Post on 29-Dec-2015
Getting to know the 1800-1848 time period
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion• The Missouri Compromise• The Louisiana Purchase• The Seneca Falls Convention• The Liberator (1st edition)• The Monroe Doctrine• The Embargo Act• The Indian Removal Act
• Marbury v. Madison• McCulloch v. Maryland• Henry Clay’s American System• The Hartford Convention• The Nullification Crisis• The Battle of Tippecanoe• American Colonization Society
formed
Getting to know the 1800-1848 time period
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)• The Missouri Compromise (1820)• The Louisiana Purchase (1803)• The Seneca Falls Convention
(1848)• The Liberator (1st edition) (1831)• The Monroe Doctrine (1823)• The Embargo Act (1807)• The Indian Removal Act (1830)
• Marbury v. Madison (1803)• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)• Henry Clay’s American System
(1816)• The Hartford Convention (1814)• The Nullification Crisis (1831)• The Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)• American Colonization Society
formed (1817)
Getting to know the 1800-1848 time period
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)• The Missouri Compromise (1820)• The Louisiana Purchase (1803)• The Seneca Falls Convention
(1848)• The Liberator (1st edition) (1831)• The Monroe Doctrine (1823)• The Embargo Act (1807)• The Indian Removal Act (1830)
• Marbury v. Madison• McCulloch v. Maryland• Henry Clay’s American System• The Hartford Convention• The Nullification Crisis• The Battle of Tippecanoe• American Colonization Society
formed
•1800• The Election of Thomas Jefferson and the beginning of our
first transfer of power from one political party to another (From the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans)
•1848• The Seneca Falls Convention highlighting the early 19th
century women’s rights movement• The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ending the Mexican-
American War
1800-1848
Major Trends of the First Half of the 19th Century
• Transportation Revolution• Roads – 1790’s, early 1800’s• Steamboat - 1807• Canals (1820’s and 1830’s)• Railroads (1830’s and 1840’s)
• Emergence of the National Market Economy
• Promoted by government policies (internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a national bank) as well as entrepreneurship (invention of steam engine/steamboat, Lowell System)
Major Trends of the First Half of the 19th Century
• Industrial Revolution• Early Textile Mills in New England (in rural
areas, fueled by rapid water, Lowell System)
• Southern cotton becoming the raw material of industrialization - textiles
• Social Reform Movements (triggered by the Second Great Awakening)
• Women’s Rights• Prison Reform• Care for the Mentally Ill• Public School Education (The Great
Equalizer!)• Abolitionism
Major Trends of the First Half of the 19th Century
• Growing Sectionalism• Missouri Compromise (1820)• Nullification Crisis (1828-1831)• Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)• Growing Abolitionist Movement (The
Liberator)• Mexican War (1846-1848)• Compromise of 1850
Major Trends of the First Half of the 19th Century• Westward Expansion
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)• Indian Removal• The Seminole Wars (Florida)• Texas (1845)• Oregon Territory (1846)• Mexican Cession (1848)
Major Trends of the First Half of the 19th Century• The Supreme Court under
Chief Justice John Marshall expands its power and promotes nationalism (over states’ rights)
• Marbury v. Madison (1803)• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
19th Century America
•The United States began the 19th century with a new president (Thomas Jefferson), a new political party in power (The Democratic-Republicans), and a new found confidence in its destiny (Manifest Destiny).
Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801-1809)
Jefferson as President
• Go to Website Page 2 and begin reading at Jefferson as president
• Jefferson as President• Different style of leadership than GW and Adams• Did not look to destroy Hamilton’s National Bank but
he did let the Sedition Act and the Whiskey Tax expire
Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase• The Louisiana Purchase
• In 1800, France took control of Spanish territories in North America including the important port of New Orleans
• Jefferson sent representatives to France to secure U.S. use of the port of New Orleans
• A successful slave rebellion in French Haiti led to Napoleon’s decision to abandon North America
• There was question over whether the national government had the authority to purchase the land
• The D-R’s wanted a loose interpretation of the Constitution (a reversal from their previous positions)
• The Federalists wanted a strict interpretation (a reversal from their previous positions)
Causes of the War of 1812
• Go to Website Page 2 – PBS video
•Prelude to the War of 1812• The war in Europe set the stage (England vs. Napoleon)• British harassing U.S. ships at sea trading with France• Also impressing American sailors (taking from U.S.
ships) • British attack on the U.S. ship the Chesapeake, in 1807,
inflamed tensions• Congress passed and Jefferson signed the Embargo Act
Causes of the War of 1812
•Calls for War• War Hawks (like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) in
Congress wanted war and expansion • William Henry Harrison and Tecumseh
• Harrison was an American expansionist and Governor of the Indiana Territory
• Tecumseh (a Shawnee leader) wanted to unite natives against westward expansion
• The Battle of Tippecanoe – Harrison exaggerated the victory; British weapons used by natives anger the Americans
Madison’s War Message to Congress - 1812
•Accuses British of violating the American flag “on the great highway of nations” (Disrupting trade)
•They are impressing U.S. sailors•Blames British for inciting natives on the frontier
The Write Stuff
•The main causes of the War of 1812 include…
James Madison (D-R) (1809-1817)
The War of 1812• Very unpopular war in New England – Further disrupted
trade with England
• “Mr. Madison’s War”
• Hartford Convention of 1814 – Federalists threatened secession
• Failed U.S. invasion of Canada
• British attack Washington, D.C. (Star Spangled Banner)
• Treaty of Ghent 1814 – No land changed hands
• Battle of New Orleans (After the treaty was signed)• Creates a national Hero – General Andrew Jackson
Impact of the War of 1812 (from Tindall)
• Realization of the need for internal improvements (transportation infrastructure)
• Encouraged the birth of American manufactures – New England textile mills (very Hamiltonian!)
• Increased sense of nationalism• Federalists more states’ rightists,
Republicans more nationalists
Other Key Results of the War
• The Federalist Party appeared treasonous (Hartford Convention)
• Steps were taken to charter a 2nd Bank of the United States and to implement Henry Clay’s American System
• Paved the way for further westward expansion
The Missouri Controversy1819-1820•Missouri requested statehood in 1819•Should slavery be allowed to expand west of the Mississippi River?
•"But this momentous question. Like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror.“ – Thomas Jefferson
The Missouri Controversy1819-1820
• Growing anti-slavery sentiment• The American Colonization Society had been formed• Southerners began to defend slavery
• Slavery is not an evil, it was a positive good• African-Americans incapable of governing themselves
• As the country expanded west, New Englanders felt their power slipping away
Henry Clay of Kentucky
The Missouri Compromise (1820)
•Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser)•Missouri entered the U.S. as a slave state•Maine entered as a free state (maintained Senate balance)
• (Ding, ding, ding) Missouri Compromise line drawn at 36º, 30’ North Latitude (36-30 Line)
The Missouri Compromise (1820)
•The national government restricted the spread of slavery
•Will be declared unconstitutional 37 years later in Scott v. Sanford (1857)
James Monroe (D-R) (1817-1825)
THE MONROE DOCTRINE (1823)
• Triggered by the independence revolutions that were taking place throughout Latin America
• Haiti (1804) Paraguay (1811)
• Argentina (1817) Chile (1818)
• Colombia (1819) Peru (1821)
• Mexico (1821) Venezuela (1822)
• Brazil (1822) Ecuador (1822)
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
•“the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. . . “
•Translation - The Americas are no longer open to European colonization
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
•“…we should consider any attempt on their [the European Powers] part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.
•Translation - Any attempt to re-colonize in the Americas will be considered a threat to the U.S. (England had our back)
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
• “Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers…”
• Translation – We will continue to stay out of European affairs
The Election of 1824
•4 main candidates• All Democratic-Republicans• John Quincy Adams (Sec. of State)• Andrew Jackson (Hero of New Orleans)• Henry Clay (Speaker of the House)• William Crawford (Secretary of Treasury)
The Election of 1824• Jackson
• 42% of Popular vote • 99 Electoral votes
• Adams • 32% of Popular vote• 84 Electoral votes
• Crawford • 13% of Popular vote• 41 Electoral votes
• Clay • 13% of Popular vote• 37 Electoral votes
“The Corrupt Bargain”
• Clay used his influence as Speaker to get the House to select JQA
• JQA named Clay Secretary of State• Jackson’s supporters accused the two men of a
“corrupt bargain”
“The Corrupt Bargain”
•****Lead to the break up of the Democratic-Republican party
• Democrats/Jacksonians/Supporters of AJ• National Republicans/Whigs/Supporters of JQA and
Clay
ANDREW JACKSON (1767-1845)
ANDREW JACKSON (1767-1845)
• Born on the frontier in North Carolina• As a 14 yr. old, was ordered to shine the boots of a British soldier during the Rev. War
ANDREW JACKSON (1767-1845)
• Refused and his hand was cut to the bone when the soldier struck him with his sword
• Carried a hatred for the British with him the rest of his life
The Age of Jackson
• 1830’s and 1840’s
• Known as the age of the common man and Jackson was the symbol of this age
• Jacksonian Democracy - The trend toward greater participation in politics
• States dropping land owning requirements in order to vote• The political parties holding national nominating
conventions to choose presidential candidates• Jackson fighting against the privileged interests in the name
of the common man
The Jackson Presidency (1829-1837)
•Watch – Andrew Jackson, Reinventing the Presidency on You Tube
•In what ways did Jackson reinvent the presidency?• More powerful (veto)• Representative of all the people• Rise of parties and allegiance to the head of party
Alexis de Tocqueville• Website Page 2• Click on American Journey and
note the basics of de Tocqueville’s travels throughout the U.S.
• Same page, click on Facts about the Journey and Events of 1831
• Back to main page, click on Democracy in America and note some of the famous observations made (Money, Revolution, Newspapers, Speeches in Congress)
Henry Clay of Kentucky
Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
Martin Van Buren of New York
The General – Andrew Jackson
Frederick Douglass’ 4th of July Speech – Rochester, NY in 1852• Danny Glover video on You Tube with text
Slavery and the South in Antebellum America
• Only 1 in 4 (25%) of southern families were slave owning families• Less than 4% of southern whites were Planters owning more than 20
slaves• Vast majority of slave owners owned a small number of slaves and
often worked side by side with their slaves• Yet, most slaves were in the hands of the Planters
Slavery and the South in Antebellum America
• There was a class of free blacks that lived in the south, some even owning slaves
• They had to have paper work proving their free status• The largest group of white southerners were yeoman farmers –
small landowners without slaves – willing to die to defend the slave system
Southern Defense of Slavery
• Biblical examples of holding slaves• Jesus was silent on the subject• St. Paul advised servants to obey their masters• Blacks were inferior people; incapable of governing
themselves; would not work hard enough to sustain themselves
Southern Defense of Slavery
• Slavery provided security for slaves• Slavery was necessary because whites and blacks
could not live together in an equal society
Slave Population
•On the eve of the Civil War, the South’s total population was 9 million in which 3.5 million were slaves.
Resistance to Slavery
•Denmark Vesey’s failed rebellion in South Carolina (1822)
•David Walker’s Appeal (1829)•Nat Turner’s rebellion in Virginia (1831)•William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator (1831)
Denmark Vesey’s failed rebellion (1822)
•Vesey was an ex-slave•Charleston, South Carolina•8 min clip from Africans in America
David Walker
• Free black man, abolitionist
• Read David Walker link on Website Page 2 – basics of his biography
• Read excerpts from his “Appeal” on Website Page 2
NAT TURNER’S REBELLION - 1831
• Turner was a preacher-slave• Killed 55 white men, women,
and children in Virginia• Gave fuel to the growing
abolitionist movement and heightened southern fear of slave rebellion
• See 10 minute clip from Africans in America
William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator
The Liberator - 1831
•I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or to speak, or write, with moderation.
The Liberator - 1831
•No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen;-but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present.
The Liberator - 1831
•I am in earnest--I will not equivocate--I will not excuse--I will not retreat a single inch--AND I WILL BE HEARD. The apathy of the people is enough to make every statue leap from its pedestal, and to hasten the resurrection of the dead.
1800-1848 Connections
•The Growth of Federal Power (Nationalism)• The Louisiana Purchase• The Marshall Court decisions• Clay’s American System• The Missouri Compromise line restricting the
expansion of slavery• Increasing tariff rates passed by Congress• Jackson's stance on Nullification
1800-1848 Connections
•Opposition to the Growth of Federal Power (States’ Rights and Regional Loyalty)• New England’s opposition to the Embargo Act• The Hartford Convention during the War of 1812
• South Carolina’s nullification of the Tariff of Abominations (1828)
• Jackson on internal improvements
1800-1848 Connections
• The Emergence of a National Market economy• Transportation Revolution including the Erie Canal connecting the
east coast to the interior of the country• Westward migration and Indian removal• Clay’s American System• Entrepreneurship – business men seeking profit• Technological improvements
• Textile machinery• Steam engines• Interchangeable parts• Telegraph• Agricultural machinery
1800-1848 Connections
• Social Reform movements characterize the Age of Jackson (1830’s and 40’s)• Triggered by the 2nd Great Awakening• Abolitionism, Women’s Rights, Prison Reform, Public
Schools, Temperance (reduce alcohol consumption)• The Seneca Falls Convention – “we hold these truths
to be self-evident, that all men AND women are created equal”
1800-1848 Connections
•A distinctive American culture emerges that blends the old and new worlds
• Hudson River school of art (natural landscapes)• Romanticism and Transcendentalism in Literature
• The Scarlet Letter – Nathaniel Hawthorne• Walden – Henry David Thoreau• Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow –
Washington Irving
The Hudson River School (Style) of Art
The Second Party System
• Democrats (Supporters of Jackson) vs. Whigs (Supporters of Clay and JQA)
• Democratic Presidents• Jackson (1829-1837)• Van Buren (1837-1841)• Polk (1845-1849)
• Whig Presidents• Harrison (1841)• Tyler (1841-1845)
DEMOCRATS (Jacksonians) WHIGSAdvocated weak government, especially federal government
Advocated strong government, especially federal government
Opposed government action in general. Opposed government spending. Opposed tariffs
Government should actively promote economic and social goals. Favored government spending, especially on transportation Supported tariffs
Skeptical about moral legislation, e.g., banning alcohol and Sunday work
Tended to favor morals legislation, e.g. banning alcohol and Sunday work
Supported by: Those threatened by the market economy, e.g. , semi subsistence farmers Many Southerners and Southern descendants in Northern states. City workers. Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Germany
Supported by: Those benefiting from the market economy New Englanders and their descendants. Other Northern-stock Protestants.
After 1854 continued in: Democrats
After 1854 continued in: Republicans
The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
•Published at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848
•Public Reading in class•Crash Course video on You Tube: Women in the 19th Century