G51IAIIntroduction to Artificial Intelligence

Andrew Parkeshttp://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~ajp/

Course Introduction

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• Joke– Q. “What do you give a hurt lemon?”

– A. “Lemon aid”

• Hands up if you think the joke writer– has some sense of humour?

– has a good sense of humour?

– is intelligent?

– has a mental age of 5?, 10?, 15?

– has probably been to too many lectures?

• Joke writer is a computer program: JAPE

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Joke Analysis and Production Engine (JAPE)• Author of JAPE: Kim Binsted• Ph.D. work in AI at Edinburgh (1996)• “an effort to combine her academic interest in artificial

intelligence (AI) with her personal interest in improvisational comedy.” Daily Telegraph 1996

• More recently: STANDUP“System to Augment Non-speakers' Dialogue Using Puns”

• “A computer system that generates simple word-play jokes could help disabled children develop better language skills, say UK researchers.” New Scientist 2006

• “Developed by Annalu Waller at Dundee University, UK, who has arranged for eight children with cerebral palsy to test the system.”

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• You are a caveman (or woman)

• I travel back in time and bring you a Pentium IV PC and show you some of the things it is capable of doing.

• Question : Would you, as a caveman, consider the computer to be intelligent?

• Hands up if you think the computer is intelligent?

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• We are still in the present day, but we are at the end of this lecture course.

• Just before I leave the final lecture, I peel away my face and reveal I am an android. As an android I have just delivered a 24 hour lecture course and answered all your questions.

• Question : Would you, as a computer science student, consider me to be intelligent?

• Hands up if you think I am intelligent?

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Course Introduction

• Course– Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

• Lecturer– Andrew Parkes

•http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~ajp/

•ajp ‘at’ cs.nott.ac.uk

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Course Introduction

• Web Page– http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~ajp/courses/g51ia

i/– contains the self-study materials for this course

• EMAIL– ajp ‘at’ cs.nott.ac.uk

• Office Hours– Thurs 2-3

– or “by appointment” (email me)

• Second / Third Year Projects– ??

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Course Context

G51IAIIntroduction to AI

G5BAIMArtificial Intelligence

Methods

G5BAIP Artificial Intelligence

Programming

D53DIA Designing Intelligent Agents,G53ASD Automated Scheduling, …

Projects

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Who Can Attend? (This year)

• Introduction to AI– First/Second Year Option

• Artificial Intelligence Methods– Second/Third Year Option

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Course Introduction

• Lectures– 15 (ish)

• Lecture Times and Locations– Monday 14:00 (CTF-C33)

– Wednesday 10:00 (New Business School. A25)

• Assessment– 25% Coursework (CW1 5%, CW2 20%)

– 75% examination (2 hours)

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Aims of the Course

• Define what we mean by AI (or at least give us a working definition for this course)

• Know how to write “AI” programs that– Explore search spaces using both blind and heuristic

search techniques

– Implement Neural Networks (perceptron)

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Aims of the Course

• This is very much a practical course. Although we will touch upon the philosophical issues we will not dwell on this area of AI.

• This course is more concerned with writing useful AI programs than discussing if a computer is intelligent or not.

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Textbooks

• Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach (AIMA) (Russell/Norvig)

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Textbooks

• Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach (AIMA) (Russell/Norvig)

“Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a big field and this is a big book”

(Preface to AIMA)

2nd Edition (2003) has 1081 pages

You don’t need to learn them all

You don’t even need to read them all

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Textbooks

• Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach (AIMA) (Russell/Norvig)

Much of the material for this course is from this book. If you are going to buy a book, then get this one. “2nd edition 2003” is the one I use – though earlier editions are probably fine for

the material in this course.

BUT

It can be quite an advanced book - sometimes more like a reference book than a textbook – so you might want to first

consider “easier” books such as Cawsey

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Textbooks

• Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach (AIMA) (Russell/Norvig)

Relevant Chapters• Chap 1 : Introduction• Chap 3 : Solving Problems by Search• Chap 4.1 : Informed (Heuristic) Search Strategies• Sections 5.1 & 5.2 : Backtracking Search for CSPs• Chap 6 : Adversarial Search• Sections 11.1 & 11.2 : Planning• Section 20.5 : Neural Networks• Chap 26 : Philosophical Foundation(You do NOT need everything from each of these chapters!!)

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Useful Reading

• The Essence of Artificial Intelligence (Cawsey)– Good lightweight

introductory book

– A good starting point for the course would be to read Chapter 4 on search

– This book is at about the level of the course (in contrast, AIMA is generally more advanced than this course)

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Textbooks

• Artificial Intelligence (Rich/Knight)– This used to be the “standard” AI text book but AIMA

is now taking its place – in my view

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Textbooks

• Artificial Intelligence (Winston)– As for Rich/Knight

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Textbooks

• Artificial intelligence : Structure and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (Luger/Stubblefield)

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Textbooks

• Computational Intelligence (Poole/Mackworth/Goebel)– As good as AIMA but came out later

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Useful Reading

• Seven Methods for Transforming Corporate Data into Business Intelligence (Dahr/Stein)

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Useful Reading

• Artificial Intelligence and Computer Games (Richard Bartle)

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Useful Reading

• Computer Gamesmanship (David Levy)

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Neural Networks

• The Essence of Neural Networks (Callan)

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Neural Networks

• Neural Network (Davalo)

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Neural Networks

• Fundamentals of Neural networks (Fausett)

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Course Structure

Three distinct themes with crucial topics• Search

– Tree Search : Breadth- and Depth-First Search– Graph Search

• Uninformed : Uniform Cost Search• Informed Search : A* Search

– State Space Search– Game Tree Search : minimax and alpha-beta

• History & Philosophy– Turing Test & Chinese Room

• Neural Nets: – Perceptrons & their limitations

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Approximate Time Line

History & Philosophy of AI

Neural Nets

CW 1 (5%)

CW 2 (20%)

Exam (75%)

Oct Nov Dec

Tree Search

GraphSearch

State SpaceSearch

Game Tree

Search

Part.Assign.Search

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Proposed Lecture Schedule

• See Web Site

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Coursework Schedule

• Coursework ONE (5%)– Is available now

– It does not involve programming

– Closing date is 1st November, • But with an automatic weeks extension!

• No further extensions

• Coursework TWO (20%)– Will be available before end of October

– It does involve programming

– Closing date is 30th November, • But with an automatic weeks extension!

• No further extensions

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Examinations

• Examination Rubric– Is likely to be something such as

• “You are expected to answer one of the two questions from section A and three of the five questions from section B.”

– but not yet finalised.

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Intro to AI: Quick Start to your Self Study

1. Have a look at the web materials – to make sure you can find and access them!

– get an overview of the course

– please report any problems

2. Find the textbooks in the library

3. Start (just start!) to read the search chapter of one of textbooks e.g.

– Cawser : Chap 4

– Winston : Chap 4

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Are these AI??

Application

Boids

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Course Introduction FinishedNow the hard work starts