Post on 14-Jun-2015
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GEOGRAPHY B2NANCAY
POPULATION DYNAMICS
KEY TERMS
BIRTH/DEATH RATE - Birth/Death per 1000 per year
POP. BALANCE- Birth&Death rates EQUAL
NATURAL INCREASE/DECREASE - difference between Birth/Death rate
MIGRATION BALANCE- YES- more immigrants than Emigrants -NO- less
KEY TERMS
REPLACEMENT LEVEL -no. of babies that need to be born to manage pop.
PRO NATALIST POLICY -policy for birth
ANTI NATALIST POLICY-policy less birth
OPEN DOOR MIGRATION - Pop.Policy encourage international migration
WHATS HAPPENING TO THE GLOBAL POP
[TRENDS]
Population growing FAST - 2008 [+65 million people = 6.6 billion]
Since 2000 rate has slowed
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH occurring [ amount of time taken for pop to DOUBLE ]
WHY IS THE POPULATION GROWING
due to:
NATURAL CHANGE - More Births, Less Deaths
MIGRATION CHANGE - More Immigrants, Less Out migrants
WHY IS THE POPULATION GROWING
Development of MODERN MEDICINE
VACCINATION&IMMUNISATION programmes e.g. SMALLPOX
CLEANER water ; better SEWAGE disposal
BETTER HEALTH +doctors,nurses,hospital
HYGIENIC HOUSING & BETTER DIETS
HOW/WHY POPULATION CHANGE VARIES
Stage 1 HIGH FLUCTUATING
No birth control&High infant mortality = High birth rate
Disease and Famine -> High DEATH rate
HOW/WHY POPULATION CHANGE VARIES
Stage 2 - Early Expanding
-HIGH birth rate
FALLING death rates <-- improved healthcare
HOW/WHY POPULATION CHANGE VARIES
STAGE 3: Late Expanding
FALLING birth rate - BIRTH CONTROL & FAMILY PLANNING
FALLING DEATH RATE
HOW/WHY POPULATION CHANGE VARIES
STAGE 4: Low Fluctuating
LOW birth AND death rates due to WORKING WOMEN delaying age to start families.
HOW/WHY POPULATION CHANGE VARIES
STAGE 5: DECLINE
Death rate is HIGHER than Birth rate due to GREY population --> OLD PEOPLE
FERTILITY AND MORTALITY RATES
PRESSURES OF YOUNG POPULATION UNDER 15
HOUSING : people live in SLUMS/SHANTY TOWNS in large cities e.g. NEW - No running water ; roads or sewage
SCHOOLING : ILLITERATE population - LIT.RATE - 60%
FOOD: Famine, food distribution difficulties - Natural disasters aid this
HEALTH: Growth in diseases & lack of healthcare
AGEING POPULATION OVER 65 PRESSURES
HEALTHCARE: Have to provide MORE e.g. Retirement homes ; Hospital beds ; undertakers ; more skilled doctors/nurses
PENSIONS: 3 solutions - Increasing Tax ; Raising Retirement Age ; Abolishing Pensions
JAPAN
FACTS CAUSES EFFECTS
- 20.8% OVER 65
- 26.8 million pensioners
- Birth rate BELOW
replacement level
- People live longer [79 for men & 85 for women] due to Healthy
Diet & high GDP-Birth rate
DECLINE due to increasing age of
first child-Less marriage
-Increase cost of pensions <--
less workers- Retirement
age raised from 60-65
-Increase In nursing homes
-Increase in medical costs
JAPAN
FACTS CAUSES EFFECTS
- 20.8% OVER 65
- 26.8 million pensioners
- Birth rate BELOW
replacement level
- People live longer [79 for men & 85 for women] due to Healthy
Diet & high GDP-Birth rate
DECLINE due to increasing age of
first child-Less marriage
-Increase cost of pensions <--
less workers- Retirement
age raised from 60-65
-Increase In nursing homes
-Increase in medical costs
WHY DO SOME COUNTRIES WANNA CONTROL THE POP?
To Gain OPTIMUM POPULATION [ Resources = population = SUSTAINABLE ]
GOVERNMENTS manage population to prevent it reaching the TIPPING POINT
ANTI NATALIST CHINA:ONE CHILD POLICY
WHAT? WHY? EFFECTS PROBLEMS
- Introduced in
1970s -Couples
are only allowed to have ONE
CHILD-Benefits
e.g. Cash bonus ; Better
childcare ; Better
housing-Pressured
abortions
- HIGH growth rate
- Pressure on LAND and
FOOD supplies due
to LARGE population
-Make ARMY bigger
-Birth rate FELL from 34 per 1000 in
1970 to 13 per 1000 in 2008
-Growth rate 2.4% to 0.6%
-996 million in 1980 to 1,320 today
-Tradition to want sons, sex
selective abortion-Shortage
of women- Spoilt
sons, generation lacks communicatio
n and cooperation
skills- Heading
towards an AGEING
population
PRO NATALIST SINGAPORE
FACTS CAUSES EFFECTS PROBLEMS
- INCREASED maternity leave to 12 weeks - first 4 babies
-INCREASED child benefits
- Pay $1000 for 6 years into account
-1978 slogan ‘Have 3 or more’
-LOW fertility rate of 1.1
(REPLACEMENT RATE = 2.1)
-36% of area is FOREIGN
-13.6% increase in
Birth rates in 1988
- People in Singapore like
marrying LATE and
having FEW children
- HIGH COST of
living
HOW TO MANAGE MIGRATION
UK CASE STUDY OPEN DOOR
Post war immigrants came to UK from Caribbean colonies due to an ACT OF PARLIAMENT giving all ex-colonial citizens FREE ENTRY into the UK. [1950-1960s 1/4 million people came]
+ve - Shortage of Unskilled and Semi-skilled labour & Helped with reconstruction of country post war
HOW TO MANAGE MIGRATION
UK CASE STUDY OPEN DOOR
Post war immigrants came to UK from Caribbean colonies due to ACT OF PARLIAMENT-gives all ex-colonial citizens FREE ENTRY into the UK.
+ve - Shortage of Unskilled and Semi-skilled labour & Helped with reconstruction of country post war
-ve - Public money spent on meeting needs of immig.
POINT BASED SYSTEM
Want to come and work/settle down?
You need Points - 2008 - 5 tiers of migrants
Tier 1 - Scientists - Tier 5 - Temporary workers
2004- Eastern European countries
Citizens free to move and work in other EU member coutnries
SOURCE AND HOST ADVANTAGES
SOURCE ADVANTAGES HOST ADVANTAGES
•Immigrants SEND MONEY HOME to families
•LESS PRESSURE on resources and jobs in places
like POLAND•immigrants bring
SKILLS to their COUNTRY
•Meets SHORTAGE of UNSKILLED and SEMI-
SKILLED labour•Helped to
RECONSTRUCT UK after the war
•Increases CULTURE in UK
•Immigrants contribute to UK economy by the
TAXES they pay
SOURCE AND HOST DISADVANTAGES
SOURCE DISADVANTAGES
HOST DISADVANTAGES
•LOSS of WORKING POPULATION from
POLAND etc.•DECLINE in BIRTH
RATE because most migrants are YOUNG MEN
•Public money SPENT on IMMIGRANTS e.g.
HOUSING&HEALTHCARE•During 1970s recession
the immigrant added to the number of UNEMPLOYED
•Increased HOSTILITY towards the IMMIGRANTS
TENSIONS DUE TO MIGRATION
UK immigration of ETHNIC GROUPS = CONFLICT.
UK GOV stated everyone should have EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
BUT - Add to country’s SKILL BASE and CULTURE
CONSUMING RESOURCES
KEY TERMS
Alternative Energy - Alternative energy to FOSSIL FUEL
Boserupian Theory - population grow stimulates TECHNOLOGICAL changes that increase the output - living standards can be maintained for the growing population
Carbon footprint - Measure of all greenhouse gases - burning fossil fuels for electricity, transport etc
KEY TERMS
HUMAN RESOURCE - SKILLS of population
MALTHUSIAN THEORY - View that POP. GROWTH is the main reason a society would collapse.
MATERIAL resource - Materials useful to man
Non renewable - cannot be remade
Renewable - can be maintained and reused
KEY TERMS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Development that meets the needs of the present without COMPROMISING the ABILITY OF THE FUTURE GENERATIONS to meet their own needs.
SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE - Resources that can be renewed if we replace them as they are used
RESOURCES
THERE ARE 3 MAIN TYPES:
1. Natural Resources e.g. WOOD
2. Human Resources e.g. Skills of a population e.g. Doctors
3. Material/Capital Resources e.g. Goods and equipment already in society)
RESOURCES
NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES - can’t be remade , take millions of years to form again e.g. COAL/OIL
SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES - Can be deliberately be renewed so it lasts for the future E.G. TREES
RENEWABLE RESOURCES - Renew themselves so they don’t need to be managed - solar