6GEO3 Unit 3 Contested Planet Topic 4: Superpower Geographies.
A2 Geography. Slide 4 SESSION 3: Unit 3 – Contested Planet – key themes Unit 3, Contested...
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A2 Geography
Transcript of A2 Geography. Slide 4 SESSION 3: Unit 3 – Contested Planet – key themes Unit 3, Contested...
A2 Geography
Slide 4
SESSION 3: Unit 3 – Contested Planet – key themes
• Unit 3, Contested Planet, forms the core of A2 Geography.
• The unit aims to introduce students to key contemporary global issues and allow them to explore the significance of these issues and examine a range of potential solutions to them.
• The unit has a synoptic element, which addresses the question of ‘Managing the Contested Planet’.
• This takes the form of assessing three broad themes in relation to the topic content
Players – who these are and how their opinions vary
• Trans-national corporations• Individual consumers• National and Local governments• Government Agencies• Non-Governmental Organisations and Pressure Groups• Inter-Governmental Organisations• All players will not be present, or equally important, in each
topic or example used in teaching of course.
Example
Players involved in Rainforest exploitation
Actions
• Refers to the variety of management strategies used at different scales :
• Local• National• Global
• By considering the actions you have to consider the key players
Examplehow to try and tackle the development gap should it be
through IMF, globalisation or grassroots projects introduced by NGOs
Futures
Which of the following will happen and what are the consequences :
- Business as usual - Sustainable development - Radical approaches
Example Energy use with fossil fuels, renewables or
radical ideas like carbon capture
Topic 1= Energy SecurityThe topic is split into 3 key questions:1. To what extent is the world's energy
'secure' at present ?• Energy supply, demand and security
2. What are the potential impacts of an increasingly 'energy insecure' world?
• The impacts of Energy Insecurity
3. What might the world's energy future be? • Energy Security and the future
1 Energy supply, demand and securityEnquiry question: To what extent is the world ‘energy secure’ at present?
What students need to learn Suggested teaching and learning
There are many energy sources that can be classified in different ways (flows of renewable resources, stocks of non-renewable and recyclablesources) and that have different environmental costs.
Investigating types of energyresources, their classification, andcontrasting the environmentalimpacts associated with theirproduction and use.
Access to and consumption of energy resources, both renewable and non-renewable, is not evenly distributed, and depends on physicalfactors, cost, technology and public perception.Some areas suffer from energy poverty, while others have a surplus.
Examining the distribution of fossilfuel resources, and renewablepotential, globally and incontrasting countries.
Demand for energy is growing globally, and at regional and local scales, especially in developedand emergent economies such as China and India.
Examining trends in global energysupply and demand by source,type of economy and economicsector.
Energy security depends on resource availability (domestic and foreign) and security of supply, which can be affected by geopolitics, and is akey issue for many economies.
Developing an awareness that thatthere is little excess capacity toease pressure on energy resourcesand therefore energy insecurityis rising, particularly for finiteresources.
Your ideas on energy issues?
Lesson objectives:
To understand the term ‘energy security’
To be able to identify key areas of energy surplus and areas of energy deficit.
What does it mean to be energy secure?
• To have ENERGY SECURITY means to have access to reliable and affordable energy sources e.g. Russia
• Countries that do not have this and have an energy deficit are said to be ENERGY INSECURE eg USA
Key terms – learn and use
Achieving Energy Security
Important factors are:
• Control over supplies
• Control over prices
• Having a variety of energy sources to call on
• Political stability (in supply region as well as demand region)
Energy security can be threatened by:• Rapid increase in prices (oil 2004)• Instability of suppliers (Georgia 2008)• Manipulation of supply• Attack on infrastructure (terrorism)• Competition from expanding
economies e.g. China• Environmental legislation which adds
to the costs of finding, transporting and processing the resource
Energy security can be improved by:
• Greater energy efficiency
• Greater energy self-sufficiency
• Decentralization of energy production
• Short term stockpiles (90 days)
USA and California p 6-10 Oxford
• Explain in 1-2 sides of A4 the energy problems that the USA is facing and why its energy insecurity is growing.
Define and give examples of… (p11 Oxford+Pearson sheet)
• Non-renewable/finite energy (sometimes called stock resources)
• Fossil fuels• Resource depletion• Renewable energy• Flow resources – renewables which do not need
regeneration as these resources are in constant supply. Eg? (so which renewable is not a flow resource?)
• Recyclable energy• Energy mix
Energy supply, demand and security
There are a wide range of energy resources:
Non-renewable Renewable Recyclable
A finite stock of resources, which will
run out
A flow of resources, which is infinite in
human terms
Can be used repeatedly, if managed
carefully
Coal, oil, gas (plus oil shale, tar sands, lignite
etc.)
Wind, solar, hydroelectric, wave, tidal, geothermal
Biomass, nuclear (with reprocessing of fuel)
P 11 Oxford
What are the environmental costs of energy sources?
Life cycle analysis
• Comparing the environmental impact of different energy sources is a challenge
• Life cycle greenhouse emissions is one approach
• Even this does not account for NIMBY issues (e.g. windfarms), or the loss of ecosystems and biodiversity linked to extraction of fossil fuels
• Some sources, such as nuclear and biomass are highly controversial and there is intense debate over their ‘green’ credentials.
Life cycle analysis accounts for
C02 emissions at all stages
of the energy supply chain, not simply during use
• What are the patterns of energy consumption in the world?
P 12-13 Oxford and P10-12 Pearson sheet
Type of energy Reserves/Production Consumption
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Oil
Coal
HEP
Wind
Solar
Wave
Biofuel
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012 © BP 2012
Primary energy world consumptionMillion tonnes oil equivalent
p10Pearson
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Primary energy regional consumption pattern 2012Percentage
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Primary energy consumption per capita 2012Tonnes oil equivalent
Nuclear Energy
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Nuclear Power Potential
CountryUranium
miningin tonnes
Australia725,000 t
Brazil 157,400 t
Canada 329,200 t
Kazakhstan 378,100 t
South Africa 284,400 t
Namibia 176,400 t
Niger 243,100 t
Russia 172,400 t
Ukraine 135,000 t
Uzbekistan 72,400 t
USA 339,000 t
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Nuclear energy consumption by regionMillion tonnes oil equivalent
Natural Gas
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Rank Country/Region Natural Gas-proven reserves
(billion - 109 m³)
Date ofInformation
— World 175,400 2006 est.
1 Russia 47,570 2006 est.
2 Iran 26,370 2006
3 Qatar 25,790 2007 est.
4 Saudi Arabia 6,568 2006 est.
5 United Arab Emirates 5,823 2006 est.
6 United States 5,551 2006 est.
7 Nigeria 5,015 2006 est.
8 Algeria 4,359 2006 est.
9 Venezuela 4,112 2006 est.
— European Union 3,310 2006 est.
10 Iraq 3,170 2007 est.
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratiosYears
2012 by region History
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Distribution of proved gas reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012 Percentage
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Gas production/consumption by regionBillion cubic metres
Consumption by regionProduction by region
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Source: Includes data from Cedigaz.
Gas consumption per capita 2012Tonnes oil equivalent
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Gas prices$/Mmbtu
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Source: Includes data from Cedigaz, CISStat, GIIGNL, IHS CERA, Poten, Waterborne.
Major gas trade movements 2012 Trade flows worldwide (billion cubic metres)
Oil
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Rank
Country/Region
Oil- proven reserves (billion bbl)
Date ofInformation
— World 1,371.742 estimated
1 Saudi Arabia 261.9 2003 est.
2 Canada 178.8 2001
3 Iran 132.5 2004 est.
4 Iraq 112.5 2003 est.
5 Kuwait 101.5 2003 est.
6 United Arab Emirates
97.8 2003 est.
7 Venezuela 80 2008 est.
8 Russia 74.4 2003 est.
9 Algeria 43 2006 est.
10 Libya 42 2003 est.
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Oil reserves-to-production (R/P) ratiosYears
2012 by region History
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013© BP 2013
Distribution of proved oil reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012 Percentage
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Oil production/consumption by regionMillion barrels daily
Production by region Consumption by region
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Oil consumption per capita 2012 Tonnes
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Oil product consumption by regionMillion barrels daily
Light distillates Middle distillates
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Oil product consumption by regionMillion barrels daily
Fuel oil Others
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Crude oil prices 1861-2012US dollars per barrel, world events
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Major oil trade movements 2012Trade flows worldwide (million tonnes)
What’s Y’oil problem??
Current oil supplies• There are an estimated 1.3 trillion barrels of
proven oil reserve left in the world’s major fields, which at present rates of consumption will be sufficient to last 40 years.
• By 2040, production levels may be down to 15 million barrels per day – around 20% of what we currently consume. It is likely by then that the world’s population will be twice as large, and more of it industrialised (and therefore oil dependent).
Two-thirds of the world’s remaining reserves are in the Middle East:
Country Billions of barrels
Saudi Arabia 261.8
Iraq 112.5
United Arab Emirates 97.8
Kuwait 96.5
Iran 89.7
By comparison, the North Sea has around 4.9bn barrels remaining. Brazil recently discovered a new field with an estimated 5 – 8 billion barrels but such major discoveries are rare.
Oxford
• Read p36-39 (and make notes)
Coal
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Country TOTAL Share
USA 246,643 27.1
Russia 157,010 17.3
China 114,500 12.6
India 92,445 10.2
Australia 78,500 8.6
South Africa 48,750 5.4
Ukraine 34,153 3.8
Kazakhstan 31,279 3.4
Poland 14,000 1.5
Brazil 10,113 1.1
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Coal reserves-to-production (R/P) ratiosYears
2012 by region History
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Source: Survey of Energy Resources 2010, World Energy Council.
Distribution of proved coal reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012Percentage
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Coal production/consumption by regionMillion tonnes oil equivalent
Production by region Consumption by region
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Coal consumption per capita 2012Tonnes oil equivalent
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Fossil fuel reserves-to-production (R/P) ratiosYears
Summary so far.....• Direct access to fossil fuel
reserves is a coincidence of geological history and international boundaries.
• Some countries find themselves with more fossil fuel sources than their needs
• Others have none
• Reserves run down over time, as is the gas with the UK’s once abundant North Sea oil and gas
• Remaining oil and gas will increasingly concentrate in the Middle East over the next 30 years.
Top 15 countries by oil, gas and coal reserves in 2008
Hydroelectricity
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Hydroelectricity consumption by regionMillion tonnes oil equivalent
Renewable energy
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Renewable energy consumption/share of power by region
Other renewables consumption by regionMillion tonnes oil equivalent
Other renewables share of power generation by regionPercentage
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2013
Biofuels production by regionMillion tonnes oil equivalent
World biofuels production
Reasons for variations in energy supply?
• Physical reasons?
• Economic reasons?
• Political reasons?
• P 12 Pearson – add more reasons in pairs
Trends in energy supply and demand?
P12-14 Pearson sheet
MEDCs?
NICs?
LEDCs?
(work out the % change from 1997-2007 in table)
Variable patterns over time?
•Rapidly growing demand; use of pollution sources such as high sulphur coal; health impacts; impact on global fossil fuel prices
•Reserves; questions of developing these in the Arctic, Antarctic and other sensitive areas
•Energy poverty; dependency on foreign TNCs to exploit supply (Nigeria, Sudan)
•Dependency; wastefulness; lack of fossil fuel supply (energy insecurity)
•Supply security; role of unstable regions in fossil fuel supply; link between nuclear power and weapons.
•Huge surplus; inefficient use; energy as a political weapon?
Energy Issues across the World – which statement goes where?
Dependency; wastefulness; lack of
fossil fuel supply (energy insecurity)
Huge surplus; inefficient use;
energy as a political weapon?
Rapidly growing demand; use of pollution sources
such as high sulphur coal; health impacts; impact on global fossil fuel prices
Energy poverty; dependency on foreign TNCs to exploit supply
(Nigeria, Sudan)
Supply security; role of unstable regions in fossil fuel supply; link between nuclear power and weapons.
Reserves; questions of developing these in the
Arctic, Antarctic and other sensitive areas
Energy Issues across the world
Key issues for learning
Describe the World Energy Balance in 1997.
What are the implications of what you have described both NOW and in the FUTURE?
World Energy Balance in 1997
Future projections?
Example of One Energy Resource
Natural gas• Use the following 7 slides to summarise the
future of demand and supply of Natural Gas.• How might this affect prices?• How will the supply and demand for natural
gas affect who has global power?
(source: Rice University: http://www.rice.edu/energy/publications/docs/PEC_Medlock_10_25_04.pdf)
This map shows the supply of natural gas (red, purple, blue) and the demand for natural gas (white dots)
Supply Projections Natural Gas
Demand Projections Natural Gas
Price Projections Natural Gas
Who buys?
Who sells?
Natural gas - Some possible futuresLNG = Liquefied Nat Gas – How it is transported.
Questions1. Which areas have the most access to energy
resources?2. Which areas have the least access to energy
resources?3. Describe which parts of the world suffer from energy
poverty. (including p 16 Oxford)4. Explain why this might be case.5. Describe which parts of the world have an energy
surplus.6. Explain why this might be the case.
