration of the vocalcords
prktkl tests f vabren v vklkdz
Experiene practicepentru vibraiacoardelor vocale
Stop the ears with yourhands
stp i z w jhndz
Acoperii-v urechile cuplamele
A loud buzzing sound
will be heard
lad bz sand wl
bi hd
Se va auzi un zumzet
puternicPress your fingersagainst the Adam'sapple
pres j fz ensti dmz pl
Apsai-v degetele(mare i arttor) pemrul lui Adam
Physiologicalcharacteristics whichdiffer from oneindividual to anotheraccording to age, sex,etc.
fzldkl krktrstks wt df frmwnndvdl tu nrkd tu ed seksetsetr
Particulariti fiziologicecare difer de la unindivid la altul n funciede vrst, sex, etc.
Cycles i.e. successive
opening and closuresof the glottis ( in onesecond)
saklz sksesv
pn nd klzv lts n wnseknd
Cicli-indic deschideri i
nchideri succesive aleglotei (pe secund)
The more rapid therate of vibration thehigher the pitch of thevoice
m rpd retvvabren ha pt v vs
Cu ct este mai marefrecvena vibraiilor cuatt este mai marenlimea vocii
Cricoids krakdz Cartilaj crioid (1-2)The lowest bass malevoice
lst bes melvs
Cea mai joas vocebrbteasc de bas
The highest pitch asoprano can reach hast pt sprn kn rit Cea mai mare nlimepe cae o poate atinge osopran
The amount of airexhaled from the lungs
i mant v er eksheld frm lz
Cantitatea de aerexpirat din plmni
The amplitude ofvibration
i mpltjud v vabren
Amplitudinea vrbraiei
The intensity of thesound
i ntensti v sand
Intensitatea sunetului
The supraglottal cavitiesThe pharynx frks Faringele
Laryngeal tone ismodified in the cavities
lrndil tn zmdfad n
Tonul laringal estemodificat n caviti n
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for the production ofactual speech-sounds
kvtz f prdkn v ktul spitsandz
vederea peoduceriiadevratelor sunete alevorbirii
Resonators of thisbasic tone
reznetz v sbesk tn
Rezonatori ai acestuiton de baz
Oesophagus isfs esofagThe root of the tongue rut v t Rdcina limbiiThe soft palate sft plt Palatal moaleEpiglottis eplts EpiglotArabic rbk Limba arabThe degree ofcontraction of thepharynx muscles
dri v kntrknv frks mslz
Gradul de contracie amuchilor faringelui
Tenseness- a quality ofsome vowels
tensns kwlti vsm valz
Tensionare- calitate aunor vocale
A labial cavity lebl kvti O cavitate labialObtained by protrudingand rounding the lipsand thus bringingabout importantmodifications in thequality of sounds
btend ba prtrudnd rand lpsnd s br batmptnt mdfkenzn kwlti vsandz
Obinut prin uguireai rotunjirea buzelor,producndu-se astfelimportante modificri ncalitatea sunetelor
The nasal cavity nezl kvti Cavitatea nazalVelum vilm Velum (n lat.)
Vlul paletarIts terminal part theuvula
ts tmnl pt juvjl |
Partea lui terminalUvula (omuorul)
The air-stream isforced to escapethrough the mouth
i estrim z fst tu skep ru ma
Curentul de aer esteobligat s ias pringur
Oral sounds rl sandz Sunete oraleNasal sounds nezl sandz Sunete nazaleA complete closure atsome level within themouth cavity
kmplit klr tsm levl win ma kvti
O nchidere complet laun anumit nivel ninteriorul cavitii
bucaleWhen situated in anasal context
wen stetd n nezl kntekst
Cnd se situeaz ntr-un context nazal() n (mn)
Accumulation of mucus kjumjlen vmjuks
Acumulare de mucus
Nasal sounds arereleased orally
nezl sandz rlistrli
Sunete nazale suntemise oral
The mouth (oral) cavity ma rl kvti Cavitatea bucal (oral)The final quality of fanl kwlti v Calitatea final a
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speech sounds spit sandz sunetelor vorbiriiThe articulation iscomplete within themouth cavity
i :tkjulen z kmplit win makvti
Articularea se ncheie nintertiorul cavitaiibucale
Fixed organs:
-the teeth-the hard palate
fkst nz
ti hd plt
Organe fixe:
-dinii-palatul tare
They serve as points ofarticulation
e sv z pnts v:tkjulen
Servesc drept punctede articulare
Movable organs muvbl nz Organe mobilePoints of articulation:-the teeth-the palate
pnts v :tkjulen ti plt
Puncte de srticulare-dinii-palatul
The convex part of thepalate immediately
behind the teeth
knveks pt v plt midtli b
hand ti
Poriunea convex apalatului imediat n
spatele dinilorExtending furtherbehind the ridge
kstend f bhand rd
Care se ntinde ncontinuare n spatelecutei
The velum isterminated by theuvula
vilm ztmnetd ba juvjl
Vlul se termin prinuvul
Collocation klken Colocaie (O.K.)mbinare de cuvnt
The mother tongue m t Limba maternMobile mbal Mobil
Of utmost importance v tmst mptns De cea mai mareimportan
1. The apexa. The tipb. The blade
i epeks tp bled
|
Apex-ul lingualVrfulFolia
2. The dorsum
The middle
The centre
dorsm
mdl
sent
Dorsum-ul lingual
The back of the(opposing the uvula)tongue
bk v - pz juvjl -t
Partea posterioar alimbii
3. Radix (the root ofthe tongue)
rdix rut v t Radix (rdcina limbii)
The rims rmz MarginileOr the sides of thetongue
sadz v t Prile laterale alelimbii
Subdivisions of thetongue
sbdvnz v t Subdiviziuni ale limbii
Are referred to as: rfd tu z Sunt determinateApical pkl Apicale
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Front-lingual frnt lwl Antero-lingualeBack-lingual bk lwl Postero-lingualeAdding lip rounding tothem
d lp rand tm
Adugindu-le rotunjirelabial
The jaws dz Maxilarele
The lower jaw is mobile l d z mbal Maxilarul inferior estemobil
The upper jaw i p d Maxilarul superiorThe distance betweenthe tongue and thepalate
dstns btwin t nd plt
Diatana dintre limb ipalat
Vowel opening val pn Upertura vocalicArticulatoryclassification of speechsounds
tkjltri klsfken v spit sandz
Clasificareaarticulatorie a sunetelorvorbirii
Directly observable drektli bzvbl Direct observabileBy means of quitesimple devices
ba minz v kwatsmpldvasz
Cu ajutorul unorprocedee ct se poatede simple
Can be photographed kn bi ftrft Se poate fotografaLaryngoscope lrskp LaringoscopCan bex-rayed
kn bieks red
Se poate radiografia
x-rated eks reitid Considerat inacceptabiltiat x, cenzurat (film,etc.)
The exact and minutedescription of thespeech sounds inarticulatory terms
i zkt nd manjut dskrpn v spit sandz n tkjltri tmz
Descrierea exact iamnunit a sunetelorvorbirii n termeniarticulatori
On closer analysis n klsr nlss La o examinare maiatent
Articulatory criteria aremixed up with linguisticones
tkjltri kratrr mkst p w lwstk wnz
Criteriile articulatorii seamestec cu celelingvistice
Voiced consonants vst knsnnts Consoane sonore
An obstacle in theirproduction n bstkl n e prdkn Un obstacol nproducerea lorThere is a possibility ofby-passing the obstacle
z psblti vbaps i bstkl
Exist posibilitateaocolirii obstacolului
Some other freepassage to escape
sm fri psd tuskep
Vre-un alt pasaj liberpentru a iei
The lateral passage for(l)
ltrl psdfr /l/
Pasajul lateral pentru (l)
It has been suggestedto confine the use ofthe terms vowel andconsonant to
t hz bin sdestd tknfan jus v tmz val ndknsnnt t f
s-a propus ca folosireatermenilor (de) vocali consoan s serestrng la domeniul
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phonology nldi fonologiei2.2.1 Contoids
a. The source anddirection of theair-stream
ss nd drekn vi e strim
Sursa i direciacurentului de aer
Used only underspecial conditionse.g. whispered speech
juzd nli ndspel kndnzwspd spit
Folosite numai ncondiii specialee.g. vorbirea n oapt
Vocal cords in a stateof vibration
vkl kdz n stetvvabren
Coardele vocale nstare de vibraie
Without theparticipation of thevocal cords
wat p:tspen v vklkdz
Fr participareacoardelor vocale
b. Position of the soft palate (velum)Can be raised againstthe posterior wall ofthe pharynx
kn bi rezd enst pstr wl v frks
Se poate ridica (lipindu-se) de pereteleposterior al faringelui
And thus nd s i astfelShut off the nasalcavity leaving the oralcavity open
t f nezl kvtiliv i rl kvtipn
nchinzndu-se astfelcavitatea nazal ilsnd deschiscavitatea oral
It can be lowered so asto close the oral cavity
and direct the air-stream through thenasal cavity
t kn bi ld s zt klz i rl kvti
nd drekt i estrimru nezl kvti
Se poate cobor pemtrua nchide cavitatea
cavitatea oral, dirijndcurentul de aer princavitatea nazal
Oral sounds releasedthrough the oral cavity
rl sandz rlistru i rl kvti
Sunetele orale scoaseprin cavitatea oral
Nasal sounds releasedthrough the nasalcavity
nezl sandz rlistru nezl kvti
Sunete nazale scoaseprin cavitatea nazal
10 classes of consonants1. bilabial balebl Bilabiale
2. labio-dental lebudentl Labio-dentale3. apico-(inter)dental
piku nt dentl Apico-interdentale
4. apico-alveolar piku l'vil Apico-alveolare5. apico-
postalveolarpiku pust l'vil Apico-postalveolar
6. retroflex ritrufleks Retrofelx7. palatal-alveolar pltl l'vil Palato-alveolare8. palatal pltl Palatale9. dorso-velar dorsu vi:l Dorso-velare10. glottal ltl glotale
c. Manner of articulation
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Explosion kspln ExploziePlosives plsvz Oclusive (explosive)Affricates frkets AfricateObstruction bstrkn OcluziuneFricative frktv Fricative()
Intermittent closure ntmtnt kl Ocluziune intermitentRolled rld (r) rulat (latin)Intervocalic position ntvoklk pzn Poziie intervocalicWith a simple tap w smpl tp Cu o singur btaiePhonetician fntn FoneticianA frictionlesscontinuant
frknls kntnjnt
Sunet continuu non-fricativ
Obstacle bstkl ObstacolA vowel-like sound val lak sand Un sunet de tip vocalicPartial closure pl kl Ocluziune parial
To escape laterally tu skep ltrli S se elibereze lateralA lateral sound ltrl sand Un sunet laterald. From the
articulatory pointof view
frm i tkjltripnt v vju
Din punct de vederearticulatoriu
The speech tract spit trkt Tubul fonatorOn functional grounds n fknl randz Din considerente
funcionaleThe marginal positionin the syllable
mdnl pzn n slbl
Poziia marginal nsilab
Lack of syllabicfunction lk v slbk fkn Lipsa funciei silabicee. Force of articulation
Fortis fts FortisTheir opposites er pzts Opusele lorLenis leinisVoiceless vsls surdeVoiced stops andfricatives
vst stps ndfrktvz
Occlusive i fricativesonore
Criteria kratr CriteriiThe horizontal axis hrzntl kss Axa orizontal
The vertical axis vtkl kss Axa verticalAxis kss AxAxes ks:z AxeA detailed description diteld dskrpn O descriere detaliat
2.2.2. VocoidsVariables verblz Variabile (trsturi
articulat)The tongue is raisedagainst the palate
t z rezd enst plt
Limba se ridic(ctre/spre) palat
Degrees of raising driz v rez Grade de elevare
Intermediary degree ntmidri dri Grade intermediareMuscular tension mskjl tenn Tensiune muscular
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Lips may be eitherspread or rounded
lps me b a spred randd
Buzele pot s fie ntinse(lateral) sau rotunjite
The muscles of thetongue and of the wallsof the mouth (i.e. of
the pharynx)
mslz v t ndv wlz v mav frks
Muchii limbii i aipereilor gurii (i.e. cei aifaringelui) (v.p.32)
In English n l n englezLong vowels are tense l valz tens Vocalele lungi
(ncordate) sunttensionate
Short vowels are lax t valz lks Vocalele scurte suntlaxe (destinse)
Duration is alwaysassociated withmuscular tension
djren z lwez sietd wmskjl tenn
Durata se asociazntotdeauna cutensiunea muscular
Constancy inarticulation knstnsi n :tkjulen Constana n articulareDuring the entireduration of itsproduction
djr i nta djren v ts prdkn
Pe ntreaga durat aproducerii sale
Monophthongs orsimple vowels
mnfz smplvalz
Monoftongi sau vocalesimple
Diphthongs or glides dfz ladz Diftongi sau glissadevocalice
The cardinal vowels kdnl valz Vocalele cardinalEmission mn Emisie/emisiune
No direct contactbetween a certainarticulator and acertain point ofarticulation
n drekt kntkt btwin stna:tikjuleit nd stnpnt v :tkjulen
Nici un contact directntre un anumit organmobil de articulare iun anumit loc dearticulare
In satisfactory terms n stsfktri tmz n termini satisfctoriIn assessing the actualqualities of vowels
n ses i ktulkwltz v valz
n aprecierea calitilorreale ale vocalelor
Auditory impressions dtri mprenz Impresii auditiveArticulatory facts tkjltri fkts Date articulatorii
A description model dskrpn mdl Un model de descriereA system of reference sstm v refrns Un system de referinThe cardinal vowelscale
kdnl val skel Scara gradat avocalelor cardinale
Can be ascertainedwith a greater amountof precision
kn bi stend w retr mant vprsn
Se pot constata cu omai mare doz deprecizie
Relative position of thetongue against thepalate
reltv pzn v t enst plt
Poziia aproximativ alimbii fa de palat
The exact part of thetongue
i zkt pt v t
Partea exact a limbiicare se ridic
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Two opposite qualities tu pzt kwltz Dou caliti opuseHighest and front hast nd frnt Extrem nalt,
anterioarLowest and back lst nd bk Extrem cobort,
posterioar
Friction would be heard frkn wd bi hd S-ar auzi friciuneThe front part of thetongue occupies thehighest position
frnt pt v tkjpaz hast pzn
Partea anterioar alimbii (pre-dorsal)ocup poziia cea mainalt (apex cobort)
A slight raising of itsback
slat rez v tsbk
O uoar ridicare aprii ei posterioare(post-dorsal) (radixcobort) (v. Rosettip.39)
Starting points forsetting up othercardinal vowels
stt pnts f setp kdnl valz Puncte de pornirepentru fixarea alltorvocale cardinale
The front part islowered gradually with3 intervening halts atequal distance
frnt pt s ldrdli w rintvin hlts tikwl dstns
Partea anterioar secoboar trepata cu 3opriri succesive ladistane egale
We can produce inreverse order
wi kn prdjus n rvs d
Putem proceda n sensinvers
3 equidistant points ri ikwdstnt pnts 3 puncte echidistante(aflate la distane
egale)The raising of thetongue will beaccompanied by agradual rounding of thelips
rez v t wlbi kmpnid ba rdl rand v lps
Ridicarea limbii ( adorsum-ului) va finsoit de o treptatrotunjire a buzelor
A second series byapplying lip-roundingto the front series
seknd sriz ba pla t frntsriz
O a doua serie aplicndrotunjire labialvocalelor din seriaanterioar
If the lip-rounding istaken away f lp rand ztekn we Dac se suprimrotunjirea labialAn invariant value n nverint vlju O valoare invariantSlightly lower slatli l Uor mai cobortConsiderably lower knsdrbli l Mult mai cobortMore retracted m rtrktd Mai retras
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