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GLOSSARY 2

A species-specifichuman activity

spiiz spsfkhjumn ktvti

O activitate umanspecific omului caspecie

Speech organs spit nz Organele vorbiriiBiological function baldkl fkn Funcie biologicBreathing bri RespiraiaTwo organ systems tu n sstmz Dou sisteme organiceThe upper part of thefood tract

i p pt v fudtrkt

Partea superioar atubului digestiv

The respiratory system rsprtri sstm Sistemul respiratorA closeinterdependence

klz ntdpendns O strnsinterdependen

Respiration respren RespiraieSpeech production spit prdkn Producerea vorbiriiA supplementaryactivity to respiration

splmentri ktvti t respren

O activitatesuplimentar (+D)respiraiei

The respirationapparatus

respren prets

Aparatul respirator

Maintains that mentenz t Susine cNourishment nrmnt NutriieFar more agile than it

needs to be for thepurpose of eating

f mr dal n t

nidz t bi f ppsv it

Mult mai agil dect

necesar n scopulalimentriiThe speech mechanism

In their totality n e ttlti n totalitatea lorAre referred to as... rfd tu z Sunt denumite...The speech tract spit trkt Tubul fonatorThe speech mechanism spit meknzm Mecanismul vorbiriiThe art of phonation i t v fnen Actul fonaiuniiThe production ofspeech sounds

prdkn v spitsandz

Producerea sunetelorvorbirii

The thorax rks Toracele

The lungs lz PlmniiIs initiated z netd Este iniiat ncepeThe air-stream i estrim Curentul de aerThe source of sounds ss v sandz Sursa sunetelorThe larynx lrks LaringeleThe sound is generatedthrough the vibrationof the vocal cords

sand zdenretd ru vabren v vklkdz

Sunetul se genereazprin vibraia coardelorvocale

The supraglottal

cavities

supr ltl

kvtz

Cavitile supraglotice

Glottis lts Glota

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Act as resonators kt z reznetz Funcioneaz carezonatori

Through theirdisposition

ru e dspzn Prin dispunerea lor

Make possible the

diversity thefundamental tone ofvoice

mek psbl da

vsti fndmentltn v vs

Fac posibil

diversificarea tonuluifundamental al vocii

The thoraxThe air current i e krnt Curentul de aerSpeaking may beregarded as a by-product of respiration

spik me bi rddz baprdkt vrespren

Vorbirea poate ficonsiderat un produssecundar al respiraiei

Respiratory apparatus rsprtri prets Aparatul respiratorIs active in the

production of speech

z ktv n pr

dkn v spit

Particip la producerea

vorbiriiThe breathingmovement

bri muvmnt Micrile respiratorii

Expiration inspiration ekspren nspren ExpiraieInspiraie

The two layers ofintercostal muscles

tu lez v ntkstl mslz

Cele dou straturi demuchi intercostali

Elastic tissue lstk tu esut elasticThe ribs the diaphragm rbz dafrm Coaste

The chest cavity test kvti DiafragmThe volume increasesor decreases

vljum nkrisz dkrisz

Volumul crete sauscade

Which brings about theinflammation ordeflation of the lungs

wt brz bat inflmen dflenv lz

Ceea ce produceumflarea saudezumflarea plmnilor

The rate of respirationranges normally

ret v resprenrendz nmli

Frecvena respiraieivariaz n mod normal

10 to 20 cycles perminute

ten t twenti saklzp'minit

10-20 cicli pe minut

The ratio between

inspiration andexpiration is 1 to 1.1

re btwin

nspren nd ekspren z wn t wnwn

Raportul dintre

inspiraie i expiratieeste de 1:1,1

The expiration stagemay be considerablyprolonged dependingon the length ofutterance

i ekspren stedme bi knsdrbliprlddpend n le vtrns

Faza expiraiei se poateprelungi considerabil nfuncie de lungimeaenunurilor

We are physiologicallyconditioned by thelimitations of our lungs

wi physioloicalleikndnd ba lmtenz v a lz

Suntem condiionaifiziologic de limiteleplmnilor notri

The lungs need refillingafter short intervals

lz nid riflft t ntvlz

Plmnii trebuie s sereumple la scurte

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intervaleThe speech chain spit ten Lanul vorbiriiIntegrated stretches ofspeech

ntretd stretz vspit

Segmente constitutiveale vorbirii

Breath groups bre rups Grupuri de suflu

The breaks in speechdo not fall at regularintervals of time

breks n spit dnt fl t rejlrntvlz v tam

Pauzele n vorbire nu seproduc la intervalleregulate de timp

With each new intakeof air

w it nju ntek ve

Odat cu fiecare noupriz de aer

They are notconditioned by outsidefactors

e nt kndnd baatsad fktz

Ele nu suntcondiionate de factoriexterni

They coincide withsyntactic cuts in

speech as well

e knsad w sntktk kts n spit z

wel

Ele coincide i cuseciunile sintactice n

vorbirePhonetic phenomenon fnetk fnmnn Fenomen foneticThe abdominal andintercostal muscles

i bdmnl nd ntkstl mslz

Muchii abdominali iintercostali

Dynamic stress danmk stres Accentual dinamicThe larynx

Originated in the lungs rdnetd n lz Nscut, aprut nCare pornete dinplmni

Trachea trki TraheeWind pipe cartilage wnd pap ktld beregheatMuscle enclosing msl nklz CartilajThe cricoids cartilage krakdz k tld inveli muscularThe thyroid cartilage ard ktld Cartilaj tiroidAdam's apple dmz pl Mrul lui AdamTwo lip-like folds ofligament and tissue

tu lp lak fldz vlmnt nd tu

Dou cute n form debuze din esutligamentos

The vocal cords vkl kdz Coardele vocaleThe opening betweenthem is called the

glottis

i pn btwinm z kld lts

Deschiderea dintre elese numete glot

A sort of value barringthe entry of any foreignbodies into the trachea

| st v vlju bri entri v eni frnbdz nt trki

Un fel de valv carempiedic intrareaeventualelor corpuristrine n trahee

Various breathing orspeaking functions

vers bri spik fknz

Diferite funciirespiratorii sau vocale

Normal breath nml bre Respiraia normalThe free passage of theair-stream through the

glottis is accompaniedby audible friction

fri psd v iestrim ru lts

z kmpnid badbl frkn

Trecerea liber pringlot a curentuluu de

aer este nsoit de ofriciune audibil

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A sort of (h) sound st v /h/ sand Un sunet ca un fel de(h) (dasia) (fluxlaringal)

If the breathing isdirected in and out

through the mouthinstead of the nose

f bri z drektdn nd at ru

ma nsted v nz

Dac aerul este dirijatla intrare i la ieire

prin gur i un pe nas

Heavy breathing hevi bri Respiraia adncWhispered speech wspd spit Vorbea n oaptThe vocal cords arebrought looselytogether along themedian line

vkl kdz brtlusli ter l midn lan

Coardele vocale secupleaz lejer pe liniamedian

Only part of the glottis nli pt v lts Numai o parte a glotei

The act of phonation i kt v fnen Actul fonaiuniiVoicing vs Producie vocalicThe air is forcedthrough the glottis bylung pressure

i e z fst ru lts ba l pre

Aerul este expulzat pringlot de presiuneapulmonar

2 theories about vocalcord vibration

tu rz bat vklkd vabren

2 teorii cu privire lavibraia coardelorvocale

the tonic theory tnk ri Teoria tonicVibration is caused by

the air-stream

vabren z kzd ba i

estrim

Vibraia este produs

de curentul de aerThe laryngeal recurrentnerve

lrndil rkrntnv

Nervul laringalrecurrent (care revinela locul de origine)

Which transmitsnervous fluxes fromthe brain

wt trnzmts nvsflksz frm bren

Care transmite fluxurinervoase da la creier

The vocal cords mayalso be kept tightlyclosed

vkl kdz mels bi kept tatliklzd

Coardele vocale se maipot ine nchise strns

By compressing the airbehind this closure aglottal stop is produced

ba kmpres i e bhand s klr ltl stp s prdjust

Presnd aerul dinspatele acesteiocluziuni se produce ooclusiv glotal

Transcribed as (P) trnskrabd z /p/ Transcris ca (P)Controversial problems kntrvl prblmz Problem controversateA few things howeverhave been provesexperimentally

fju z haev hvbin pruvz kspermentli

Totui cteva lucruri aufost demonstrateexperimental

The vocal cords arethicker for a low

register voice andthinner for a high

vkl kdz kfr l redst vs

nd n fr haredst wn

Coardele vocale suntmai groase n cazul

vocii n registru jos imai subiri n cazul

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register one vocii n registru naltIt is possible to controlthe vocal cords in sucha way that only part ofthem is allowed to

vibrate

t s psbl t kntrl vkl kdz n st we t nli pt vm z lad t va

bret

Eeste posibil s secontroleze coardelevocale estfel nct s sepermit numai vibraia

unei pri a lorOr to regulate the rateof vibration

t rejlet retvvabren

Ori s se reglezefrecvena vibraiilor

Practical tests for thevibration of the vocalcords

prktkl tests f vabren v vklkdz

Experiene practicepentru vibraiacoardelor vocale

Stop the ears with yourhands

stp i z w jhndz

Acoperii-v urechile cuplamele

A loud buzzing sound

will be heard

lad bz sand wl

bi hd

Se va auzi un zumzet

puternicPress your fingersagainst the Adam'sapple

pres j fz ensti dmz pl

Apsai-v degetele(mare i arttor) pemrul lui Adam

Physiologicalcharacteristics whichdiffer from oneindividual to anotheraccording to age, sex,etc.

fzldkl krktrstks wt df frmwnndvdl tu nrkd tu ed seksetsetr

Particulariti fiziologicecare difer de la unindivid la altul n funciede vrst, sex, etc.

Cycles i.e. successive

opening and closuresof the glottis ( in onesecond)

saklz sksesv

pn nd klzv lts n wnseknd

Cicli-indic deschideri i

nchideri succesive aleglotei (pe secund)

The more rapid therate of vibration thehigher the pitch of thevoice

m rpd retvvabren ha pt v vs

Cu ct este mai marefrecvena vibraiilor cuatt este mai marenlimea vocii

Cricoids krakdz Cartilaj crioid (1-2)The lowest bass malevoice

lst bes melvs

Cea mai joas vocebrbteasc de bas

The highest pitch asoprano can reach hast pt sprn kn rit Cea mai mare nlimepe cae o poate atinge osopran

The amount of airexhaled from the lungs

i mant v er eksheld frm lz

Cantitatea de aerexpirat din plmni

The amplitude ofvibration

i mpltjud v vabren

Amplitudinea vrbraiei

The intensity of thesound

i ntensti v sand

Intensitatea sunetului

The supraglottal cavitiesThe pharynx frks Faringele

Laryngeal tone ismodified in the cavities

lrndil tn zmdfad n

Tonul laringal estemodificat n caviti n

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for the production ofactual speech-sounds

kvtz f prdkn v ktul spitsandz

vederea peoduceriiadevratelor sunete alevorbirii

Resonators of thisbasic tone

reznetz v sbesk tn

Rezonatori ai acestuiton de baz

Oesophagus isfs esofagThe root of the tongue rut v t Rdcina limbiiThe soft palate sft plt Palatal moaleEpiglottis eplts EpiglotArabic rbk Limba arabThe degree ofcontraction of thepharynx muscles

dri v kntrknv frks mslz

Gradul de contracie amuchilor faringelui

Tenseness- a quality ofsome vowels

tensns kwlti vsm valz

Tensionare- calitate aunor vocale

A labial cavity lebl kvti O cavitate labialObtained by protrudingand rounding the lipsand thus bringingabout importantmodifications in thequality of sounds

btend ba prtrudnd rand lpsnd s br batmptnt mdfkenzn kwlti vsandz

Obinut prin uguireai rotunjirea buzelor,producndu-se astfelimportante modificri ncalitatea sunetelor

The nasal cavity nezl kvti Cavitatea nazalVelum vilm Velum (n lat.)

Vlul paletarIts terminal part theuvula

ts tmnl pt juvjl |

Partea lui terminalUvula (omuorul)

The air-stream isforced to escapethrough the mouth

i estrim z fst tu skep ru ma

Curentul de aer esteobligat s ias pringur

Oral sounds rl sandz Sunete oraleNasal sounds nezl sandz Sunete nazaleA complete closure atsome level within themouth cavity

kmplit klr tsm levl win ma kvti

O nchidere complet laun anumit nivel ninteriorul cavitii

bucaleWhen situated in anasal context

wen stetd n nezl kntekst

Cnd se situeaz ntr-un context nazal() n (mn)

Accumulation of mucus kjumjlen vmjuks

Acumulare de mucus

Nasal sounds arereleased orally

nezl sandz rlistrli

Sunete nazale suntemise oral

The mouth (oral) cavity ma rl kvti Cavitatea bucal (oral)The final quality of fanl kwlti v Calitatea final a

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speech sounds spit sandz sunetelor vorbiriiThe articulation iscomplete within themouth cavity

i :tkjulen z kmplit win makvti

Articularea se ncheie nintertiorul cavitaiibucale

Fixed organs:

-the teeth-the hard palate

fkst nz

ti hd plt

Organe fixe:

-dinii-palatul tare

They serve as points ofarticulation

e sv z pnts v:tkjulen

Servesc drept punctede articulare

Movable organs muvbl nz Organe mobilePoints of articulation:-the teeth-the palate

pnts v :tkjulen ti plt

Puncte de srticulare-dinii-palatul

The convex part of thepalate immediately

behind the teeth

knveks pt v plt midtli b

hand ti

Poriunea convex apalatului imediat n

spatele dinilorExtending furtherbehind the ridge

kstend f bhand rd

Care se ntinde ncontinuare n spatelecutei

The velum isterminated by theuvula

vilm ztmnetd ba juvjl

Vlul se termin prinuvul

Collocation klken Colocaie (O.K.)mbinare de cuvnt

The mother tongue m t Limba maternMobile mbal Mobil

Of utmost importance v tmst mptns De cea mai mareimportan

1. The apexa. The tipb. The blade

i epeks tp bled

|

Apex-ul lingualVrfulFolia

2. The dorsum

The middle

The centre

dorsm

mdl

sent

Dorsum-ul lingual

The back of the(opposing the uvula)tongue

bk v - pz juvjl -t

Partea posterioar alimbii

3. Radix (the root ofthe tongue)

rdix rut v t Radix (rdcina limbii)

The rims rmz MarginileOr the sides of thetongue

sadz v t Prile laterale alelimbii

Subdivisions of thetongue

sbdvnz v t Subdiviziuni ale limbii

Are referred to as: rfd tu z Sunt determinateApical pkl Apicale

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Front-lingual frnt lwl Antero-lingualeBack-lingual bk lwl Postero-lingualeAdding lip rounding tothem

d lp rand tm

Adugindu-le rotunjirelabial

The jaws dz Maxilarele

The lower jaw is mobile l d z mbal Maxilarul inferior estemobil

The upper jaw i p d Maxilarul superiorThe distance betweenthe tongue and thepalate

dstns btwin t nd plt

Diatana dintre limb ipalat

Vowel opening val pn Upertura vocalicArticulatoryclassification of speechsounds

tkjltri klsfken v spit sandz

Clasificareaarticulatorie a sunetelorvorbirii

Directly observable drektli bzvbl Direct observabileBy means of quitesimple devices

ba minz v kwatsmpldvasz

Cu ajutorul unorprocedee ct se poatede simple

Can be photographed kn bi ftrft Se poate fotografaLaryngoscope lrskp LaringoscopCan bex-rayed

kn bieks red

Se poate radiografia

x-rated eks reitid Considerat inacceptabiltiat x, cenzurat (film,etc.)

The exact and minutedescription of thespeech sounds inarticulatory terms

i zkt nd manjut dskrpn v spit sandz n tkjltri tmz

Descrierea exact iamnunit a sunetelorvorbirii n termeniarticulatori

On closer analysis n klsr nlss La o examinare maiatent

Articulatory criteria aremixed up with linguisticones

tkjltri kratrr mkst p w lwstk wnz

Criteriile articulatorii seamestec cu celelingvistice

Voiced consonants vst knsnnts Consoane sonore

An obstacle in theirproduction n bstkl n e prdkn Un obstacol nproducerea lorThere is a possibility ofby-passing the obstacle

z psblti vbaps i bstkl

Exist posibilitateaocolirii obstacolului

Some other freepassage to escape

sm fri psd tuskep

Vre-un alt pasaj liberpentru a iei

The lateral passage for(l)

ltrl psdfr /l/

Pasajul lateral pentru (l)

It has been suggestedto confine the use ofthe terms vowel andconsonant to

t hz bin sdestd tknfan jus v tmz val ndknsnnt t f

s-a propus ca folosireatermenilor (de) vocali consoan s serestrng la domeniul

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phonology nldi fonologiei2.2.1 Contoids

a. The source anddirection of theair-stream

ss nd drekn vi e strim

Sursa i direciacurentului de aer

Used only underspecial conditionse.g. whispered speech

juzd nli ndspel kndnzwspd spit

Folosite numai ncondiii specialee.g. vorbirea n oapt

Vocal cords in a stateof vibration

vkl kdz n stetvvabren

Coardele vocale nstare de vibraie

Without theparticipation of thevocal cords

wat p:tspen v vklkdz

Fr participareacoardelor vocale

b. Position of the soft palate (velum)Can be raised againstthe posterior wall ofthe pharynx

kn bi rezd enst pstr wl v frks

Se poate ridica (lipindu-se) de pereteleposterior al faringelui

And thus nd s i astfelShut off the nasalcavity leaving the oralcavity open

t f nezl kvtiliv i rl kvtipn

nchinzndu-se astfelcavitatea nazal ilsnd deschiscavitatea oral

It can be lowered so asto close the oral cavity

and direct the air-stream through thenasal cavity

t kn bi ld s zt klz i rl kvti

nd drekt i estrimru nezl kvti

Se poate cobor pemtrua nchide cavitatea

cavitatea oral, dirijndcurentul de aer princavitatea nazal

Oral sounds releasedthrough the oral cavity

rl sandz rlistru i rl kvti

Sunetele orale scoaseprin cavitatea oral

Nasal sounds releasedthrough the nasalcavity

nezl sandz rlistru nezl kvti

Sunete nazale scoaseprin cavitatea nazal

10 classes of consonants1. bilabial balebl Bilabiale

2. labio-dental lebudentl Labio-dentale3. apico-(inter)dental

piku nt dentl Apico-interdentale

4. apico-alveolar piku l'vil Apico-alveolare5. apico-

postalveolarpiku pust l'vil Apico-postalveolar

6. retroflex ritrufleks Retrofelx7. palatal-alveolar pltl l'vil Palato-alveolare8. palatal pltl Palatale9. dorso-velar dorsu vi:l Dorso-velare10. glottal ltl glotale

c. Manner of articulation

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Explosion kspln ExploziePlosives plsvz Oclusive (explosive)Affricates frkets AfricateObstruction bstrkn OcluziuneFricative frktv Fricative()

Intermittent closure ntmtnt kl Ocluziune intermitentRolled rld (r) rulat (latin)Intervocalic position ntvoklk pzn Poziie intervocalicWith a simple tap w smpl tp Cu o singur btaiePhonetician fntn FoneticianA frictionlesscontinuant

frknls kntnjnt

Sunet continuu non-fricativ

Obstacle bstkl ObstacolA vowel-like sound val lak sand Un sunet de tip vocalicPartial closure pl kl Ocluziune parial

To escape laterally tu skep ltrli S se elibereze lateralA lateral sound ltrl sand Un sunet laterald. From the

articulatory pointof view

frm i tkjltripnt v vju

Din punct de vederearticulatoriu

The speech tract spit trkt Tubul fonatorOn functional grounds n fknl randz Din considerente

funcionaleThe marginal positionin the syllable

mdnl pzn n slbl

Poziia marginal nsilab

Lack of syllabicfunction lk v slbk fkn Lipsa funciei silabicee. Force of articulation

Fortis fts FortisTheir opposites er pzts Opusele lorLenis leinisVoiceless vsls surdeVoiced stops andfricatives

vst stps ndfrktvz

Occlusive i fricativesonore

Criteria kratr CriteriiThe horizontal axis hrzntl kss Axa orizontal

The vertical axis vtkl kss Axa verticalAxis kss AxAxes ks:z AxeA detailed description diteld dskrpn O descriere detaliat

2.2.2. VocoidsVariables verblz Variabile (trsturi

articulat)The tongue is raisedagainst the palate

t z rezd enst plt

Limba se ridic(ctre/spre) palat

Degrees of raising driz v rez Grade de elevare

Intermediary degree ntmidri dri Grade intermediareMuscular tension mskjl tenn Tensiune muscular

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Lips may be eitherspread or rounded

lps me b a spred randd

Buzele pot s fie ntinse(lateral) sau rotunjite

The muscles of thetongue and of the wallsof the mouth (i.e. of

the pharynx)

mslz v t ndv wlz v mav frks

Muchii limbii i aipereilor gurii (i.e. cei aifaringelui) (v.p.32)

In English n l n englezLong vowels are tense l valz tens Vocalele lungi

(ncordate) sunttensionate

Short vowels are lax t valz lks Vocalele scurte suntlaxe (destinse)

Duration is alwaysassociated withmuscular tension

djren z lwez sietd wmskjl tenn

Durata se asociazntotdeauna cutensiunea muscular

Constancy inarticulation knstnsi n :tkjulen Constana n articulareDuring the entireduration of itsproduction

djr i nta djren v ts prdkn

Pe ntreaga durat aproducerii sale

Monophthongs orsimple vowels

mnfz smplvalz

Monoftongi sau vocalesimple

Diphthongs or glides dfz ladz Diftongi sau glissadevocalice

The cardinal vowels kdnl valz Vocalele cardinalEmission mn Emisie/emisiune

No direct contactbetween a certainarticulator and acertain point ofarticulation

n drekt kntkt btwin stna:tikjuleit nd stnpnt v :tkjulen

Nici un contact directntre un anumit organmobil de articulare iun anumit loc dearticulare

In satisfactory terms n stsfktri tmz n termini satisfctoriIn assessing the actualqualities of vowels

n ses i ktulkwltz v valz

n aprecierea calitilorreale ale vocalelor

Auditory impressions dtri mprenz Impresii auditiveArticulatory facts tkjltri fkts Date articulatorii

A description model dskrpn mdl Un model de descriereA system of reference sstm v refrns Un system de referinThe cardinal vowelscale

kdnl val skel Scara gradat avocalelor cardinale

Can be ascertainedwith a greater amountof precision

kn bi stend w retr mant vprsn

Se pot constata cu omai mare doz deprecizie

Relative position of thetongue against thepalate

reltv pzn v t enst plt

Poziia aproximativ alimbii fa de palat

The exact part of thetongue

i zkt pt v t

Partea exact a limbiicare se ridic

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Two opposite qualities tu pzt kwltz Dou caliti opuseHighest and front hast nd frnt Extrem nalt,

anterioarLowest and back lst nd bk Extrem cobort,

posterioar

Friction would be heard frkn wd bi hd S-ar auzi friciuneThe front part of thetongue occupies thehighest position

frnt pt v tkjpaz hast pzn

Partea anterioar alimbii (pre-dorsal)ocup poziia cea mainalt (apex cobort)

A slight raising of itsback

slat rez v tsbk

O uoar ridicare aprii ei posterioare(post-dorsal) (radixcobort) (v. Rosettip.39)

Starting points forsetting up othercardinal vowels

stt pnts f setp kdnl valz Puncte de pornirepentru fixarea alltorvocale cardinale

The front part islowered gradually with3 intervening halts atequal distance

frnt pt s ldrdli w rintvin hlts tikwl dstns

Partea anterioar secoboar trepata cu 3opriri succesive ladistane egale

We can produce inreverse order

wi kn prdjus n rvs d

Putem proceda n sensinvers

3 equidistant points ri ikwdstnt pnts 3 puncte echidistante(aflate la distane

egale)The raising of thetongue will beaccompanied by agradual rounding of thelips

rez v t wlbi kmpnid ba rdl rand v lps

Ridicarea limbii ( adorsum-ului) va finsoit de o treptatrotunjire a buzelor

A second series byapplying lip-roundingto the front series

seknd sriz ba pla t frntsriz

O a doua serie aplicndrotunjire labialvocalelor din seriaanterioar

If the lip-rounding istaken away f lp rand ztekn we Dac se suprimrotunjirea labialAn invariant value n nverint vlju O valoare invariantSlightly lower slatli l Uor mai cobortConsiderably lower knsdrbli l Mult mai cobortMore retracted m rtrktd Mai retras

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