French Revolution & Napoleon

I. Causes of the French

Revolution

I. Causes of the French Revolution

A. Political

1. Absolutism

2. Corruption

3. Censorship

4. Lettres de Cachet

5. Increasingly unpopular government

Louis XVI Marie Antoinette

The Affair of the Necklace

Jeanne de Saint-Remy de Valois Comtesse de Lamotte

Cardinal de Rohan

Diamond Necklace commissioned byLouis XV for his mistress Mdme.du Barry

I. Causes of the French Revolution

A. Political

B. Social

*Rigid Social Class Structure

1. 1st Estate

2. 2nd Estate

3. 3rd Estate

The Three Estates

I. Causes of the French Revolution

A. PoliticalB. SocialC. Economic

1. Taxes ↑a. Tailleb. Gabellec. Corveed. Tithe

2. Crippling Debt Corvee

I. Causes of the French Revolution A. Political

B. Social

C. Economic

D. Intellectual1. Enlightenment Ideas

2. Influence of the American RevolutionRousseau Voltaire

II. The French Revolution

A. Estates General

● Mirabeau, Abbe Sieyes

Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes

What is the Third Estate?

“What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing. What does it desire? To be something.”

2) Representatives equal to the other two orders taken together

3) Votes taken by head, not by orders

What the people want:

1) Genuine representatives in the Estates General

II. The French Revolution

A. Estates General

● Mirabeau, Abbe Sieyes

1. Convened at Versailles (May 5, 1789)

2. 3rd Estate → National Assembly

(June 17, 1789)

3. Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789)

Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes

II. The French Revolution

A. Estates General

B. Moderate Beginnings

1. Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

2. Great Fear (July – August 1789)

3. Declaration of the Rights of Man

(Aug. 27,1789)

●Lafayette

The Bastille

Lafayette

II. The French Revolution

B. Moderate Beginnings (cont.)

4. March to Versailles (Oct. 5, 1789)

5. Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July, 1790)

6. Flight to Varennes (June, 1791)

II. The French RevolutionB. Moderate Beginnings (cont.)

7. Declaration of Pillnitz (August, 1791)

8. Constitution of 1791 (Sept. 3, 1791)

9. France declares war on Austria

(April, 1792)

Leopold II Frederick William II

II. The French Revolution

C. Growing Radicalism

●Danton, Marat, Robespierre

Georges Danton (1759-1794)

Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793)

MaximilienRobespierre(1758-1794)

The Assassination of MaratJuly 13, 1793

The Death of Marat (1793) Jacques-Louis David

Charlotte Corday after the Murder of Marat (1861)Paul Jacques Aime Baudry

II. The French Revolution

C. Growing Radicalism

●Danton, Marat, Robespierre

1. War effort goes badly

2. Republican movement

● Girondists v. Mountain

3. September Massacres

(September, 1792)

● San-culottes San-culottes

II. The French Revolution4. Execution of Louis XVI (January,1793)

5. Committee of Public Safety

(April -June, 1793)

6. Reign of Terror (July, 1793-July, 1794)

7. Armies of France victorious

(Spring, 1794)

8. Execution of Robespierre (July, 1794)

Robespierre

Death of Louis XVI

II. The French RevolutionD. Thermidorean Reaction (1794-

1799)1. Constitution of 1795 (3rd)

a. Directoryb. 2-house legislature

2. Discontenta. War continuesb. Corruptionc. Economic hardshipd. Revival of royalist feeling

II. The French Revolution

D. Thermidorean Reaction (1794-1799)

1. Constitution of 1795 (3rd)

2. Discontent

3. Rise of Napoleon

a. Tool of the Directory (1795)

b. Coup d’ etat (1799)

●ConsulateNapoleon as a young officer

III. The Age of Napoleon

A. Consolidation of Power

●Plebiscite

1. 1st Consul (1799)

2. Consul for Life (1802)

3. Emperor (1804)

Emperor Napoleon

First Consul Napoleon

III. The Age of NapoleonB. Domestic reforms

1. Concordat of 18012. Code of Napoleon →

a. Equality under the lawb. Abolished serfdomc. Religious toleration

3. Merit system for civil service4. Efficient tax system5. Furtherance of Public Education

III. The Age of Napoleon C. At war ● Expansionist policies

1. Grand Empire a. Holland, Spain, German states (excluding Austria & Prussia), Warsaw, Swiss republic, Italyb. Trafalgar (1805)c. Austerlitz (1805)

Napoleon’s Empire

III. The Age of Napoleon C. At war ● Expansionist policies

1. Grand Empire2. Downfall-Continental System (1806)

a. Peninsular War-Spain (1808-1814)

b. Invasion of Russia (1812)●Scorched-earth policy

c. War of Liberation (1813) 1) Leipzig

●Battle of the Nations

2) Exile - Elba

Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia

Guerrilla warfare in Spain

III. The Age of Napoleon C. At war ● Expansionist policies

1. Grand Empire2. Downfall3. The Hundred Days (1815)

a. Waterloob. Exile – St. Helena

Duke of Wellington

Field Marshal Blucher

Napoleon musing at St. Helena

IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals

A. Congress of Vienna (1815)→1. Leaders

a. Metternich (Austria)b. Castlereagh/Wellington (Britain)c. Frederick William III (Prussia)d. Alexander I (Russia)e. Talleyrand (France)Prince Klemens

von Metternich

IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals

A. Congress of Vienna (1815)

1. Leaders

2. Settlements

a. Principle of legitimacy

b. Principle of compensation

IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals

A. Congress of Vienna (1815)

B. Quadruple Alliance

●Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain

1. Support Vienna settlements

2. Suppress revolutions

IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals

A. Congress of Vienna (1815)

B. Quadruple Alliance

C. Revolutions of 1848

●France, Austria, Germany, Italy

Berlin, March 1848