Post on 08-Apr-2018
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Gillard and China
China and the USA, two big and powerful friends, with some potentially divisive
differences. Australia has never faced a foreign policy dilemma like it.
Paradoxically, picking up the cudgels, is a Prime Minister in Julia Gillard with nobackground, and little prior interest, in international relations.
As a small nation, Australia has always pursued the obvious strategy of seeking
the protection of a world superpower. For our entire history that strategy has
focused on an English-speaking nation with which we shared cultural values, as
well as economic and national security interests. When the UK could no longer
deliver the required protection, we looked to the USA.
Australia drove the ANZUS treaty negotiations after the Second World War to
lock in this protection and ensure that America did not forget about our region as
it dealt with post-war reconstruction in Europe and the threat from the Soviet
Union.
We wanted something like the NATO alliance, we got something less, more
ambiguous. But it has been enough. Gillards gushing enthusiasm for the US and
our alliance on her recent trip to Washington is a continuation of our efforts to
secure US protection and its continued involvement in our region. Those efforts
included our participation in the Korean and Vietnamese Wars, and Howards
invocation of the ANZUS treaty in the wake of September 11.
Since federation, Australia had worried, with much justification, about the rise of
Japan. But since the second World War, Japan has been just as closely aligned
with the US as Australia. Japans industrialization provided an economic boom
for us, especially through iron ore and coal, without disturbing our national
security arrangements with America. Ditto South Korea.
China is different. We see Chinas rise as an economic opportunity and an
exemplar of a third world country achieving prosperity by adopting our own
beloved market principles.
Chinas rise changed Australias economic destiny. Chinas need for raw
materials and her cheap manufactured goods have dramatically changed our
terms of trade in our favour in recent decades. It gave us the longest economic
boom in our history, and it softened our path through the recent global financial
crisis. Without the greed is good policies of the Chinese communist party, we
would be stuffed.
China sees its rise as a return to its rightful position in the world, after several
centuries of humiliation by Europeans. It is never going to be happy with the sort
of US domination that Japan and South Korea have learned to live with, in
exchange for their security and prosperity.
The 2009 Defence White Paper, endorsed by the Rudd Government, is premised
on the notion that Chinas rise will ultimately destabilize the US dependent
security arrangements that have been a feature of our region since World War
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Two. If that happened, Australia would be vulnerable. Its unpleasant, and it may
never come to that, but history supports the White Paper analysis.
Chinas military expenditure has increased rapidly in recent years. Given that it is
in the middle of a dangerous part of the world, with borders with several
nuclear-armed states, this is perhaps hardly surprising. But historically, rapid
build-ups tend to be followed by conflict.
There is plenty of opportunity for conflict. China has millennia long, often
unfriendly, relations with most of our region from the Korean peninsula, to
Japan, to Indo-China and beyond. China also has ambitions about Taiwan, which
it sees as an alienated province, and it has been extending its influence close to
us in the South Pacific through much needed financial support.
Australia needs Chinas economic growth, but the national security issues that go
with it are increasingly of concern. Partly the problem is that we just dont know
China in the way we know Britain and the US, those countries are an open book
to us. China remains opaque, her intentions and inclinations are difficult for us to
read.
China does not believe its journey of national recovery is anywhere near
complete. The communist party survives through staggering rates of economic
growth, and the jobs it creates, gradual improvements in freedoms and
opportunities to participate, and, of course, fierce political repression when the
regime perceives a serious threat to its stability.
Most Westerners find this repression disturbing. But China argues that is unfair
to compare modern day China with the contemporary West. A better
comparison, they argue, is with the UK and the USA during their
industrialization. It took well over a century of industrialization in those
countries before there were universal suffrage and trade union rights. InAustralia in the 1890s, and later, state violence was used against peaceful
strikers and demonstrators.
Under the recent spectre of terrorism, Western countries have shown a
considerable willingness to withdraw or modify our cherished human rights.
Think Haneef. Think asylum seekers. And anyone familiar with the treatment of
indigenous peoples in this country is unlikely to get too dewy eyed about the
Wests commitment to human rights. Still, Chinas record on human rights is
terrible and the West is right to seek improvements.
Ultimately, the human rights agenda is a sideshow. Gillard is no more likely than
Howard to risk economic growth for a softer Chinese approach to its dissidents.
Its not about principle, its about Australian domestic politics. Australians want
our longest boom to keep on going. Sure, we worry about abuses, but not that
much. Well pursue the human rights agenda right up to the point where it
seriously antagonizes the Chinese, and not an inch further.
Meanwhile, we will try to create a strategic architecture in our region that
continues to be US-centred, while slowly giving the Chinese a greater role in
maintaining stability. Whether two super powers can co-exist in Asia is a
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question for the future. One day we may have to choose sides in a dispute,
perhaps over Taiwan. But not yet. Gillards challenge is to make sure we dont get
crushed by the dancing elephants. If she proves to be a safe pair of hands she will
have done her job. She conveyed our continuing enthusiasm for the US in
Washington, in Beijing shell do the obligatory human rights thing, but the
overall message will once again be about letting the good times rol l for China and
Australia.