From Findability to Awareness: Metadata in Music and Technology Enhanced Learning.

FROM FINDABILITY TO AWARENESS: METADATA IN MUSIC AND TECHNOLOGY

ENHANCED LEARNING

Sten Govaerts

Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. Erik DuvalCo-promotor: Dr. Katrien Verbert

Vinden en beseffen: Metadata in muziek en E-learning

Wednesday 12 September 12

http://www.britannica.com/bps/media-view/96031/1/0/0 2

http://www.flickr.com/photos/markkelley/1022720488/ 4

METADATA• title: Maiden Voyage• main artist: Herbie Hancock• artists: Freddie Hubbard, George

Coleman, Ron Carter, Anthony Williams• record label: Blue Note, Capitol

Records• instruments: trumpet, tenor

saxophone, piano, bass, drums.• recording date: March 17, 1965• studio: Van Gelder Studio, New Jersey• version: remastered by Rudy Van Gelder

CONTEXT.

OVERVIEW.

RQ1: How can metadata be leveraged to provide efficient and

effective access to content?7

OVERVIEW.RQ2: How can metadata creation

be made more scalable?

OVERVIEW.

RQ3: How can metadata standards be selected for specific

functionalities of applications?7

OVERVIEW.RQ4: How can attention metadata be leveraged to improve

awareness and self-reflection?

DOMAINS.

Music Technology-enhanced Learning (TEL)

STEP 1 – DEFINE.

RQ3: How can metadata standards be selected for specific

functionalities of applications?9

METADATA SCHEMA<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://media.example.com/audio/guide.ra"> <dc:creator>Herbie Hancock</dc:creator> <dc:title>Maiden Voyage</dc:title> <dc:contributor>Freddie Hubbard</dc:contributor> <dc:contributor>George Coleman</dc:contributor> <dc:contributor>Ron Carter</dc:contributor> <dc:contributor>Anthony Williams</dc:contributor> <dc:description>Maiden Voyage is the fifth album led by jazz musician Herbie Hancock, and was recorded by Rudy Van Gelder on May 17, 1965 for Blue Note Records.</dc:description> <dc:date>1965-03-17</dc:date> <dc:publisher>Blue Note</dc:publisher> <dc:type>Music album</dc:type> <dc:format>audio/mp3</dc:format> <dc:rights>copyrighted by Capitol Records, Inc.</dc:rights> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>

10step 1 - define.Wednesday 12 September 12

METADATA SCHEMA@prefix mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> .@prefix : <#> .@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .@prefix event: <http://purl.org/NET/c4dm/event.owl#> .

:work a mo:MusicalWork ; dc:title "Herbie Hancock - Maiden Voyage" .

:performance a mo:Performance ; dc:title "Maiden Voyage" ; mo:performance_of :work ; mo:performer <http://dbpedia.org/page/Herbie_Hancock> ; dc:date "1965-03-17"^^xsd:date . event:place <http://dbpedia.org/page/Van_Gelder_Studio> ; mo:performance_of <http://dbpedia.org/page/Maiden_Voyage_(Herbie_Hancock_album)> . mo:recorded_as [ a mo:Signal ; mo:published_as :track1 ; dc:title "Original recording at the Van Gelder Studio" ; ] .

METADATA SCHEMA:track1 a mo:Track ; mo:track_number 1 ; dc:title "Maiden Voyage". :signal mo:time [ tl:duration "PT2M14S"^^xsd:duration; tl:timeline :tl; ]. :chorus1 a ps:Chorus; rdfs:label "First chorus"; event:time [ tl:timeline :tl; tl:start "PT0S"^^xsd:duration; tl:duration "PT9S"^^xsd:duration; ].

:verse1 a ps:Verse; rdfs:label "First verse"; event:time [ tl:timeline :tl; tl:start "PT9S"^^xsd:duration; tl:duration "PT33S"^^xsd:duration; ].

FINDING AN APPROPRIATE METADATA SCHEMA...

Corthaut, Nik; Govaerts, Sten; Verbert, Katrien; Duval, Erik. Connecting the dots: music metadata generation,

schemas and applications. ISMIR 2008.12step 1 - define.Wednesday 12 September 12

...FOR THE RIGHT APPLICATION.

Corthaut, Nik; Govaerts, Sten; Verbert, Katrien; Duval, Erik. Connecting the dots: music metadata

generation, schemas and applications. ISMIR 2008.13step 1 - define.Wednesday 12 September 12

...FOR THE RIGHT APPLICATION.

Corthaut, Nik; Govaerts, Sten; Verbert, Katrien; Duval, Erik. Connecting the dots: music metadata

generation, schemas and applications. ISMIR 2008.13step 1 - define.Wednesday 12 September 12

STEP 2 – CREATE.

RQ2: How can metadata creation be made more scalable?

country of origin of an artist.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/twicepix/4437851857/15

COUNTRY & CONTINENT

• useful for :

• subgenres• popularity• recommendations

16step 2 - create.Wednesday 12 September 12

COUNTRY & CONTINENT

• useful for :

• expensive to annotate

COUNTRY & CONTINENT

• useful for :

• expensive to annotate

• very little existing research

MASHUP.

twitter

last.fm

website

dapper

yahoo! pipes

last.fm

last on am/fm

google app engine

google maps

freebase

last.fm

youtube

Evaluation:ground truth data set of 11275 artists

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Accuracy

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

0% 15% 30% 45% 60%

Coverage

Three data sources

• last.fm• freebase• biographies

Govaerts, Sten; Duval, Erik. A Web-based approach to determine the origin of an artist. ISMIR 2009.

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Accuracy

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

0% 15% 30% 45% 60%

Coverage

Three data sources

Ennio Morricone (born 10 November 1928 in Rome) is an Italian composer especially noted for his film scores. He has composed the scores of more than 500 films and TV series. Although only 30 of these are for Western films, it is for this work which he is best known. Morricone’s sparse style of composition for the genre is particularly exemplified by the soundtracks of the classic spaghetti westerns The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Sergio Leone, 1966) and Once Upon A Time In The West (Sergio Leone, 1968). [...]In 2003 he scored the Japanese Taiga drama about Miyamoto Musashi, Japan’s legendary warrior. In 2005 he was on a world tour with the Roma Sinfonietta Orchestra, touring from cities like New York, Bilbao, Bratislava and Tokyo. In 2006, Morricone collaborated with Morrissey by composing the string part for his song “Dear God Please Help Me”, recorded in Rome’s Forum Music Village Studios. In recognition of his vast body of work and dedication, Morricone received an honorary Academy Award in 2007; Morricone had received nominations for Best Original Score in the past, but had failed to win.

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Accuracy

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

0% 15% 30% 45% 60%

Coverage

Three data sources

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

Accuracy

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

0% 15% 30% 45% 60%

Coverage

Three data sources

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

Accuracy

0% 15% 30% 45% 60%

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

Coverage

Three data sources

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

Accuracy

0% 15% 30% 45% 60%

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

Coverage

Three data sources

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

Accuracy

0% 15% 30% 45% 60%

last.fm

freebase

biography

combination

Coverage

Three data sources

}Govaerts, Sten; Duval, Erik. A Web-based approach to

determine the origin of an artist. ISMIR 2009.

LAST.FM MASHUP

http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~sten/lastonamfm19step 2 - create.

musical genre.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/7593077@N03/5076100406/in/photostream/ 20

USING SEARCH ENGINES

CLASSIFICATION WITH SEARCH ENGINES

using co-occurrence

M. Schedl, T. Pohle, P. Knees, G. Widmer, “Assigning and Visualizing Music Genres by Web-based Co-occurrence Analysis”, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, 2006, pp. 260-265.

CLASSIFICATION WITH SEARCH ENGINES

using co-occurrence

M. Schedl, T. Pohle, P. Knees, G. Widmer, “Assigning and Visualizing Music Genres by Web-based Co-occurrence Analysis”, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, 2006, pp. 260-265.

Blues:

Country:

Metal:

Blues:

Country:

Metal:

0,0150,009

RESULTS

• 1st results were much worse

• what happened?

• re-run the original experiment

• evaluate on the same data set: 1995 artists and 9 genres.

• different search engines: Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft.

• over time: 8 times over a period of 36 days.

WHAT TO USE?

• use Google when it’s stable else rely on Yahoo!

• when is it stable? test with a small set

• some artists get classified incorrectly on bad days

• compare the accuracy achieved with the test set to the average.

WHAT TO USE?

• use Google when it’s stable else rely on Yahoo!

• when is it stable? test with a small set

• some artists get classified incorrectly on bad days

• compare the accuracy achieved with the test set to the average.

Govaerts, Sten; Corthaut, Nik; Duval, Erik. Using search engine for classification: does it still work? adMIRe WS, ISM2009.

STEP 4 – UTILISE.

STEP 4 – UTILISE.Ch 5 & 6

effective access to content?28

FEDERATED SEARCH.

Govaerts, Sten; El Helou, Sandy; Duval, Erik; Gillet, Denis. A federated search and social recommendation widget. SRS WS, CSCW 2011.

Govaerts, Sten; Verbert, Katrien; et al. Towards Responsive Open Learning Environments: the ROLE Interoperability framework. EC-TEL 2011.

step 4 - utilise. 29

FEDERATED SEARCH.

step 4 - utilise.

CONTEXT

• Personal Learning Environment:

• customizable• re-use, creation & mashup of tools, resources

• enable users to access content

• in different contexts

step 4 - utilise.

CONTEXT

step 4 - utilise.

CONTEXT

WHAT’S A WIDGET ?!?

31step 4 - utilise.Wednesday 12 September 12

WHAT’S A WIDGET ?!?

STEP 5 & 6 – CAPTURE & PERSONALISE.

Ch 5 & 6

effective access to content?

step 5 & 6 - capture/personalise.

ATTENTION METADATA

Attention metadata does not describe the content itself, but what people do

with the content.

ATTENTION METADATA

with the content.

copyright by Warner Bros. Pictures

ATTENTION METADATA

with the content.

copyright by Warner Bros. Pictures

SOCIAL RECOMMENDATIONS.

PAGE RANKHYPERLINK

WEBSITE

A node is important if and only if many other important nodes point to it

Rank of node i:

36step 5 & 6 - capture/personalise.

friend

connection

saved/shared

disliked

friend

connection

saved/shared

OUR CASE

THREE CASE STUDIES2 31

KU LEUVEN & EPFL

• 15 PhD students.

KU LEUVEN & EPFL

• usability, satisfaction, usefulness

KU LEUVEN & EPFL

• usefulness of recommendations: 11/14 pro.

KU LEUVEN & EPFL

• user satisfaction: System Usability Scale (SUS) & MS Desirability Toolkit

KU LEUVEN & EPFL

• SUS score: 66,25%

KU LEUVEN & EPFL

• SUS score: 66,25% KU Leuven: high (75%)EPFL + one KU Leuven: low (50%)

WHY THE DIFFERENT SUS?

• 1st phase by 2 interviewers

• issues:

• distraction from unrelated widgets

• layout too dense

• height of widgets too small

• not evaluating the widget but the whole experience...

DESIRABILITY...

• LMS (CLIX) extended with widgets

• 25 heterogeneous participants

• evaluation setup:

1. video introduction to the new system

2. period of experimentation

3. questionnaire

• LMS (CLIX) extended with widgets

• 25 heterogeneous participants

1. video introduction to the new system

2. period of experimentation

3. questionnaire

FESTO RESULTS

88% would recommend it to their colleagues

81% agreed that it helps them to be more effective

JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY

• offers higher education for adults with a full-time job

• early prototype with

1. task list (ETA 15 mins)

2. questionnaire (in Chinese) (partially from ResQUE)

JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY

• offers higher education for adults with a full-time job

• early prototype with

1. task list (ETA 15 mins)

2. questionnaire (in Chinese) (partially from ResQUE)

RESULTS

• ran over 3 weeks, 13 respondents

• results for federated search widget:• 69% used the federated search widget

• 56% found the recommendations relevant to the course

• 38% wanted to continue using the federated search widget

• Personal learning environment results• 23% found it useful for the course

• 39% found it easy to use, 15% found it navigationally consistent

• 46% were satisfied with the personal learning environment

• an established LMS augmented with PLE features brand new system

• cultural differences?

• slow internet connection (long loading and querying times)

• lesson learned: the choice of evaluation environment is very important

users perceive federated search as useful and effective IF the content in the repositories relates

to their tasks.[Belliston et al., 2007], [Korah et al., 2010], [Gore, 2008]

users perceive federated search as useful and effective IF the content in the repositories relates

to their tasks.[Belliston et al., 2007], [Korah et al., 2010], [Gore, 2008]

our evaluation indicates that users benefit from the social recommendations.

recommendations from friends are preferred over system recommendations. [Shinha et al., 2001]

STEP 7 – CREATE AWARENESS.

STEP 7 – CREATE AWARENESS.Ch 7

RQ4: How can attention metadata be leveraged to improve

awareness and self-reflection?

PROBLEM

http://www.ypfp.org/classroom

49step 5 & 7 - capture/create awareness.

PROBLEM

http://www.ypfp.org/classroom

STUDENT ACTIVITY METER

• visualisations of attention metadata

• self-monitoring for learners

design

evaluation

step 5 & 7 - capture/create awareness.

implementation

• awareness for teachersdesign

evaluation

implementation

• awareness for teachers

• time trackingdesign

evaluation

implementation

• time tracking

• learning resource use and recommendations

design

evaluation

implementation

• time tracking

• learning resource use and recommendations

• part of Learning Analytics research [ACM LAK conf., Siemens 2011, Duval 2011]

design

evaluation

implementation

demo...

http://www.leveraas.com/

Govaerts, Sten; Verbert, Katrien, Duval, Erik; Pardo, Abelardo. The Student Activity Meter for Awareness and Self-reflection. CHI 2012.

demographics

evaluation goal

design changes negative positive

I. 12 CS students

usability, satisfaction, preliminary usefulness

1st iteration small usability issues

•↑learnability•↓errors•good satisfaction•usefulness positive

ITERATION TWO & THREE

• CGIAR: 19 teachers - LAK: 12

• An online survey about usefulness, teacher issues and how the tool can resolve these.

Provide feedback to the students

Being aware of what students are doing

Knowing about collaboration and communication

Knowing which documents are used and how much

Knowing how and when online tools have been used

Finding the students who are not doing well

Finding the best students

Knowing how much time students spent

Knowing if external learning resources are used

issue for teacher

✔✔??✔?

add-ressed

✔✔

issue for teacher

add-ressed

CGIAR LAK1 2 3 4 5

Issues

Provide feedback to the studentsBeing aware of what students are doingKnowing about collaboration and communication *Knowing which documents are used and how muchKnowing how and when online tools have been usedFinding the students who are not doing well

Knowing how much time students spentKnowing if external learning resources are used

Addressed by SAM

1 2 3 4 5

issue for teacher

✔✔??✔?

add-ressed

✔✔

issue for teacher

add-ressed

CGIAR LAK

issue for teacher

✔✔??✔?

add-ressed

✔✔

issue for teacher

add-ressed

CGIAR LAK

CGIAR CASE STUDY

good indicator for effortunderstand the workload

use for course design optimization

obtain course overview

increase awareness

detect outliers

progress evolutioncompare students

want better 1 to 1 comparison tool

more details on student

want to search for students

more metricswanted

CGIAR CASE STUDY

good indicator for effortunderstand the workload

use for course design optimization

obtain course overview

increase awareness

detect outliers

progress evolutioncompare students

want better 1 to 1 comparison tool

more details on student

want to search for students

more metricswanted

LAK CASE STUDY

http://maranash.blogspot.com/2011/01/conference-shout-out.html56step 5 & 7 - capture/create awareness.

LAK CASE STUDY

chronological course dwell time

verify the status of the classroom activity

self-reflection to measure progress and increase

motivation

find students experiencing problems and low

engagement

more metrics

more data

LAK CASE STUDY

chronological course dwell time

verify the status of the classroom activity

self-reflection to measure progress and increase

motivation

find students experiencing problems and low

engagement

more metrics

more data

demographics

evaluation goal

design changes

negative positive

I.12 CS

students

1st iterationsmall usability

issues

teachers & TA’s

assessing teacher

needs, use & usefulness

help functionresource

recomm. not useful

•provides awareness•all vis. useful•many uses•90% want it

III.12

participants

assessing teacher

needs, expert feedback, use & usefulness

re-orderable parallel

coordinates with

histograms

most addressed needs are indecisive

•provides awareness and feedback•many uses•66% want it•recomm. can be useful

ITERATION FOUR

• a CS course on C++ programming

• 11 people: 7 teachers, 2 TA’s & 1 course planner

• richer data set: tracking from programming environment

• qualitative study using a structured face-2-face interview with 25 open questions.

ITERATION FOUR

• a CS course on C++ programming

• 11 people: 7 teachers, 2 TA’s & 1 course planner

• richer data set: tracking from programming environment

• qualitative study using a structured face-2-face interview with 25 open questions.

ACHIEVABLE TASKS

identify students doing well and at risk

understand time spent better

better course overview

detect students for assistance

course planning

monitor tool and resource use

get a time summary

conflicting visions on students doing well

and at risk

http://www.tdpri.com/forum/telecaster-discussion-forum/48431-ic503z-cap-52-ri-blackguard-book.html 59step 5 & 7 - capture/create awareness.

ACHIEVABLE TASKS

course planning

get a time summary

and at risk

ACHIEVABLE TASKS

course planning

get a time summary

and at risk

all: want to continue using it9/11: give it to students

demo-graphics

evaluation goal

design changes negative positive

I.12 CS

students

1st iterationsmall usability

issues

teachers & TA’s

assessing teacher needs, use & usefulness

help functionresource

recomm. not useful

•provides awareness•all vis. useful•many uses•90% want it

III.12

participants

assessing teacher needs, expert

feedback, use & usefulness

re-orderable PC with

histograms

most addressed needs are indecisive

•provides awareness and feedback•many uses•66% want it•recomm. can be useful

teachers & TA’s

use, usefulness & satisfaction

filter & search, icons,

zooming in line chart, editing PC

conflicting visions of students

doing well or at risk

•provides time overview•provides course overview•PC assist with detecting problems•many uses & insights•100% want it

CONCLUSION

• SAM is perceived useful and contributes to better awareness.

CONCLUSION

• SAM enables:

CONCLUSION

• SAM enables:

• to detect potential students doing well and at risk

CONCLUSION

• SAM enables:

• to detect potential students doing well and at risk• a better course overview

CONCLUSION

• SAM enables:

• to detect potential students doing well and at risk• a better course overview• understanding student time spending

CONCLUSION

• SAM enables:

• to detect potential students doing well and at risk• a better course overview• understanding student time spending• to find a wide variety of new insights

CONCLUSION

• SAM enables:

• to detect potential students doing well and at risk• a better course overview• understanding student time spending• to find a wide variety of new insights

• almost all want to continue using SAM

CONTRIBUTIONS.

1. A structured method for selecting an appropriate metadata schema

2. The design & evaluation of a metadata generator for the origin of an artist

3. The re-evaluation of a general metadata generation approach

4. The design & evaluation of federated search tool with social recommendations

5. The design & evaluation of visualisations of attention metadata to support awareness and self-reflection.

CONTRIBUTIONS.

RQ 2RQ 2

CONTRIBUTIONS.

RQ 2RQ 2

CONTRIBUTIONS.

RQ 2RQ 2

CONTRIBUTIONS.

RQ 2RQ 2

CONTRIBUTIONS.

RQ 2RQ 2

publications.

http://dailypracticeblog.com/how-paper-claims-will-be-impacted-by-5010/ 63

domain steps RQ conf. publication

define, create, utilise

(RQ1, RQ3) ISMIR’06 Govaerts, Sten; Corthaut, Nik; Duval, Erik. Moody tunes: the rockanango project

create (RQ2) ISMIR’07 Govaerts, Sten; Corthaut, Nik; Duval, Erik. Mood-ex-machina: towards automation of moody tunes

music defineRQ3 ISMIR’08

Corthaut, Nik; Govaerts, Sten; Verbert, Katrien; Duval, Erik. Connecting the dots: music metadata generation, schemas and applications

music define

RQ2 ISMIR’09 Govaerts, Sten; Duval, Erik. A Web-based approach to determine the origin of an artist

create

RQ2 ISMIR’09 Govaerts, Sten; Duval, Erik. A Web-based approach to determine the origin of an artist

create RQ2 ISM’09-WS

Govaerts, Sten; Corthaut, Nik; Duval, Erik. Using search engine for classification: does it still work?

capture, create

awareness

RQ4 ICWL’10Govaerts, Sten; Verbert, Katrien; Klerkx, Joris; Duval, Erik. Visualizing activities for self-reflection and awareness

capture, create

awarenessRQ4 ICWL’11 Govaerts, Sten; Verbert, Katrien; Duval, Erik. Evaluating the

student activity meter: two case studies

capture, create

awareness

RQ4 CHI’12Govaerts, Sten; Verbert, Katrien, Duval, Erik; Pardo, Abelardo. The Student Activity Meter for Awareness and Self-reflection

utilise, personalise,

capture

RQ1CSCW’11

-WSGovaerts, Sten; El Helou, Sandy; Duval, Erik; Gillet, Denis. A federated search and social recommendation widget

utilise, personalise,

capture RQ1 EC-TEL’11Govaerts, Sten; Verbert, Katrien; et al. Towards Responsive Open Learning Environments: the ROLE Interoperability framework

period project domain RQ steps pubs.

2005 - 2007

Aristo IWT project 1

music RQ2, RQ3

define, create, (utilise)

ISMIR’06, ISMIR’07, ISMIR’08, ISMIR’09, ISM’09-

2007 - 2009

Aristo IWT project 2

music RQ2, RQ3

define, create

ISMIR’06, ISMIR’07, ISMIR’08, ISMIR’09, ISM’09-

2009 - now ROLE TEL

RQ1, RQ4

utilise, personalise, capture, create

awareness

ICWL’10, ICWL’11, ECTEL’11,

CHI’12

10/2010-12/2010

Research stay at EPFL TEL

RQ1, RQ4

utilise, personalise, capture

CSCW’11-WS

somemetrics...

CITATIONS PER YEAR.

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

external citationsself citations

total citations: 72external citations: 49h-index: 6

CITATIONS PER YEAR.

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

itatio

total citations: 72external citations: 49h-index: 6

CITATIONS PER PAPER.

itatio

papers68

CITATIONS PER PAPER.

212 2 1

itatio

papers68

TIME SPENT.

1: schemas 2: origin 2: search 4,5&6: search & recomm. 5&7: awareness

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

time per RQ

RQ1 RQ2 RQ3 RQ4

TIME SPENT.

time 15% 20% 10% 18% 37%

1: schemas 2: origin 2: search 4,5&6: search & recomm. 5&7: awareness

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

time per RQ 18% 30% 15% 37%

RQ1 RQ2 RQ3 RQ4

Thank you for your attention!Questions?

From Findability to Awareness: Metadata in Music and Technology Enhanced Learning.

Technology

Transcript of From Findability to Awareness: Metadata in Music and Technology Enhanced Learning.

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