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F r a u n h o F e r I n s t I t u t e F o r e m b e d d e d s y s t e m s a n d C o m m u n I C a t I o n t e C h n o l o g I e s e s K
ANNUAL REPORT
2013/2014
F r a u n h o F e r I n s t I t u t e F o r e m b e d d e d s y s t e m s a n d C o m m u n I C a t I o n t e C h n o l o g I e s e s K
ANNUAL REPORT
2013/2014
dear readers, business Partners and Customers,
The past few years have been an exciting time for us. After
successfully completing our technology audit in 2012, we
transitioned to a full-fledged Fraunhofer institute on July 1,
2013, changing our name to Fraunhofer Institute for
embedded systems and Communication technologies
while retaining the abbreviation ESK. Our name may have
changed, but the goal of utilizing our expertise to help our
customers and partners develop innovative products and
services remains the same.
To ensure that we stay on the path to success, last year
we created a set of guiding principles (page 8) that each
employee must abide by. These principles reflect the existing
values that we rely on to carry out our daily activities at the
institute. They also serve as a guide in our dealings with one
another and with our partners.
In an effort to continue providing you quality R & D services,
we restructured and expanded our laboratories. In addition
to the automotive lab (page 43) and access & Inhouse
test lab (page 67), we now offer an Automation Lab
(page 25) for testing wireless systems in automation environ-
ments, a PlC test lab (page 55) for evaluating communi-
cation technologies such as powerline via the electricity grid
(page 55) and the ngn test lab (page 66) for communica-
tion systems.
FOREwORd
4
In closing, I want to extend my sincere appreciation to our
employees for their dedication and hard work, which once
again led to outstanding results. Without personal commit-
ment, excellent research is not possible. And without excellent
research, we could not deliver the quality R & D services that
our customers and partners have come to expect.
I’d like to take this opportunity to also thank all of our
partners and customers from industry, the research commu-
nity and the public sector for placing your trust in our work.
Please take the time to review our 2013 Annual Report. It will
provide you an overview of the past year’s research activities
and project highlights, as well as a glimpse into what we have
planned for 2014.
On behalf of all employees at Fraunhofer ESK, thank you for your
continued support. We look forward to another successful year.
We also developed additional tools, tool chains and platforms,
which we use to streamline the delivery of our R & D services.
The Plethora platform allows us to more efficiently develop
sensor networks and helps us to quickly identify suitable wire-
less technologies using a rapid prototyping process (page 19).
For industrial wireless environments, we deploy the awair
system to identify sources of interference and problems, thus
ensuring the reliability of our customer’s wireless networks
(page 18). For years, automobile manufacturers have relied on
our artis platform for the prototyping of infotainment and
real-time applications (page 30). This family was expanded over
the past two years with the addition of ezCar2X, a framework
designed to streamline the development of networked vehicle
applications (page 31). To address the problem of increasingly
complex software development environments, we also created
a range of tools and platforms for the automobile industry,
such as ernest (page 33), in order to further professionalize
our development activities.
With the transition to a full Fraunhofer institute, we switched
from the Fraunhofer Microelectronics Group, where we will
continue to be involved as a guest institute, to membership
in the Fraunhofer Information and Communication Techno-
logy Group, a network of institutes that will be able to exploit
our know-how in communication technologies and software
development. At the same time, I took over as chairman
of the Fraunhofer Embedded Systems Alliance, a network
of 13 institutes that bundles their expertise in the fields of
mechan ical engineering, electronics and IT. This allows us
to work together to offer customers a wide range of compre-
hensive solutions.
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 5
TAbLE OF CONTENTs
45 eleCtrICIty grIds
48 Smart microgrid information and control
49 Smart grid traffic models
50 Vehicle-to-grid: connecting e-vehicles to the energy network
51 Intelligent charging infrastructure for electric vehicles
52 Intelligent communication for the smart energy network of the future
53 Simulation environment for CDMA450 networks
55 PlC test lab for smart metering and smart grid applications
27 automotIVe
30 ARTiS family – prototyping under real conditions
31 ezCar2X: streamlined development of applications for networked vehicles
32 SafeAdapt: safe adaptive software for fully electric vehicles
33 ERNEST – early-stage validation and verification through simulation
34 ICt for electromobility
35 Software defined car
36 ethernet/IP in the vehicle
37 Verification of TCP/IP protocol stacks
38 Vehicle-environment networking
39 Autonomous traffic warning system
39 Shared electromobility
40 dependable automotive software
41 Safety-critical train system development
41 Verification of automotive software
43 automotive lab
8 Fraunhofer ESK guiding principles
10 Core competences
15 automatIon teChnology
18 Awair: monitoring the quality of industrial wireless networks
19 Plethora – communication, auto mation, localization
20 Wireless industrial solutions
21 Location and communication system
21 Cognitive radio prototype
22 trace-based debugging for multicore software
23 Toolchain for embedded multicore systems
23 Survey: embedded systems software development
25 automation lab
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20146
57 teleCommunICatIon
60 haInet – high bit rate access and inhouse networks
62 Wired transmission system optimization
63 Powerline modem measurement and testing
63 DSL communication systems
64 Web-based client-server systems
65 Mobile use of e-books
65 Fraunhofer job application platform
66 ngn test lab
67 access & Inhouse test lab
69 FraunhoFer InstItute For embedded systems and CommunICatIon teChnologIes esK
72 Organization chart
73 Our customers and partners
74 Facts and figures
76 Recruiting
78 Chair for Communication Technology
79 Networking – more than just technology
80 Publications
88 2013 Event highlights
90 How to reach us
91 Editorial notes
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 7
FraunhoFer esK guIdIng PrInCIPles
Research and development are driving forces behind innovation. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft occupies a strong position in Germany and Europe in this field. Expanding and maintaining this position is not possible without hard work. Our changing world continuously presents us with new challenges. With increasingly faster innovation cycles and an economic environ-ment that is undergoing perpetual transformation, established processes are being displaced or no longer serve their original purpose, and knowledge is becoming obsolete.
This also places additional demands on the individual. The employees of Fraunhofer ESK carry out their daily tasks with a common set of values that act as guidelines – which they acknowledge and follow – for their behavior and actions. We have updated the values that have served us well in the past and added new aspects. The result is a set of guiding principles for the institute.
8
1. �Mutual appreciation, respect and openness form the basis for everything we do.
2. Leadership means taking responsibility for the decisions we make and living by them.
3. Clearly-defined structures, responsibilities and interfaces are the cornerstones of our
organization.
4. Communication and information are essential to our success.
5. The professional development of our employees and young scientists preserves our
innovation strength.
6. We transform scientific expertise into innovations.
7. We put knowledge into practice.
8. We supplement and enrich our expertise with an extensive network of professionals
from business and government.
9. We align our innovative solutions with our customer’s future markets and challenges.
10. We are a reliable and independent project partner.
11. Satisfying society’s needs on an on-going basis requires keeping an eye on the future.
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 9
Wired transmission systems
Fraunhofer ESK has been actively involved in the optimization
of broadband transmission systems running over copper wire
circuits for around 15 years. The institute is currently the only
commercial provider in Germany with a fully-equipped Access
& Inhouse test lab. Apart from using simulation platforms for
examining wired transmission systems, new technologies such
as VDSL2 vectoring are integrated into the lab’s test environ-
ment and then evaluated under real conditions.
The institute also analyses the effects of high bit rate trans-
missions on live systems. One example is emission behavior,
a characteristic that plays an important role when deploying
broadband in specific environments such as buildings and
power grids.
The current research activities are divided into three main areas:
xDSL transmission systems, broadband powerline communi-
cation (broadband PLC) and narrowband powerline communi-
cation (high bit rate narrowband PLC). The research focuses
primarily on new transmission technologies that allow use
of the frequency ranges above 30 MHz for transmitting data
across both the power grid and twisted pair circuits.
local Wireless networks
Wireless technology is no longer the sole domain of tele phone
and computer networks and has long since branched out into
other areas. Concrete examples include networking vehicles
with their environments (Car-to-X communication) and the
use of wireless networking in industrial applications such as
machine-to-machine (M2M). In many cases, standard tech-
nologies cannot be directly deployed. For example, unreliable
connectivity is one factor that keeps potential users away from
wireless technologies. On the other side of the coin, wireless
networks feature characteristics such as flexibility and device
mobility that make applications like Car-to-X and industrial
sensor networks possible in the first place. This aspect, plus
the potential cost savings that result from the reduced installa-
tion effort, make wireless systems an attractive alternative.
Wireless data transmission is subject to special physical con-
straints. In contrast to wired transmission technologies, wire-
less networks possess specific characteristics such as trans-
mission loss, sensitivity to external emissions and multipath
propagation that can cause interference. The environment,
whether outdoor or indoor, determines the channel charac-
teristics. When designing transmitter and receiver systems and
the implementation of the protocol stacks, engineers have to
take these characteristics into account.
CORE COmPETENCEs
Mathias Leibiger
Group Manager, Access and Inhouse Networks
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-372
mathias.leibiger@esk.fraunhofer.de
Dr. Yun Chen
Research Associate
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-391
yun.chen@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201410
reliable ethernet and IP Communication
Although Ethernet and IP technologies are independent of one
another, they are often mentioned in the same breath. They
benefit from one another and enjoy a near-monopoly in local
networks. Because these technologies were originally designed
for pure transport, QoS mechanisms for applications such as
telephony and multimedia transmission have evolved gradually.
To date, the industry still lacks integrated mechanisms for ad-
dressing real-time requirements. Apart from QoS in embedded
systems, resource issues such as energy consumption and CPU
and memory usage are of major importance. So far, Ethernet
and IP technologies and their various implementations have
failed to sufficiently solve these issues.
In response to this situation, one-off or special solutions have
become well established. Examples include FlexRay and MOST
for the automotive industry and EtherCat/ProfiNet for industrial
automation applications. These special solutions are usually
complex and costly, possess little enhancement potential and
stand in stark contrast to the desire for cost-effective Ethernet
and IP solutions with high bandwidth.
Falk Langer
Group Manager, Automotive Networks
Phone: +49 89 547088-327
falk.langer@esk.fraunhofer.de
11
adaptive systems
Adaptivity improves the resource efficiency and flexibility of
software-driven embedded systems. The term adaptivity refers
to the extent to which a system is capable of adapting itself
to changes in its internal and external environment, resources
and requirements. The corresponding control mechanisms
must ensure reliability, an essential factor for many embed-
ded systems. Another issue involves the growth of distributed
systems, meaning multiple processors that are networked to-
gether to provide common services. The key challenge in such
distributed environments is making sure the adaptive systems
exhibit a high level of coordination, efficiency and consistency,
all of which must be guaranteed during the design and analysis
phases.
Taking adaptivity into account at the design level requires new
concepts for designing distributed services and functions in
networked systems. With existing approaches, the features
and aspects of the system – also referred to as variability – are
specified in the design and cannot be adapted at runtime.
Against this backdrop, one of Fraunhofer ESK’s research goals
is to develop an end-to-end methodology and modeling
technique for adaptive systems that features inherent vari-
ability and adaptivity and the associated control mechanisms.
model-based software design and Validation
Software is the basis for a wide range of functions in today’s
networked systems, such as in automobiles or industrial
systems. The networking and interaction of these functions are
becoming increasingly complex, creating a demand for new
approaches to software development and validation. One of
the fundamental challenges lies in guaranteeing the reliability
of the functional and non-functional communication behavior.
Model-based methods can be used to create an abstraction
that helps developers deal effectively with these complex
network and interaction environments. A key example is
executable specification models, which aid in identifying and
localizing weaknesses and gaps in the specification during the
early phases of development. Such models have already been
successfully implemented by Fraunhofer ESK for validating the
interface behavior of vehicle software functions.
Fraunhofer ESK is enabling the use of these improved domain-
specific test methods in real development environments by
integrating them into tool platforms. This is frequently ac-
complished by creating model transformations for integrat-
ing various models and processes, which allow engineers to
generate and test different communication interface imple-
mentations.
CORE COmPETENCEs
Gereon Weiss
Group Manager, Automotive Software
Phone: +49 89 547088-348
gereon.weiss@esk.fraunhofer.de
Gereon Weiss
Group Manager, Automotive Software
Phone: +49 89 547088-348
gereon.weiss@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201412
multicore software
Multicore processes are now making inroads into the automa-
tion and automotive industries. Developing software for these
systems is a difficult task however, because non-deterministic
errors must be resolved and non-functional requirements have
to be ensured despite distributed resources. For this reason,
Fraunhofer ESK focuses on two key areas in the field of multi-
core software.
One aspect is the validation of the communication behavior in
distributed and highly-integrated systems. The ERNEST frame-
work is used here to simulate models of distributed software
components and examine their non-functional requirements.
Engineers are currently pursuing the real-time virtualization
of communication interfaces in order to facilitate their parallel
use through software components.
The second thrust involves error detection and resolution in
parallel and distributed systems. Here, researchers are develop-
ing tools that record and analyze the software operations. The
recorded information essentially represents a chronicle of the
software state. Since this allows software errors to be detected
much earlier, debugging is considerably easier.
Ronald Strebelow
Research Associate
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-351
ronald.strebelow@esk.fraunhofer.de
13
14
automatIon teChnology
In the automation technology market segment, Fraunhofer ESK focuses its research and development activities on wireless technologies, as well as on software architectures and tools for the development of flexible auto-mation components. Examples include:
n Awair – a fully automatic online quality control monitoring solution for industrial wireless network environments
n Plethora – a wireless sensor network platform for the rapid prototyping of sensor network solutions
n Cognitive radio research for the development of future industrial wire-less standards
n Communication and localization software solutions n Tool chains for the trace-based debugging of software in embedded
multicore systems
Customers in this market segment include companies in the field of auto-mation technology, production technology and other relevant branches.
15
With companies turning out a wider range of product variants and manufac-
turing in small batch sizes, the need for more versatile and flexible machinery
and equipment is growing. This is driving the demand for shorter retrofitting
intervals with the same high level of system availability. Achieving the required
flexibility and efficiency calls for automation technologies that increasingly
replace mechanical operations with electronics and software, particularly by
combining local wireless network and Internet communication technologies.
With this in mind, we believe software engineering and Internet-based wireless
communication networking represent key technologies for future generations
of products manufactured with automation technologies. Over the mid-term,
this trend will lead to powerful, flexible production platforms that boast a high
level of information and communication (ICT) functionality. This will provide
new opportunities to develop globally-networked manufacturing systems with
a much greater focus on the needs of the customer. Such ICT-centric production
systems, which are being promoted under the banner of “Industry 4.0,” possess
the potential to permanently change, and even revolutionize, the manufacturing
industry.
Over the short- to mid-term, these future production platforms will lead to
demand for research into flexible and scalable high-grade automation compo-
nents that are capable of guaranteeing real-time capability, stability, robustness,
Dr.-Ing. Mike Heidrich
Business Unit Manager Industrial Communication
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-377
mike.heidrich@esk.fraunhofer.de
Dr.-Ing. Mike Heidrich joined the Fraunhofer
Institute for Embedded Systems and Commu-
nication Technology ESK in 1999 as a research
fellow. In 2009, he was appointed head of
the Industrial Communication business unit.
His expertise lies in the field of industrial
communication and wireless networking,
in addition to the areas of software develop-
ment and methods.
Dr. Heidrich successfully completed his doctoral
thesis in 2012 at the University of Augsburg
under the title “Adaptive error prevention in
wireless local networks for the optimal trans-
mission of scalable, encoded video data.”
Prior to joining Fraunhofer ESK, Dr. Heidrich
worked for Munich-based Pichler Engineering
GmbH where he was active in software develop-
ment and project/product management within
the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Ac-
quisition) systems business unit. In this capacity
he was responsible for software projects in the
manufacturing industry, as well as for the design
and development of SCADA software products.
AUTOmATiON TEChNOLOgy
16
On-going projects
n� �Wireless sensor networks – intelligent and
reliable sensor networks for industrial auto-
mation applications
n� �Cognitive radio – reliable wireless for manu-
facturing and production
New projects
n� �Framework for Indoor and Outdoor Naviga-
tion Assistance
n� �Tracing for embedded multicore systems
availability and uninterruptible and secure communication. Fraunhofer ESK
makes significant contributions to this field of work, particularly in the area
of industrial wireless communication and embedded software architectures
and tools.
17
Wireless communication systems are becoming an increas-
ingly attractive solution for industrial applications. In order
to utilize them for data transmission in an actual production
environment however, these systems must fulfill impor-
tant requirements such as reliability, security and real-time
capability. With Awair, Fraunhofer ESK offers a measure-
ment solution that can be used for planning new industrial
wireless networks, as well as for monitoring the quality of
live systems.
Planning and continuous monitoring
An interference-free wireless system requires that the radio
spectrum be thoroughly planned in accordance with the
VDI/VDE 2185 and IEC/TS 62657-2 coexistence specifica-
tions. Awair analyzes the relevant characteristics of the radio
channel. Using a complex analysis metric, it determines the
channel quality through information such as current channel
occupancy and sources of interference. This provides a quick
picture regarding the feasibility of integrating new wireless
systems into existing environments.
Despite proper planning, wireless connections can still
experience outages and lead to costly production downtime.
Industrial wireless networks can be impacted by defective
sensors, actuators or access nodes, as well as by mobile
phones with WLAN or Bluetooth® turned on. To counter
these situations, Awair can permanently monitor industrial
wireless networks while they are running in order to identify
node outages and other abnormalities in the utilization of
channels in the time and frequency representation. It thus
serves as a tool to forestall production outages.
Cost-effective, hardware-independent concept
Awair is a software-based solution requiring minimal hard-
ware that can be used to set up a scalable distributed system
from wireless sensors. Products such as commercially-available
access points can be deployed as sensors, which serve to carry
out the spectrum sensing. The measurement data is then trans-
mitted to a server via Ethernet, where it is stored and analyzed.
The analysis results can be viewed in HTML5 format using nearly
any browser-capable end user device.
Awair represents a cost-effective, yet powerful monitoring
system for industrial wireless networks. The know-how inte-
grated into Awair is especially interesting for system manu-
facturers, who can acquire licenses and product development
support from Fraunhofer ESK.
The project is being funded by the Bavarian Ministry of
Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology.
AwAiR: mONiTORiNg ThE qUALiTy OF iNdUsTRiAL wiRELEss NETwORks
h i g h L i g h T
Awair acts as an early warning system by monitoring the frequency
spectrum to identify potential service interruptions.
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201418
Systems for localizing people and objects in buildings are
usually installed parallel to existing sensor networks. To avoid
this additional investment, while creating a platform for the
development of a common data transmission, automation and
localization system, Fraunhofer ESK initiated the “Localization
and Communication System” project.
As part of this project, engineers developed the research and
development radio platform Plethora that features multiple
wireless system standards and sensors. The platform is suit-
able for testing different application scenarios in fields such
as building automation, as well as new localization methods
under realistic conditions.
the Plethora platform in detail
For controlling the sensors and wireless modules the Plethora
platform features a high-performance Cortex-M3 microcontroller.
For communication and localization, Plethora has transceivers
for the 868 MHz band, the LR-WPAN (IEEE 802.15.4) and the
2.4 GHz WLAN standard (IEEE 802.11 b/g). Each transceiver
has its own amplifier and software-controlled antenna output
which allows the impact of various antennas and transmission
levels on the localization and range of the system.
The platform comes installed with ambient light, barometer,
temperature and humidity sensors, in addition to a combined
3-axis accelerometer/magnetometer sensor. A CAN interface
provides additional connectivity for automotive applications.
Plethora is powered by a lithium-polymer battery that can be
charged via a USB or 12V connection.
The platform also comes with an expansion plug for which
a new ultra wideband transceiver module has already been
designed. This allows engineers to examine some of the
advanced capabilities of the technology, such as significantly
higher transmission speeds and more precise localization.
Additional hardware can also be integrated into the system.
testing under realistic conditions
With the Plethora multi-standard radio platform, engineers
are able to test ESK’s own localization and communication
system under realistic conditions in diverse scenarios and
then optimize the system for the individual application. That
allows them to incorporate improvements into the develop-
ment of the firmware by measuring the energy used by the
transceivers and sensors for instance. This can significantly
improve the energy efficiency of the system. Plethora also
provides a streamlined way to compare the various properties
of different wireless technologies. Last but not least, the ex-
pandability of the Plethora platform makes it an ideal starting
point for evaluating future processes.
outlook
After evaluating the various wireless technologies, Fraunhofer
ESK will continue to enhance and optimize the hardware with
respect to the physical dimensions, energy consumption and
costs. A comprehensive software framework will be developed
in parallel to further simplify access to the system and to better
link the various technologies with one another. This know-how
brings Fraunhofer ESK in the position of being able to develop
localization and communication systems tailored to the
individual needs of the customer regarding the type of power
supply, the integration of existing sensors and networks and
the special characteristics of the application itself.
PLEThORA – COmmUNiCATiON, AUTOmATiON, LOCALizATiON
h i g h L i g h T
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 19
T O P i C
Wireless communication offers a flexible and user-friendly
method for exchanging data, making it an increasingly popular
alternative for industrial applications. Apart from exchanging
sensor, actuator data and localizing data sources, other im-
portant applications include control processes for automated
production systems.
stringent requirements
One of the prerequisites of utilizing wireless systems in industrial
environments is real-time capability. Added to that are factors
such as stability, robustness and availability, which are important
in ensuring uninterruptible and robust communication processes.
Energy consumption and battery life times often play a major
role as well. Ascertaining which standard is suitable for a specific
application can be accomplished by mapping the requirements
to the physical characteristics of the wireless transmission system.
If no standard system satisfies the demands of the application,
custom solutions are developed to address the problem.
reliability through planning
Wireless systems are vulnerable to external interference and other
influences. They can also impact one another when they are
operating on the same or adjacent frequencies within the same
location. Ensuring the availability of a robust transmission sys-
tem requires thorough planning and monitoring. Furthermore,
coexistence management can be used to avoid frequency over-
lap. Since the system design and the environmental conditions
can rapidly change, coexistence and quality monitoring must be
constantly carried out while the system is actively running.
Fraunhofer esK development support
Fraunhofer ESK has been active in field of local wireless com-
munication for more than 10 years. As a result, our research-
ers boast extensive expertise in the design and development
of industrial-scale wireless systems. In the field of industrial
communication, the institute focuses on the planning and
monitoring of industrial wireless networks and the develop-
ment of industrial sensor networks.
Fraunhofer ESK advises companies on the use of wireless
transmission systems for mission-critical applications. With
Awair, an in-house developed platform, we also offer a solu-
tion for performing coexistence analysis and troubleshooting
on live wireless networks. Our full range of services includes:n Coexistence management consulting and supportn Support when choosing technologies and systemsn Implementation of the Awair system for monitoring the
quality of productive wireless networksn On-site analyses
Industrial sensor network development
Fraunhofer ESK provides various development services to
industrial customers. We can bring existing solutions to new
projects, whether it involves protocols, hardware designs or our
own development platforms. The range of services includes:n Industrial sensor network n Software specifications
planning and design n Prototype developmentn Technology selection n Test and validationn Hardware design
wiRELEss iNdUsTRiAL sOLUTiONs
Dr. Barbara Staehle
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-367
barbara.staehle@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201420
P R O j E C T
The potential for interference from signals and reflections
makes localizing people and objects in buildings a difficult
task. Correspondingly, precise localization technologies are
usually expensive and energy-hungry. To address this issue,
Fraunhofer ESK developed a very precise, yet energy-efficient
and low-cost localization system.
The ESK Localization and Communication System is comprised
of anchor nodes at fixed positions and energy-efficient wireless
tags attached to the objects to be localized. The system relies
on RSSI (receive signal strength indicator), a generic metric
based on the power present in a received radio signal. This is a
low-cost technology supported by commercially-available wire-
less communication modules. Since RSSI is less interference-
tolerant than more expensive technologies, Fraunhofer ESK
Wireless communication offers a flexible and user-friendly
method for exchanging data, making it an increasingly popular
alternative for industrial automation systems. Typical applica-
tions include process control, sensor and actuator data exchange
and other machine-to-machine (M2M) scenarios.
To ensure uninterruptible and robust communication processes,
wireless systems must be real-time capable and feature a
high level of stability, robustness and availability. Currently, this
can only be managed with cognitive radio, a technology that
enables a communication device to recognize and dynamically
adapt itself to the environment.
With this in mind, Fraunhofer ESK co-developed a cognitive
radio prototype with several partners. The aim is to evaluate the
developed a localization and calibration algorithm that en-
sures effective and stable operation of the localization system.
Communication between the anchor nodes is done via the
widely-used IEEE 802.15.4 lower layer protocol. That means
the system can handle other data in addition to the wire-
less communication functionality. In order to provide accurate
localization services in even more difficult or rugged environ-
ments, researchers are working towards the integration of
additional localization technologies.
Fraunhofer ESK offers support to customers who want to
integrate and adapt the ESK Localization and Communication
System to specific applications in areas such as agriculture,
logistics and construction.
technical feasibility of wireless communication in M2M applica-
tions while demonstrating efficiency and reliability improve-
ments by exploiting the availability of existing radio resources in
industrial environments. The core elements of the architecture
include spectrum sensing functionality, transmission signal
synthesis, receiver-side channel equalization and demodulation,
and intelligent channel access.
Assuming the business potential of cognitive radio is confirmed,
realization of the technology will focus on direct marketing of the
hardware platform and licensing of the algorithms and optimized
features, as well as customer-specific enhancements to the platform.
The project is being funded by the German Federal Ministry of
Education and Research.
LOCATiON ANd COmmUNiCATiON sysTEm
COgNiTivE RAdiO PROTOTyPE
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 21
T O P i C
method of observing individual functions is inadequate. Instead,
troubleshooting has to be approached by observing the over-
all system behavior; in other words, the softwares’ functions
and the operating system. By capturing the functionality and
process scheduling of the operating system, engineers can
simply juxtapose the trace data to uncover the nature and cause
of these problems.
outlook
The goal of the current work involves the development of
an Eclipse-based tool for analyzing and visualizing trace data
regardless of its origin or encoding format. The aim is to use
this as a foundation for developing customer-specific modules
that analyze and represent problem-specific data. Apart from
the pure analysis of trace data, researchers develop methods
that will allow the trace data to be analyzed directly on the
system under observation. This type of method can be used
to map the current behavior of an application to the expected
behavior to immediately identify a potential error while
immediately running an analysis of the trace data to pinpoint
the possible cause, all without the further intervention of the
developer. Collaboration projects in this area include trouble-
shooting support, customer and industry specific enhance-
ments for rectifying problem categories that occur frequently
and integration of the Fraunhofer ESK tool into the customer’s
tool chain.
Although multicore processors are powerful, they increase the
potential for errors. This was the conclusion of a software de-
veloper survey conducted by Fraunhofer ESK, which revealed
that debugging is one of their most difficult challenges and
that the available tools are not always adequate. In particular,
time-critical and multicore-capable software conceals errors
that are extremely difficult to reproduce. To address this issue,
Fraunhofer ESK developed several methods and techniques
designed to simplify the identification and rectification of errors
by relying on trace data (recording of program execution).
tracing – an alternative to conventional debugging
Currently available debugging tools, which are still optimized
for sequential programs, rarely address the unique aspects of
time-critical software and they cannot trace-back the causes of
errors. Tracing, on the other hand, is already well-established
in many domains, from high performance computing to
embedded systems. The trace data allows software engineers
to run in-depth analyses of parallel processes or response time
behaviors in time-critical software programs. In each case the
challenge lies in properly preparing the information and having
a good understanding of the specific application. Only then
can the data be successfully analyzed and represented in a way
such that the developer can comprehend it.
application example
In time-critical systems such as manufacturing process con-
trol, parallel operations mainly result from the integration of
different functions. These functions have the potential for
interfering with one another as a result of indirect depend-
encies, such as shared hardware resources. Getting to the
root of such problems is not an easy task. The conventional
TRACE-bAsEd dEbUggiNg FOR mULTiCORE sOFTwARE
Ronald Strebelow
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-351
ronald.strebelow@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201422
P R O j E C T
data. Using this work as a foundation, the researchers are
developing flexible methods for analyzing and visualizing
traces by concentrating on the combination of traces from
different sources, among other approaches.
The processes and tools will be evaluated using case scenarios.
The trace analyses are being used specifically for diagnosing
and troubleshooting complex, distributed communication
systems. A prototype module was developed that permits
technicians to identify and pinpoint the causes of errors and
bottlenecks in vectored DSL systems.
The project is being funded by the Bavarian Ministry of
Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology.
Software developers are facing new challenges that stem from
the use of multicore processors in embedded systems. Fraun-
hofer ESK is working with 11 partners to create development
tools and methods designed specifically for embedded multi-
core systems. The project team, which is made up of research
institutes, tool manufacturers and users, is slated to complete
its work by the end of 2014. The activities are focused on the
enhancement of existing tools, broadening the support for
multicore platforms and merging the tools into a toolchain.
Fraunhofer ESK’s contribution centers on the processing of
trace data that is captured at runtime. In order to streamline
integration of the tools, the project team collaborated on the
development of a common exchange format for the trace
major issues such as insufficient requirements specifications,
debugging time-critical software and reproducing errors.
The need for tools correlates directly to the complexity of the
task. The areas of debugging, testing and specifications are
therefore where the greatest demand for tools can be found.
As with the V-model, developers typically rely on commercially-
available tools for specifications and modeling, while open
source and in-house tools are normally utilized for debugging
and testing. In light of the trend towards the utilization of
multicore processors in safety-critical embedded systems, the
survey revealed a clear need for development in this area.
As part of a survey involving roughly 50 software developers
from the automotive, automation and telecommunication
industries, Fraunhofer ESK identified a range of issues that
impact the development of software for multicore-based
embedded systems.
The survey revealed that the primary reasons for deploying
multicore processors are processing power and cost. The sur-
vey participants indicated that performance and deterministic
behavior represent the key characteristics of their software.
The most complex steps include debugging, testing and the
software specifications. Software developers identified several
TOOLChAiN FOR EmbEddEd mULTiCORE sysTEms
sURvEy: EmbEddEd sysTEms sOFTwARE dEvELOPmENT
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 23
2 4
L A b
AUTOmATiON LAb
The Fraunhofer ESK Automation Lab offers a wide range of
measurement, testing and development platforms designed
specifically for communication systems.
ESK’s proprietary Awair solution monitors wireless environ-
ments in real-time to identify potential sources of interference
to ensure efficient and robust wireless network operation. The
measurement data reveals what type of interference to expect.
It can also be used to determine which wireless solution is best
suited for a particular environment. For the wide range of appli-
cations in the building communication sector – door communi-
cation, smart metering or localization for instance – Fraunhofer
ESK has an extensive selection of platforms that it can use to
perform comparison studies and evaluations in order to support
companies in developing, selecting and installing such systems.
With the institute’s own modular platform for the rapid
prototyping of sensor networks – Plethora – plus an array of
energy-saving software modules, engineers can quickly design
and implement sensor network solutions tailored to specific
applications. This platform, which relies on software defined
radio (SDR) technology, offers a simple approach for deter-
mining the feasibility and functionality of innovative cognitive
transmission methods.
The lab also has a model production automation system that
enables the testing of wireless technologies in real-time environ-
ments. The modular design enables the prototype implementa-
tion of any type of heterogeneous scenario using conventional
and Ethernet-based field buses. Various control components
allow the testing of distributed software architectures based on
IEC 61131-3 and IEC 61499.
In the area of software architectures and methods, the lab main-
tains systems for researching and testing new architecture ap-
proaches and design methods for parallel multicore applications.
equIPment
test environment for analyzing the wireless spectrum, radio propagation and wireless protocols. n Wideband transmit and receive antenna system (300 MHz – 7 GHz)n Spectrum analyzer (benchtop and portable)n Vector network analyzern Oscilloscopen Signal generatorn Logic analyzern Awair platform for real-time monitoring of the wireless spectrum
software defined radio technologyn Hardware: USRP2 with 2.4/5 GHz and 868 MHz daughterboardn Development environment: Matlab and GNURadio
sensor network developmentn Transceiver modules: CC11xx, CC24xx and CC25xx n Standards: IEEE 802.15.4, Zigbee ISA100/Wireless HARTn Operating systems: TinyOS, FreeRTOS, Contiki, Linuxn Microcontrollers: ATmega, MSP, EFM32, STM32n In-house developed modular hardware platform with WLAN,
802.15.4 and 868 MHz transceiversn Software modules (MAC, routing, bootloader and others)
software architectures and methodsn Multicore environments: Intel, AMD, Cavium Octeonn Model production automation system with distributed controls n Simatic S7, WAGO FBC, Codesys, Beremiz, 4DIAC
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 25
26
automotIVe
The modern vehicle is increasingly becoming part of an intelligent environ-ment. With this trend in mind, researchers at Fraunhofer ESK are actively working on communication and networking infrastructures within the vehicle and its environment, as well as on the development of dependable automotive software. These activities include:
n Conformance tests for TCP/IP software stacks n Networks, protocols and software architectures for reliable internal
vehicle communicationn Prototyping of infotainment and telematics applications using the
Fraunhofer ESK ARTiS platformn Cooperative driver assistance functions, ambient data capturing and
modeling, data aggregation and forwardingn Modeling of the functional and non-functional characteristics of
automotive software and Car-to-X servicesn Model-driven analysis and validation of automotive ECUs and Car-to-X
services n New processes and methods for designing and validating vehicle software n Design and development of automotive software tool platforms
Customers include automotive and commercial vehicle manufacturers, electronics suppliers, software tool providers and manufacturers of road infrastructure equipment and ITS systems.
27
When drivers are asked what they expect from vehicles in the future, the
most common response is safety, followed by efficiency, comfort and flexibil-
ity. From a technology standpoint, this translates into a demand for increased
networking capability, both within the vehicle and with its environment.
Today’s vehicles are evolving into a progressively complex network of systems
with different requirements, be it depedability or quality. Particularly in the
field of electromobility, the challenge is designing new vehicle concepts based
on distributed, software-controlled power trains, which also includes issues
regarding the communication architecture.
Furthermore, future vehicles will have a high degree of networking with their
external environments, allowing the implementation of new services and
driver assistance functions. Properly managing the complexity of the internal
and external communication as part of the design process requires abstract,
model-driven descriptions of the functional and non-functional characteristics
of the system.
Dr.-Ing Dirk Eilers
Business Unit Manager Automotive
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-329
dirk.eilers@esk.fraunhofer.de
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Eilers joined Fraunhofer ESK
in 1999 and was appointed head of the
Auto motive Business Unit in 2007. Dr. Eilers
specializes in the fields of automotive com-
munication protocols, dynamic reconfigurable
platforms and embedded systems. He is a
graduate of the Technical University Braun-
schweig where he received his degree in
electronics engineering in 1999.He completed
his doctoral thesis on the subject of “dynamic
reconfiguration of adaptive real-time commu-
nications systems” in 2006.
Dr. Eilers has been on the advisory board of
the Innovation Forum Embedded Systems
since 2009. He is also a member of the Car2Car
Communication Consortium and ITS Bavaria, as
well as a spokesperson for the GENIVI Alliance.
AUTOmOTivE
28
On-going projects
n� �Rapid prototyping with ezCar2X
n� �ARTiS prototyping family
n� �ERNEST framework for software
validation
n� �E-mobility
New projects
n� �Software defined car
n� �SafeAdapt – adaptive software
architecture for vehicles
n� �openETCS – reliable software for
rail systems
Future vehicles will thus exhibit a seamless and high degree of networking.
To increase safety, efficiency and driving comfort, Fraunhofer ESK conducts
research into efficient automotive E/E networks, technologies and methods
for vehicle-to-environment networking, and design methods for automotive
applications in complex, adaptive environments.
29
h i g h L i g h T
Testing automotive software and electronic control units
under real conditions requires complex test environments.
With the ARTiS (Automotive Realtime Prototyping System)
prototype family, tests can be carried out during the early
phases of development in a low-cost and streamlined manner.
The ARTiS family includes ARTiS-RT for real-time applica-
tions, ARTiS-PC for infotainment and Car-to-X applications
and ARTiS-XT, which combines ARTiS-PC and ARTiS-RT into
a single platform.
utilization with prototype vehicles
ARTiS-RT offers access to vehicle buses such as CAN, FlexRay
and MOST, as well as Ethernet, USB and all digital and analog
inputs and outputs. It has the capability to shift to a low power
idle state and then be reactivated by the vehicle buses. Because
the platform behaves like a serial electronic control unit (ECU),
it can be used with vehicle prototypes and in field tests under
real conditions.
Wide range of applications
The ARTiS hardware provides the flexibility to use the plat-
form with a wide range of applications. ARTiS-RT features
numerous digital and analog inputs and outputs. ARTiS-PC
offers a PC-like architecture and the option to connect a
display monitor. It can also be expanded with mini-PCI cards
that support functionality such as wireless communication.
ARTiS-XT combines the ARTiS-RT and ARTiS-PC platforms.
The software resident in all of the ARTiS platforms can be pro-
grammed as needed. ARTiS-RT can be used with AUTOSAR,
eCos, FreeRTOS and a ported version of Linux. ARTiS-PC
operates with a minimally-modified Linux distribution. The
under lying software can be optimized and modified for specific
customer applications.
The ARTiS prototyping family can be used as an onboard unit,
roadside unit, central ECU or as a gateway between different
vehicle buses, thus offering the flexibility to cover a wide range
of typical applications.
Fraunhofer ESK continually enhances the ARTiS product fam-
ily and is pursuing new developments such as a multicore
solution involving mixed criticality systems, as well as energy-
efficient systems.
ARTis FAmiLy – PROTOTyPiNg UNdER REAL CONdiTiONs
miniPCI + miniPCIe(WLAN, Car-to-X, mobile radio etc.)
Periphery(DVI, Ethernet, USB, Audio, RS232 etc.)
Vehicle input(CAN, FlexRay, MOST, GPIO etc.)
ARTiS-XT
ARTiS-PC
USBAtom Z520PT/
Atom Z530
ARTiS-RT
MPC5554PM
Hardware architecture of ARTiS-XT
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20143 0
h i g h L i g h T
Future vehicles will be able to share information in real-
time with each other, or with the traffic infrastructure, using
wireless communication. This so-called Car-to-X communi-
cation serves as an important contribution to improved
traffic safety and efficiency and enables a wide variety of
innovative services. Apart from its use in intelligent traffic
systems, end-to-end networking is especially beneficial in
cooperative driver assistance systems since it expands the
driver’s field of view.
In addition to a having communication platform, other
services are required in order to develop such applications.
Integrating digital map data allows the system to take into
account the local road topology and navigation information.
Sensors, which are utilized to detect the surrounding vehicle
environment or a monitoring station, supply vital data used
in calculating algorithms. Processes for reliably modeling and
evaluating the actual traffic and driving situation form the
consolidated basis for context-dependent applications. With
this in mind, Fraunhofer ESK developed ezCar2X, a flexible
software framework that creates
the key components needed for
rapidly developing prototype appli-
cations for use in vehicle-to-environ-
ment networking. The platform has
a rich selection of functionality that
includes current ETSI ITS communi-
cation standards and connections
for external user interfaces such as
smartphones or tablets. This enables
vehicle manufacturers, suppliers
and road infrastructure operators to
quickly implement new ideas and
evaluate them under real conditions.
Because of its flexibility, modularity and portability, the ver-
satile framework can be implemented under a wide range of
conditions. If needed, individual functions can be swapped
out and replaced by other implementations without having
to modify the remaining systems. Because of the high
degree of abstraction, hardware-near components can be
adapted with little effort. Despite its portability, the frame-
work retains its performance because it can still rely on the
native compiler and platform-specific optimizations. Another
advantage is that no additional runtime environment or middle-
ware is required.
The ezCar2X framework, which has already been imple-
mented in a variety of prototypes, will be continually en-
hanced. In addition to the software framework, Fraunhofer
ESK also offers its own ARTiS hardware platform, which
allows ezCar2X to be used as a roadside unit or an onboard
unit. The institute can thus provide an all-in-one prototype
solution for networked applications used in intelligent traffic
systems.
ezCar2X: sTREAmLiNEd dEvELOPmENT OF APPLiCATiONs FOR NETwORkEd vEhiCLEs
Car-to-X communication helps to prevent secondary accidents.
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 31
h i g h L i g h T
The automotive industry is facing new challenges with the
advent of electric drive trains. The use of fully electric engines
means a shift toward the fully electric control of many func-
tions. Highly-integrated subsystems such as wheel-hub motors
and X-by-wire components are extremely critical to the safe
operation of the vehicle. As part of the EU-funded SafeAdapt
project, and under the coordination of Fraunhofer ESK, a
consortium of 10 partners including Siemens AG, Corpo-
rate Technology, TTTech Computertechnik AG and Delphi
Deutsch land GmbH are redesigning the E/E architecture to
reduce complexity to a minimum while driving down costs
and improving efficiency.
Platform core offers cost-effective redundancy
The SafeAdapt platform core combines different hardware
platforms with the aim of providing redundancy for safety-
critical systems in a cost-efficient manner. This approach
enables generic problem resolution based on the ability of the
system to autonomously reconfigure. This capability derives
through the intelligent use of ECU hardware resources, as well
as through the utilization of a fault-tolerant, time-triggered
communication network.
built-in design methodology
Ensuring safe adaption of the software at runtime requires
knowing the specific behavior of the system in various
states of configuration. The required information is provided
through a self description of the individual software com-
ponents. The specification of the adaptation in the design
defines both the adaptations and the requirements. The
design methodology developed in the project is based on
existing modeling languages such as UML or EAST-ADL and
works with AUTOSAR since the E/E system is described at the
system level. Hence, any off-the-shelf AUTOSAR toolchain can
be combined with the SafeAdapt methodology.
reuse of software components through certification
Another challenge is the need to run a new certification
process in line with the ISO 26262 standard for each vehicle
model. Utilizing the safety element out of context (SEooc)
approach, SafeAdapt will include concepts for individually
certifying software components. This will allow the reuse
of software components in various vehicle models without
having to recertify them.
The SafeAdapt approach is designed to:n reduce complexity and hardware costs n handle errors in safety-critical systems through adaptation
or reconfiguration n reduce development, test and certification costs
The new concepts, as well as the components developed as
part of the project, will be integrated into an existing vehicle
prototype and evaluated to determine their suitability for use
in real environments.
The project is being funded through the EU’s Seventh Frame
work Program (FP7) under grant agreement 608945.
sAFEAdAPT: sAFE AdAPTivE sOFTwARE FOR FULLy ELECTRiC vEhiCLEs
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201432
h i g h L i g h T
The growing demand for more functionality and communica-
tion capability is constantly making embedded systems more
complex. In particular, the testing of non-functional character-
istics is vital to ensuring error-free functionality in distributed
systems. In order to reduce development costs and create more
robust software systems, the early validation of non-functional
requirements is essential.
open simulation and analysis framework
The ERNEST (EaRly verification and validation of Networked
Embedded SysTems) framework developed by engineers at
Fraunhofer ESK is an open platform designed for analyzing
component-based software systems used in networked embed-
ded systems in the early stages of development. The objective
is to be able to validate non-functional requirements as early as
the system modeling and design phases.
Integration and adaptability
One of the key features of the ERNEST design is its broad utility.
For this reason, the engineers made sure that the analysis com-
ponent maintains as much independence as possible from the
modeling language used to design the system architecture. This
was achieved by developing a meta model that makes it possible
to represent the information which is relevant for the simulation.
simulation-based analyses
The core of the ERNEST framework is a simulation-based
analysis system for which a framework was developed using
the SystemC description language. The framework helps to
simulate the behavior (hardware, software and communica-
tion) of the modeled embedded system as closely as possible.
Opening up the base framework, adding Eclipse connectivity
and eventually making the software available on an open source
basis ensures license-free utilization and further development
of the ERNEST platform. Fraunhofer ESK can provide additional
enhancements such as support for special bus systems (i. e. CAN)
or transformations of system descriptions, including EAST-ADL
or AUTOSAR.
The ERNEST framework will be continually enhanced by Fraun-
hofer ESK. The quality of the analyses depends on the degree
of detail of the data in the user model, as well as the quality
of the models at the simulation level. Interested users can
download the initial version of the ERNEST framework at no
cost under http://s.fhg.de/ERNEST.
ERNEsT – EARLy-sTAgE vALidATiON ANd vERiFiCATiON ThROUgh simULATiON
Structure Timing
User model
Userfeedback
Simulationtrace
M2M trans-formation
M2T trans-formation
Analysis model
SystemC simulation
etc.
Eclip
se
ERN
EST
The ERNEST-Framework in the model-based software development
process
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 33
T O P i C
detect problems and outages and automatically initiate
measures to resolve them.
energy efficiency
An energy-efficient system design is particularly important
with electric vehicles given that their range is limited by
the amount of energy they store and use. Because of the
numerous operational states that can occur, researchers are
looking at ways to estimate energy consumption as early as
possible. This affords an opportunity to optimize the design
of the partial networking functionality and the placement of
the software modules.
services
n Solutions for safe, flexible and efficient vehicle ICT archi-
tecturesn R & D services for designing vehicle E/E and ICT archi-
tecturesn Methods for I/O virtualization on multicore systemsn Energy consumption prognosis and optimization in the early
phases of embedded system designn Distributed system design methods under the aspects of
functional safetyn Engineering solutions for implementing adaptive systems for
safety-critical applications
Because of the high degree of decentralization and software-
based functionality, electric vehicles require new system
architectures. To help to address this issue, Fraunhofer ESK
developed a central electronic control unit that ensures both
system safety and component modularity. Information and
communication technologies are a vital element of electric
vehicles that are used to implement the bulk of the function-
ality. Mechanical components such as the brakes and differ-
ential can be implemented with software. This increases the
complexity of the ICT architecture and places new demands on
the system architecture, functional safety and energy efficiency
of the automobile.
system architecture
Reducing the complexity of the ICT architecture requires
modularizing the vehicle software so that it can be flexibly
combined. Key to this process is virtualization, which ensures
spatial and temporal separation when running the software
modules. This is especially important with mixed criticality
systems when safety-critical and non-safety-critical modules
interact. ESK researchers focus on virtualization solutions that
can guarantee timely access to common peripherals. Another
important aspect is dynamic software adaptation. In this area
researchers are working on generic, system-wide uniform
troubleshooting based on the ability of the system to adapt
at runtime. This can improve the reliability and expandability
of the ICT system.
Functional safety
Software-based, safety-critical systems are a vital component
in electric vehicles. With this in mind, ESK researchers examine
new ICT architectures that not only enable functional safety,
but also make it possible to improve system robustness and
availability. This requires for instance the capability to actively
iCT FOR ELECTROmObiLiTy
Falk Langer
Phone: +49 89 547088-327
falk.langer@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20143 4
P R O j E C T
Flexible ICt infrastructure for future vehicles
The challenge for the ESK researchers is opening up the ICT
infrastructure for various application concepts while ensuring
reliable operation of the safety-critical driving functions. The
only path to ensuring flexible and therefore high utilization of
the e-vehicle is to create a simple, streamlined development
environment for the control and application software. This is
made possible by the special modular ICT architecture of the
central electronic control unit.
This project is supported by the German Federal Ministry for
Economic Affairs and Energy.
Future inner-city electric vehicles should be made more cost
effective by maximizing their use. This can be achieved by
making them versatile enough for a wide range of uses,
whether in the morning as a taxi, in the afternoon for car
sharing or in the evening for inner-city delivery services. Using
one and the same vehicle for different purposes requires that
they have their own set of functions. As part of the “Adap-
tive City Mobility” project, Fraunhofer ESK is addressing this
issue by researching and developing an open information
and communication technology (ICT) vehicle architecture that
provides service operators, vehicle manufacturers and users
the maximum flexibility to adapt the vehicle to the application
despite having a minimum set of functions by default.
Central electronic control unit for infotainment and
vehicle applications
The heart of the ICT infrastructure is a central electronic control
unit (CECU) based on a multicore processor. The CECU houses all
of the safety-critical and non-safety-critical functions. The three
different protected areas in the CECU afford a maximum degree
of flexibility: a protected real-time area for the vehicle’s driving
functions, an open area for the service operator’s own applica-
tions and an area for interaction with the user’s smartphone. To
reduce the energy consumption of the electronics, researchers
are working on a process that makes it possible to estimate the
energy consumption in the early phases of development.
bring your own device – the user interface
Due to the short development cycles for mobile devices and
the desired flexibility provided by apps that can be retroactively
installed, the vehicles are operated with smartphones. The
apps can retrieve information such as speed, position and bat-
tery status in addition to operating the climate control system
or battery charging process.
sOFTwARE dEFiNEd CAR
Batterymanagement
Motorcontrol
Tablet/Smartphone ■ User interface ■ Navigation ■ etc.
Central electronic control unit
Realtime partition ■ Vehicle control ■ Vehicle access
Infotainment partitions ■ Webservice for vehicle data ■ Car-to-X communication ■ Car info service
etc.
User
Op
erator
Manufacturer
Architecture in the software-defined car
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 35
T O P i C
in the design phase. In this area Fraunhofer ESK carries out
research into special methods for verifying QoS in Ethernet
systems.
IP-based communication
IP-based communication is also increasingly utilized to ex-
change information between functions in the vehicle. Because
additional protocols are used for this purpose, the term IP-
based middleware is frequently heard. That means the middle-
ware assumes responsibility for not only pure data transport,
but also for network and services management.
Fraunhofer ESK develops solutions designed for reliable Ether-
net/IP communication in embedded systems.n TCP/IP conformity testing for AUTOSAR, DoIP, ISO 15118
(vehicle-to-grid) n Methods for verifying QoS in Ethernet systemsn R & D services related to TCP/IP-based communication for
standards such as AUTOSAR, GENIVI, SOME/IP and IP-based
middleware
In order to open up new network technologies and protocols
and evaluate how they can be integrated at a later point,
Fraunhofer ESK develops various measurement and test plat-
forms, which researchers use to determine the conformity of
TCP/IP protocol implementations.
Ethernet and IP technologies are meanwhile an integral part
of the modern automobile. This is being driven in particu-
lar by vehicle diagnostics access (DoIP) and the ISO 15118
interface for electric vehicle-to-grid communication. Ethernet
and IP are also being used for internal vehicle communica-
tion. With the advent of AUTOSAR Release 4.1, AUTOSAR
electronic control units (ECU) can now communicate with
one another via TCP/IP. Infotainment applications have long
used TCP/IP. This is why web browsing and standard Internet
applications are an integral part of the GENIVI open source
platform.
Verifying ethernet/IP systems
Embedded devices, such as those deployed in automotive
systems, rely on special TCP/IP stacks. These devices have
to operate under the constraints of limited memory and
processing power in addition to special operating systems like
AUTOSAR. Safeguarding the reliable functionality of these
stacks requires testing to make sure the corresponding proto-
col specification is being adhered to. In this area Fraunhofer
ESK offers TCP/IP stack developers the possibility to analyze
the behavior of their software.
With embedded systems, adherence to non-functional charac-
teristics is just as important as adherence to the specification.
When looking at the communication behavior, these charac-
teristics are also known as quality of service (QoS) properties.
In contrast to conventional networks, automotive system
developers strive to ensure QoS through planning methods
EThERNET/iP iN ThE vEhiCLE
Falk Langer
Phone: +49 89 547088-327
falk.langer@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201436
P R O j E C T
The TCP/IP stacks are tested to determine if they are specifi-
cation-compliant using Fraunhofer ESK’s conformity test suite.
For more complex protocol processes or sequences, a so-called
stub application is installed on the device under test, which
uses the application programming interface (API) of the TCP/IP
stack. The test results are then processed, interpreted, evaluated
and documented in detail by Fraunhofer ESK.
results
Conformity tests help to identify potential problem areas in the
implementation of the TCP/IP stacks. This includes functions
not implemented in the stack, but required by the specifica-
tion, as well as optional functions that could be omitted be-
cause they are not required by the application. The tests can
also reveal flawed and non-implemented exception handling
or problems in the stack implementation itself, which are tested
with the stub application running on the ECU. This systematic
testing improves the functional reliability of the protocol imple-
mentation.
applications and outlook
The Fraunhofer ESK protocol stack verification service is valu-
able not only during the development phase. Benefits can also
be reaped when evaluating the stacks in various configurations
since they are typically implemented in a variety of scenarios.
Using TCP/IP protocol tests to uncover problem areas is a key
element in achieving higher protocol stability. Compared to
tests without them, the use of stub applications in embedded
devices, such as for AUTOSAR, significantly expands the depth
of the testing. Automotive systems represent only one example
of where these tests can be utilized. The versatility extends to
a wide range of other industries and applications.
tCP/IP in the vehicle
Ethernet and IP technologies are increasingly finding utility
in the automobile. They support not only internal applica-
tions such as video-based driver assistance systems, but
also external communication processes such as diagnosis
over IP (DoIP ISO 13400) and communication with electric
vehicle charging stations (ISO 15118). Standard protocols
from the TCP/IP family are used with embedded devices
that often rely on special TCP/IP stacks. This is usually due
to ECU hardware limitations such as low memory and
processing power, in addition to special operating systems
like AUTOSAR. To analyze the quality of TCP/IP protocol
stacks, Fraunhofer ESK determines if the stacks comply with
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards or specific
customer requirements.
approach and implementation
Fraunhofer ESK has long been active in the evaluation of TCP/
IP stacks. Past activities include the testing and evaluation
of several TCP/IP stacks designed specifically for automotive
systems. The advantage of verifying protocols in line with RFC
standards is that it ensures interoperability with other ECUs
or external access nodes. Carrying out verification with a tool
suite offers the additional benefit of having reusable test runs.
This allows developers to reproduce flaws that can be identi-
fied and analyzed.
The following protocols and protocol families are currently
supported:n IPv4, IPv6, ICMPn TCP, UDPn DHCPn Link-local IP (v4)n Customer-specific test implementations
vERiFiCATiON OF TCP/iP PROTOCOL sTACks
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 37
T O P i C
These new concepts are initially evaluated in a simulated
environment in order to draw reliable conclusions regarding
larger-scale implementation. The solutions are also imple-
mented on the institute’s own C2X software framework,
ezCar2X, making it possible to run tests under real conditions
with the aid of the associated prototyping platform.
Ensuring system interoperability requires standardizing the
communication protocols. Fraunhofer ESK is an active partici-
pant in this process through its membership in the CAR 2 CAR
Communication Consortium.
The services include concepts and algorithms designed specifi-
cally for reliable and efficient vehicle networking applications,
as well as the simulation and prototyping of cooperative driver
assistance systems:n Modular and portable Car-to-X communication and the
ezCar2X framework for versatile deployment in cooperative
driver assistance systems n Prototyping of cooperative driver assistance systemsn Networking concepts and protocols for reliable end-to-end
communication across hybrid networks (ITS-G5 and cellular
communication)n Algorithms for adaptive data aggregation and merging of
sensor and Car-to-X datan Consolidated modeling of the driver’s local environment n End-to-end networking of personalized infotainment services
Current trends in global networking have long been common-
place in the automobile. Such technologies are the basis for
reliable and efficient vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infra-
structure networking, which enables applications that increase
traffic safety and driving comfort.
One promising approach to reducing the number of traffic
accidents involves networking vehicles and their assistance
systems with one another, as well as with their environ-
ments. This requires the creation of heterogeneous networks
comprised of vehicles, roadside infrastructure elements
and backend systems for which Fraunhofer ESK researchers
develop communication architectures tailored to specific
applications.
Many of today’s vehicles already have sensors that recognize
driving situations at relatively short distances. However, devel-
oping a highly dynamic and reliable environment model (local
dynamic map) is only possible through an active exchange
of information between vehicles and their environments, a
process referred to as Car-to-X communication (C2X). This
map provides a detailed characterization of the driving situa-
tion and broadens the perception of the system, making it
possible to implement new applications such as cooperative
driver assistance systems or semi-autonomous driving. Fraun-
hofer ESK researchers are developing algorithms for merging
the local sensor data with C2X data. The resulting local
dynamic map serves as a basic resource for other applications
that rely on the collected data.
The large numbers of road users and the corresponding flood
of information require local pre-processing, or pre-selection,
of the information. To address this issue, ESK engineers are
creating algorithms for adaptive data aggregation and data
forwarding so that the communication system can adapt to
current conditions.
vEhiCLE-ENviRONmENT NETwORkiNg
Josef Jiru
Phone: +49 89 547088-379
josef.jiru@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20143 8
P R O j E C T
network. A heterogeneous network concept for the commu-
nication between vehicles and the road infrastructure aggre-
gates the data in an adaptive manner to ensure that sufficient
information is always available to analyze the traffic situation.
If the system detects a situation that presents a danger to traffic
heading in this direction, a series of blinking lights warn drivers
before they reach the danger site. If appropriately equipped,
vehicles can also directly receive and display traffic warnings.
The concepts and processes are validated in a simulator and
then implemented with in-house developed software and
hardware on a test route located on a highway in Bavaria.
The project is being funded by the Bavarian Ministry of
Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology.
Traffic congestion and tailgating result in many injuries and
deaths on Germany’s roads. Because conventional traffic
management systems are placed too far apart, they provide
insufficient warnings when dangerous situations suddenly
develop. To address this issue, Fraunhofer ESK worked with
Ruetz Technologies and TRANSVER to develop an autonomous
traffic warning and information platform that can detect criti-
cal situations more quickly and provide precise local warnings
through finer granularity.
The system relies on autonomous stations on the edge of the
road, so-called road side units (RSU), which monitor the traffic
situation. Vehicle data such as the position and speed of the
individual vehicles are recorded within a dense grid, merged if
needed, and then transmitted via the Car-to-X communication
Wireless charging makes shared electromobility more user
friendly. To ensure an efficient charging process, the vehicle
has to be parked precisely over the charging coils installed
in the pavement. Fraunhofer ESK is developing an assistance
system to help the driver carry out this function. The position
of the car is determined with the aid of a laser scanner and an
inertial navigation system and shown to the driver on a display.
The project partners plan to integrate the system into a demo
vehicle and a charging coil in order to evaluate the functional-
ity of the shared e-mobility services, the inductive charging
process and the vehicle positioning technology.
In urban areas, human mobility is forcing communities to find
new ways to deal with fine particle and CO2 pollution and
the needs of drivers. One approach being taken by many cities
is electric vehicle car sharing. With this in mind, a group of
Fraunhofer institutes that includes ESK, FOKUS, IAO, IIS, ISE
and IVI are examining how to make shared electromobility
more efficient and user-friendly.
The mobility concept comprises an electric vehicle, an inductive
charging system and various cloud-based mobility services. By
networking these three components, the user is able to access
up-to-date information via smartphone. The ARTiS-XT hardware
platform developed by Fraunhofer ESK, which serves as the
on-board unit in the e-vehicle, facilitates communication be-
tween the smartphone, charging station and the cloud services.
AUTONOmOUs TRAFFiC wARNiNg sysTEm
shAREd ELECTROmObiLiTy
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 39
T O P i C
end tool platforms that integrate all of the necessary tools
enables the development of dependable software. To con-
tinue the development of high quality software in the future,
Fraunhofer ESK will be examining new E/E systems and the
corresponding software architectures.
Fraunhofer ESK offers vehicle manufacturers, suppliers and tool
developers a variety of key services for developing dependable
software for tomorrow’s vehicles:n Model-driven development and validation of software
architecturesn Early-stage validation of non-functional characteristics
using the in-house developed ERNEST framework n Design and implementation of tool enhancements from
individual tools to fully integrated platformsn Software prototyping platform for Car-to-X applicationsn Conformance testing of TCP/IPv6 software stacksn Development of new software architectures for future
vehicle E/E systems
When developing automotive software, there is often insuffi-
cient focus on non-functional characteristics. To address this
issue, Fraunhofer ESK is working on integrating the modeling
of these software systems into domain-wide, component-
based development methodologies.
Modern vehicles feature an enormous number of functions
that are driven by increasingly-complex software. These func-
tions, which are already extensively networked, will interact
even more in the future, including interaction with functions
external to the vehicle. It’s only through networked functions
that improved driver assistance systems, or even fully-automatic
driving, can be implemented in order to further increase traffic
safety. This requires in particular the use of external data from
the Internet or other vehicles via software.
In the course of this, software is assuming a greater role in
carrying out safety-critical functions. To ensure dependability
however, it cannot be influenced by non-safety-critical func-
tions. At the same time, new higher-quality vehicle functions
have to be integrated within constantly shrinking develop-
ment cycles in order to satisfy the customer’s desire for the
latest functionality. The underlying software is developed by
diverse specialized companies and then incorporated into the
development chain in different stages by the manufacturer
until integration is complete. This sheds light on the growing
utilization of standard platforms and evolving international
markets for automotive software which are reducing the con-
ventional dependencies associated with rigid supplier chains.
With this in mind, Fraunhofer ESK is researching new methods
for developing networked vehicle software systems. This
involves modeling and validating the interaction of the dis-
tributed functions. A key element here is putting sufficient
focus on non-functional characteristics such as timing behavior
or energy consumption. Designing and implement ing end-to-
dEPENdAbLE AUTOmOTivE sOFTwARE
Gereon Weiss
Phone: +49 89 547088-348
gereon.weiss@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20144 0
P R O j E C T
in accordance with the “open proofs” concept. This involves
determining if the safety criteria are being met.
For this project the institute is taking advantage of its expertise
in the field of model-driven development in addition to its ex-
perience with methods and tools for end-to-end model-based
solutions. ESK researchers are developing an open-source
toolchain for formal modeling using the SysML and B-Method
languages. Researchers are also providing support to customers
who want to integrate similar methods into their own toolchains
for safety-critical functions.
This project is being funded through the Information Tech
nology for European Advancement (ITEA2) program created
by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research.
The European Union is planning to gradually replace the various
national train safety systems with a European Train Control
System, or ETCS. Fraunhofer ESK is participating in this effort
by working on the formal ETCS requirements specification and
by developing a platform-independent implementation of the
modeled system.
The ETCS specification is being formalized using a suitable
language that will eliminate any chance for interpretation.
This formal specification serves as the basis for an open,
manufacturer-independent ETCS reference implementation.
The project involves the creation of an Eclipse-based tool-
chain that supports the development of the specification and
administration of the tests required to demonstrate that the
safety criteria are being met. The test results will be generated
user data differs from the rest of the system management data in
the vehicle, researchers are specifically examining the modeling of
the user data in addition to the modeling of the control flows. By
automatically generating simulation codes, test scenarios and test
data from the model, the interaction of the various services can
be tested during the early stages of the development process.
The models are capable of monitoring the system under test at
runtime in order to verify the correct functionality of the service.
Fraunhofer ESK is further expanding its know-how in the field
of model-based development and verification of automotive
software systems through the DANA project.
The project is being funded by the Bavarian Ministry of
Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology.
Driver assistance and infotainment systems are an essential
element of modern vehicles. The GENIVI standard provides a
framework for integrating services from various vendors onto
a single hardware platform. Ensuring a high level of service
quality requires the creation of new verification strategies for
the development process. To address this issue, Fraunhofer ESK
is working together with different partners to develop an open
and expandable tool platform for the end-to-end verification
of vehicle infotainment functions.
As part of this effort, ESK researchers are developing a method
for modeling the communication behavior and application logic
associated with vehicle services. A multilayer reference model
makes it possible to separate the function and the corresponding
communication behavior. Because the characteristic infotainment
sAFETy-CRiTiCAL TRAiN sysTEm dEvELOPmENT
vERiFiCATiON OF AUTOmOTivE sOFTwARE
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 41
4 2
L A b
The Fraunhofer ESK Automotive Lab offers manufacturers and
suppliers a comprehensive platform and set of tools to support
design and development projects. Researchers utilize the lab to
examine new underlying technologies for applications such as
automotive networks, wireless-based networking of vehicles
(Car-to-X), real-time operating systems, infotainment systems
and virtualization platforms. The extensive test facilities enable
the testing of more efficient software development methods
and verification of the results through prototypes.
The new Fraunhofer ESK ARTiS-XT platform enables the rapid
prototyping of vehicle functions as well as the integration and
testing of the results under real conditions. With the ARTiS-XT
and ARTiS-PC platforms, the faster CPU and more powerful
graphics processor provide the ideal environment for develop-
ing infotainment, Car-to-X and driver assistance applications.
The real-time Ethernet test platform allows developers to
implement future Ethernet-based automotive systems and
validate the functionality of the systems to protect against
potential risks.
In order to help developers validate non-functional require-
ments in automotive system architectures, the lab offers the
institute’s own ERNEST SystemC framework, which is designed
for hardware/software co-simulation tasks.
The ezCar2X software framework enables the rapid prototyping
of cooperative driver assistance systems and intelligent traffic
system applications through the use of a standard Car-to-X
protocol stack.
AUTOmOTivE LAb
equIPment
n Equipment for ECU prototyping and carrying out measurements
on vehicle bus systems such as CAN, MOST, FlexRay and Ethernet
n ECU test rack for automotive E/E systems
n ERNEST framework for designing and simulating networked auto-
motive E/E software systems
n ezCar2X framework for rapid prototyping of networked vehicle
applications and infrastructures
n ARTiS prototyping family: target system for CAN, MOST, FlexRay
and real-time Ethernet buses and infotainment applications
n Car-to-X communication hardware from diverse manufacturers
for performing interoperability tests and optimizing wireless trans-
mission methods
n Equipment for testing and evaluating various operating systems
such as AUTOSAR and Linux in different fields of application
n TCP/IP conformity tests using a certified TCP/IP test suite
n Hardware platforms for various application scenarios such as FPGA
prototyping platforms for Xilinx and Altera building blocks
n Broad range of development and test and measurement equipment
such as in-circuit debuggers, logic state analyzers, development
tools and Ethernet performance analyses
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 43
4 4
eleCtrICIty grIds
In the electricity grids market segment, Fraunhofer ESK focuses its activities on the development of transmission technologies, protocols and system architectures that support smart grid communication. Examples include:
n Analysis and evaluation of products for smart metering communication (data volume models, testing and evaluation of powerline and wireless technologies)
n Smart metering and smart grid communication designs based on power-line and wireless technologies
n Development and testing of smart grid communication software based on IEC 61850
n Development and testing of communication software for standardized vehicle-to-grid communication based on ISO/IEC 15118
n Combined powerline and communication simulation environments
Customers in this market segment include supraregional electricity pro-viders and grid operators, metropolitan and small regional electric utilities, and manufacturers in the energy and automation technology sectors.
45
With the significant expansion of the renewable energy industry, Germany
is rapidly becoming a pioneer in attaining global climate protection goals.
The massive transformation of the electrical grid requires the integration of a
number of smaller energy producers in the distribution networks, thus creating
major challenges for grid operators. Because generating energy with photo-
voltaic and wind power is weather dependent and therefore difficult to plan,
the energy networks are being subjected to more fluctuations and volatility.
To gain better control of this situation, the networks need new processes. This
means having the capability to capture and analyze significantly more process
data within the networks and generating corresponding control commands.
Although high and medium voltage transmission networks have extensive
communication and automation systems, there is and will be a growing need
for more substantial automation in the low voltage distribution networks. To
ensure a stable and needs-based energy supply, the distribution networks
must be upgraded to smart grids through communication technologies. These
intelligent systems help sustain network stability, even during feed-in peaks
caused by renewable energy providers, by balancing the consumption and
production of energy at the lower network level.
Dr.-Ing. Mike Heidrich
Business Unit Manager Industrial Communication
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-377
mike.heidrich@esk.fraunhofer.de
Dr.-Ing. Mike Heidrich joined the Fraunhofer
Institute for Embedded Systems and Commu-
nication Technology ESK in 1999 as a research
fellow. In 2009, he was appointed head of
the Industrial Communication business unit.
His expertise lies in the field of industrial
communication and wireless networking,
in addition to the areas of software develop-
ment and methods.
Dr. Heidrich successfully completed his doctoral
thesis in 2012 at the University of Augsburg
under the title “Adaptive error prevention in
wireless local networks for the optimal trans-
mission of scalable, encoded video data.”
Prior to joining Fraunhofer ESK, Dr. Heidrich
worked for Munich-based Pichler Engineering
GmbH where he was active in software develop-
ment and project/product management within
the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Ac-
quisition) systems business unit. In this capacity
he was responsible for software projects in the
manufacturing industry, as well as for the design
and development of SCADA software products.
ELECTRiCiTy gRids
4 6
On-going projects
n� �Smart metering communication
n� �Vehicle-to-grid communication
New projects
n� �Smart microgrids
Building out smart grids requires identifying suitable communication techno-
logies and components, as well as researching and developing new ones when
required. Fraunhofer ESK is making significant contributions in this area, from
developments in the physical transmission technologies and protocols, to
standards and software architectures. A key aspect is identifying the under-
lying requirements that result from the creation of new energy generation
and consumption scenarios, whether it’s smart metering, smart microgrids or
integrating e-vehicles into the power grid.
47
h i g h L i g h T
The growing number of renewable energy sources such as
photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind power plants brings the
conventional electricity grid to its limits. The industry is expe-
riencing a significant increase in the demand for control and
communication mechanisms between the many components in
the grid. This situation has shed light on the need for intelligent
electricity networks, or smart grids. One approach to develop-
ing smart grids involves closely coupling electric energy pro-
ducers and consumers within a local geographic area, and thus
a confined network segment. These so-called smart microgrids
make regulating the network much easier while reducing the
amount of electricity that has to be transported. In this project,
Fraunhofer ESK is working together with TUM (Technical
University Munich), SWA and other industry partners to design
and implement a smart microgrid in Augsburg’s Haunstetten
industrial park.
network architecture planning
As part of the project, Fraunhofer ESK is designing the com-
munication network, which will ensure stable operation of
the smart grid and efficient utilization of the available energy
capacity. The communication network is needed to ensure
that the various data from all of the participants – consumers
as well as suppliers – can be transmitted to the control center
or from the billing system in a coordinated fashion. This also
ensures reliable triggering of time-critical control and switch
processes. These mechanisms are needed to protect switching
stations or customer premise equipment from the threat of
events like power surges, such as when too many PV systems
are brought online.
The rapid measurement and control mechanisms required by
smart microgrids place high demands on the communication
and management systems. Furthermore, the use of various
interfaces, protocols and the integration of new and existing
elements has to be taken into account. To come up with the
design, the Fraunhofer ESK engineers first defined various
application scenarios, from which they then derived the
functional and technical specifications. Using this as a foun-
dation, they then created a network architecture concept that
incorporated the communication interface specifications.
network simulation and test operation
With the help of an extensive simulation platform, researchers
at Fraunhofer ESK are examining the interaction between the
communication system and the power grid. In parallel, TUM
is analyzing the demands placed on the electricity network.
The two institutions are collaborating on cosimulation that will
be able to represent both aspects of the system. The measures
identified in the simulation will then be implemented in the
selected industry park. Because business customers have a
significant impact on the grid, this environment offers better
oppor tunities to test and analyze the suitability of the new
developments under real conditions. In areas where consumers
are willing to participate, local energy providers can implement
flexible delivery plans that better utilize the network capacity
and potentially reduce the consumer’s electricity bill through
flexible rates. The participating customers in Haunstetten will
have access to a special Internet portal, which they can use to
obtain an overview of their electricity usage. The first smart
meters, which are used to capture the required data, will be
installed at the customer premises around the end of 2014.
The project is being funded by the Bavarian Ministry of
Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology.
smART miCROgRid iNFORmATiON ANd CONTROL
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20144 8
h i g h L i g h T
Data communication between the different intelligent
components – monitoring and telecontrol stations, smart
meters, control centers – is a key element of the smart grid
infrastructure, which leads to better utilization of the grid
and supports the transition to renewable energy resources.
The recommended communication infrastructure is based on
the widely-used Internet Protocol (IP). The underlying trans-
mission technology can vary from powerline communication
(PLC, data transmission through the grid itself), DSL and optical
fibers to wireless networks (commercial cellular mobile net-
works or dedicated new radio networks for the smart grid).
Planning an appropriate communication infrastructure and
estimating its cost require information about the volume of
data that smart grid components (e. g., the smart meters)
generate. To help address this issue, Fraunhofer ESK develops
traffic models that can be used to easily and quickly calcu-
late the data volume for different use cases and transmission
protocols.
Combined methods for
realistic models
Fraunhofer ESK examines
the data protocols layer
by layer and calculates the
resulting data volume in
the IP network. The higher
protocol layers for the data
transmission are defined in
standards published by the
International Electrotechni-
cal Commission (IEC) or the
German Federal Office for
Information Security (BSI).
Furthermore, the engineers replicate the existing system
components in the lab and then measure the data volume
with corresponding tools (protocol analyzers).
Combining this information with statistics concerning the
frequency of the various smart grid use cases, a realistic
traffic model is then created, which can be used for planning
the communication infrastructure and estimating its cost.
outlook
Based on these methods, ESK engineers have already devel-
oped a traffic model for smart meters that utilize an IEC
proto col. The model can be used to easily calculate data
volumes for various scenarios. Other traffic models, such as
for the BSI smart meter gateway or monitoring and telecontrol
functions in the smart grid, are in the planning stage. In this
field, Fraunhofer ESK supports utilities during the selection
and planning of the underlying communication infrastructures
required for smart grids and smart metering.
smART gRid TRAFFiC mOdELs
MW hControl center
Control center
Communicationmodule or
smart metergateway
Monitoring or telecontrol station in the
smart grid
IP data network
(DSL, wireless networks,powerline
communication)
Meter
Data communication in the smart grid: Fraunhofer ESK develops traffic models that can be used to plan
the required communication infrastructure and to estimate its cost.
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 49
T O P i C
Backwards compatibility ensures that even first-generation
e-vehicles can continue to utilize public charging stations.
Communication between the charging station and the smart
grid is based on an enhancement of the IEC 61850 standard
that stems from power grid/telecontrol technology, which can
be used to represent network transformers as logical node
models for instance. Fraunhofer ESK engineers use a modifica-
tion of the standard so that the charging station can act as a
network node with special features. As an example, this would
provide the capability to remotely determine and control the
charging process. This communication technology permits easy
and flexible integration of the charging infrastructure into the
smart grid.
By combining the two international standards, the charg-
ing station is transformed into an interoperable node that
essentially transfers the intelligence of the smart grid to the
e-vehicle charging process. Applications such as delayed
charging, custom billing models and variable electricity rates
are all possible. At the same time, the communication infra-
structure ensures safe and stable provision of the electricity.
Fraunhofer ESK offers a complete spectrum of services in the
area of smart grid communication solutions, ranging from
specifications and development to commissioning.
Electricity networks are facing several new challenges with
the advent of electromobility. In order to run, e-vehicles first
have to draw electricity from the grid and store it in the car’s
battery. For electricity network operators, the key factors in
providing this service are the location of the charging stations
or their position in the distribution network, the number of
charging stations within a network segment and the charging
timeframe.
In the future, e-vehicles will be utilized as a source of tempo rary
energy storage. That means feeding electricity from the vehicle
back into the network upon demand. To ensure stability of the
electricity grid, network operators and energy providers must
take these new types of energy consumers, storage and feed-in
points into consideration when planning their systems.
Because the flow of energy out of and into the network has to
be monitored and intelligently controlled, significant demands
are placed on the communication technology. This requires the
development of an end-to-end communication chain between
the vehicle, charging station and network operator’s control
center.
Researchers at Fraunhofer ESK are examining the technologies
that are required to implement this communication network.
Within the framework of various projects, they have analyzed
and tested the following standards:
The IEC 61851 and ISO/IEC 15118 standards are utilized for
communication between the vehicle and the charging station.
IEC 61851 defines the type of connector and mode of charg-
ing for the e-vehicle. ISO/IEC 15118 specifies the extensive
exchange of information between the vehicle and charging
station that is imperative for the “smart” charging process.
vEhiCLE-TO-gRid: CONNECTiNg E-vEhiCLEs TO ThE ENERgy NETwORk
Dr.-Ing. Erik Oswald
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-374
erik.oswald@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201450
P R O j E C T
this technology, the charging cable can be used for data trans-
mission while charging is in process, thus enabling additional
services such as automatic vehicle identification and intelligent
charging scheduling.
In order to link the charging stations to a control center, engi-
neers utilized the IEC 61850 standard which is well known in
the energy industry, as well as the IEC TR 61850-90-8, which
is under development. As part of this effort, Fraunhofer ESK
supplied the standards committee with valuable information.
For the wireless communication between the vehicle and
the infrastructure, engineers evaluated the new IEEE 802.11p
standard, which is the basis for the ITS-G5 profile that the ETSI
(European Telecommunications Standards Institute) is currently
standardizing for intelligent transport systems, including speci-
fying a range of electromobility functions. Fraunhofer ESK is
furthermore researching the use of mobile technologies such
as UMTS, LTE and other hybrid approaches.
Interface testing and implementation
All of the interfaces developed by Fraunhofer ESK are at the
stage where they can be demonstrated to interested users
from the automotive and energy industries. Engineers will
begin field testing of the wireless interfaces in early 2014 in
Slovenia to determine the suitability of the interfaces in real
applications. Equipped with know-how acquired through this
project, Fraunhofer ESK is now in a position to actively support
development of the e-vehicle charging infrastructure.
The project is being funded through the European Union’s
Seventh Framework Program (FP7).
Electric vehicle charging infrastructures are an important
aspect of the transition to smart power grids. Because they
have to adapt to the conditions in the grid, they also require
intelligent control mechanisms. Working with research and
industry partners in the EU-sponsored Smart Vehicle-to-Grid
Interface (SmartV2G) project, Fraunhofer ESK is developing
the communication interfaces needed to integrate charging
stations into the smart grid.
Information sharing before, during and after the
charging process
Sharing information between the electric vehicle and the
smart grid makes the charging process more convenient and
helps save energy and money. Fraunhofer ESK identified and
specified the communication interfaces required to carry out
this exchange of information. Timely scheduling of the charg-
ing process requires acquiring information such as the location,
charging options and payment methods of the stations that
are available within the calculated range. In order to optimize
the charging process, other information such as the number
of available charging terminals, reservation data and current
electricity rates is also relevant.
standards control the vehicle-infrastructure
communication
For this project, Fraunhofer ESK employed the latest electro-
mobility communication standards. To illustrate how the ISO/
IEC 15118 functions, engineers established communication
between the e-vehicle and the charging station on a laboratory
demonstrator. The lab setup enhances the current IEC 61851-1
specification with the HomePlug Green PHY™ digital commu-
nication standard, which relies on powerline technology. With
iNTELLigENT ChARgiNg iNFRAsTRUCTURE FOR ELECTRiC vEhiCLEs
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 51
T O P i C
The implementation and tests of suitable standards provide
valuable input to the standards committees. IEC 61850 for
instance, is currently being expanded for the regulation of
low voltage networks, especially for distributed feed-in
points and for connecting charging stations used in e-mobility
applications.
services
Fraunhofer ESK’s services address the needs of both small
and large energy providers and network operators, as well as
manufacturers of communication infrastructure equipment and
products for smart grids, including photovoltaic systems, volt-
age converters, smart meters and e-vehicle charging stations.
n Traffic volume prognoses for estimating the volume of data
generated by smart meter and smart grid applications using
different scenarios, traffic models and protocol analyses n Analyses, lab measurements and simulations for evaluating
the technical feasibility of various communication techno-
logies – wired and wireless – used in smart meter and smart
grid applications n Consulting and implementation services related to the
IEC 61850 communication standard n Evaluation of smart microgrid scenarios
The rise in the number of renewable energy sources such as
photovoltaic and wind power providers, which irregularly feed
the electricity networks, is creating an enormous amount of
effort to regulate the grid in order to continue providing a
reliable supply of energy. These so-called smart grids require
reliable communication technologies that are designed to
take into account all of the existing and new components and
players in the energy market.
Fraunhofer ESK analyzes the demand, evaluates the commu-
nication technologies and designs communication systems for
energy networks. This includes developing the specifications
and the corresponding interfaces. The engineers can also offer
reference implementations and a smart grid communication lab
that includes a test environment for smart grid and smart meter
applications. This allows the institute to support energy providers
and network operators in the development of tailored solutions.
As part of these activities, ESK researchers developed a method
which they use to estimate the volume of data generated by
various smart grid applications and scenarios. This makes it pos-
sible to create a comprehensive plan and cost estimate for the
development of infrastructures that facilitate IP-based commu-
nication between smart meters, measurement and switching
stations and the control centers. The specialists also examine
and analyze potential transmission technologies such as fiber
optic, powerline and wireless, to determine if these approaches
satisfy the technical requirements of specific environments.
In addition, the institute develops network architectures for
other applications such as vehicle-to-grid integration or the
implementation of smart microgrids, which are local net-
works consisting of energy providers, energy cache storage
and electricity consumers.
iNTELLigENT COmmUNiCATiON FOR ThE smART ENERgy NETwORk OF ThE FUTURE
Dr.-Ing. Erik Oswald
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-374
erik.oswald@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201452
P R O j E C T
parameters are repeatedly optimized until the simulation
environment satisfies the requirements of the application.
Initial simulation results show that many of the CDMA450
parameter configurations have to be reconsidered before
they can be used in smart grid applications. The extent, to
which network planning, protocol stacks and network para-
meters require optimization, depends heavily on the specific
application.
CDMA450 has the potential to be a secure and cost-efficient
ICT solution for smart metering and smart grid applications.
For customers in the energy industry, the CMDA450 simula-
tion platform offers a flexible environment for simulating
specific applications and optimizing the standard parameters
in line with the corresponding requirements.
Information and communication systems are playing a key
role in the modernisation of the German energy market.
These technologies must satisfy the needs of smart grids
while keeping costs to a minimum. With excellent wave
propagation characteristics and high network capacity, the
CDMA450 mobile network technology is a promising candi-
date for the transmission of smart grid application data. The
issue is, the industry lacks the suitable simulation methods to
investigate the network performance for smart grids.
To tackle this problem, Fraunhofer ESK engineers developed
a simulation platform that allows them to determine whether
CDMA450 is suitable for smart grid applications, identify the
potential shortcomings and recommend improvements. The
solution is based on an OPNET network simulator. Based on
input from the engineers, a CDMA450 auxiliary module was
created which enables the comprehensive
simulation of various application scenarios
based on specific customer requirements.
Custom simulations
To carry out the simulation, engineers create
a BSI-compliant traffic model for smart
metering and smart grid applications based
on the customer’s requirements. The model
is configured like an application with the
required level of QoS. The engineers then
define network parameters such as the
number of devices, their statistical distribu-
tion and the mobile network cell radius.
Network performance is evaluated by
analyzing transmission latency and failure
rates among other factors. The network
simULATiON ENviRONmENT FOR CdmA450 NETwORks
ControlCenter
SMGAdmin.
ControlCenter
CDMA450IP Network
ServiceTechnician
Customer’sComputer
CLS
ElectricityMeter
OtherMeter
Tele-control
Voice
LMN
HAN
SMG PDSNRAN
LMN: Local Meteorological NetworkSMG: Smart Meter GatewayCLS: Controllable Local SystemHAN: Home Area NetworkRAN: Radio Access NetworkCDMA: Code Division Multiple AccessPDSN: Packet Data Service NodeIP: Internet Protocol
Schematic representation of the simulation environment
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 53
5 4
L A b
With powerline communication (PLC) technology, the electric
grid is used to transport both energy and data. Because the
power cable infrastructure already exists, energy providers
view PLC as an attractive, underlying information and com-
munication technology for smart metering and smart grid
applications. The downside is that this common transmission
path is highly susceptible to interference. Data transmission is
especially vulnerable to failures when activation/deactivation
processes occur – connecting or disconnecting energy users
for instance – or when interference signals are generated by
grid components such as solar system inverters.
To address these issues, Fraunhofer ESK engineers set up a
test lab that is designed specifically to test PLC modems for
these types of interference conditions. The tests are carried
out by identifying various types of interference based on
national and international standards and then creating cor-
responding models in a function generator. The PLC modems
are equipped with special filters to isolate them from other
forms of potential interference originating from the electric
grid. This ensures that the test system is only subjected to
the predefined interference. In addition, the system features
built-in attenuators that can be used to simulate the distance
between a central node, such as a transformer station, and
an individual electricity meter. With this approach, engineers
can carry out point-to-point measurements or distribution
network measurements, which are influenced by various
factors including different network topologies, and compo-
nents such as Muffen, distribution and switching cabinets and
even cable properties.
The lab can also be used to test PLC technologies in different
frequency ranges and application scenarios.
PLC TEsT LAb FOR smART mETERiNg ANd smART gRid APPLiCATiONs
equIPment
n IxChariot analysis software (console for traffic generation and
analysis, clients)
n Embedded PC Alix 2D19 with IxChariot endpoint library for
receiving, processing and acknowledging data packets
n Schwarzbeck L801 coupling and decoupling network, plus an
AC filter for isolating the test system from the power grid to
prevent cross-talk interference
n Spectrum analyzer for analyzing useful and interference signals
n Arbitrary waveform generator for creating defined interference
signals
n Ethernet switch for connectivity between the console and the
embedded PC Alix 2D19
n Variable attenuator for simulating channel attenuation properties
n Line impedance stabilization network for stabilizing the power grid
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 55
56
teleCommunICatIon
The Telecommunication business unit focuses its activities on the follow-ing areas:
n Measurement processes and methods for characterizing the physical transmission and interference properties of copper-based cables in frequency ranges to 300 MHz
n Transmission characteristics modeling for the design and optimization of high bit rate transmission systems (G.fast, powerline communication, VDSL2 vectoring)
n Information security solutions for communication networks n Network-related data protection and privacy managementn Development of test processes and analysis tools for evaluating high
bit rate Internet trafficn Design and implementation of security policies for enterprise commu-
nication networks with a focus on the integration of mobile devices n Communication system security analyses n Design and implementation of mobile distributed applications that run
on web-based client-server systems
Customers in this market segment include manufacturers of telecommuni-cation hardware for broadband Internet access, public and private tele-com mu ni ca tion network operators, government agencies, measurement instrument manufacturers, system and software houses and telecommuni-cation industry associations.
57
The need for Internet access bandwidth is constantly growing within both the
enterprise and consumer sectors. This demand will significantly increase in
the years to come, spurred by new, data-intensive applications, changing data
storage philosophies, global ultra-mobile communication and the develop-
ment of cyber physical systems. Other issues such as availability and data
security are also having an impact on bandwidth demand. At the same time,
the wide range of stringent demands is transforming modern Internet lifelines
into outright critical infrastructures.
Despite stagnating financial resources, players in the telecommunication
industry must satisfy the demand for greater bandwidth and a higher degree
of information security. Over the next years providers must not only extend
the physical network infrastructures with optical fiber and wireless, but rather
focus on optimizing and modernizing existing networks through design
modifications. This will require the development of hybrid network forms
capable of quenching the thirst for more bandwidth and meeting the real-time
requirements of future applications.
Security and safety need to be an inherent part of modern communication
networks. The coming years will also see additional demands being placed
on wired building infrastructures. This will be driven by a push to extend the
bandwidth of the core networks down to the end user devices. In addition,
the use of powerline communication will increase in many facets of our
everyday lives.
Dipl.-Ing. Sven Brandt
Business Unit Manager Telecommunication
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-360
sven.brandt@esk.fraunhofer.de
Sven Brandt was promoted to manager of the
Fraunhofer ESK Telecommunication business
unit in 2012. As early as 2001 Mr. Brandt as-
sumed responsibility for the Fraunhofer-Gesell-
schaft Competence Center for Voice Commu-
nication and subsequently the Fraunhofer ESK
Communication Solutions group.
Before joining the Fraunhofer Institute for
Embedded Systems and Communication Tech-
nologies ESK in 2000, Mr. Brandt held various
positions in the telecommunication industry
including as a trainer for enterprise commu-
nication systems and passive optical networks
at the Deutsche Bahn AG training center
in Munich. He also served as a lecturer for
electronics and telecommunication techno-
logies at the Rudolf-Diesel-Technikum private
engineering school in Augsburg, Germany.
Mr. Brandt was a Deutsche Telekom IT scholar-
ship student at the Dresden University of
Applied Sciences where he received his engi-
neering degree.
TELECOmmUNiCATiON
5 8
On-going projects
n� �HAINet (High-speed Access and Inhouse
Networks)
n� �Customer-specific functionality and
performance tests for quality assurance
n� �Competence Center for Voice Communi-
cation
New projects
n� �Interactive job application platform
n� �Context-based information security
solutions
n� �Automated test device for IP protocol
and services analysis
n� �High-speed powerline communication
Fraunhofer ESK is an expert partner in the research and development of
solutions for increased bandwidth. The institute also focuses on information
security in communication networks with respect to critical infrastructures
and public safety.
59
h i g h L i g h T
Wired transmission technologies play a vital role in supply-
ing German households with broadband Internet access.
Transmission is carried out over various mediums such as
optical fiber, coaxial, telephone and power cables. The
final segment between the service provider and the user,
as well as within the home or building, is still dominated by
copper telephone line technology. By utilizing modern and
efficient transmission schemes, these existing lines can be
used to offer broadband services. This helps significantly
reduce the effort and cost associated with reaching new
households. In order to exploit the full potential of copper-
based transmission techno logies and actively contribute to
improved availability, reliability and stability of the entire
system, Fraunhofer ESK researchers are working with Lantiq
Deutsch land GmbH and CAD Service GmbH on the practical
utilization of VDSL2 vectoring and powerline systems as part
of the HAInet project.
Vdsl2 vectoring
In theory, VDSL2 systems can achieve transmission rates
of 100 Mbps over short to mid-range (up to 500 meters)
tele phone lines. In practice these rates are seldom reached
however. The reason is far-end crosstalk (FEXT), which is
caused by interference between two pairs of cables in a
multicore cable. VDSL2 vectoring is a method that compen-
sates for the effects of FEXT, thus allowing VDSL2 to reach
the theoretical limits of telephone line transmission speeds.
Ensuring the reliability and stability of VDSL2 vectoring in a
real environment requires understanding the condition of
the transmission channel. Fraunhofer ESK is helping address
this issue through field research and measurements, as well as
through its expertise in the area of DSL system analysis and
modeling.
broadband powerline technology
Given that buildings have a high penetration of power cables
and outlets that are easily accessed by the user, broadband
powerline communcation (PLC) is a reasonable alternative to
wireless technologies. The downside is that, when transmit-
ting data across powerline cables, they often cause unwanted
emissions or interference with other transmission systems.
For this reason Fraunhofer ESK researchers are actively
examining the behavior of powerline systems under real
conditions. This research aims to develop new approaches
to improving PLC system performance and its interoperability
with other systems.
The know-how and results that derive from this work can
be used to develop guidelines allowing for an efficient and
robust PLC operation. In addition to better performance and
inter operability, energy consumption is another major factor
in this research.
exploiting copper telephone lines
In order to deal with the steadily growing amounts of data,
Fraunhofer ESK researchers are examining unused frequency
ranges for DSL and PLC transmissions. VDSL2 and PLC cur-
rently use frequencies of up to 30 MHz. Researchers assume
this could be expanded to 300 MHz. One of the biggest
challenges in designing and dimensioning such transmission
systems is identifying the channel characteristics and devel-
oping near-live simulation models. This is the only way to
ensure that the transmission system exhibits the desired
characteristics. Researchers set up test scenarios using various
types of cables in the institute’s DSL & Access Test Lab in
hAinet – high biT RATE ACCEss ANd iNhOUsE NETwORks
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20146 0
h i g h L i g h T
order to perform channel measurements and transmissions
in the extended frequency range of up to 300 MHz. The test
results will be used to create improved channel models that
can then be utilized to simulate, dimension and optimize
future transmission systems.
This project is being funded through the “Information and
Communication Technology” R & D program created by the
Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy
and Technology.
TelephoneNetwork
Central Office
DistributionPoint
GPON
DistributionPoint
Curb
ADSL
>1km, 20Mbit/s
2.5 Gbit/s
VDSL 2
< 1km, 100Mbit/s
VDSL 2
< 500 m, 100Mbit/s
G.fast
< 250 m, 1Gbit/s
FTTC
FTTdp
FTTH
Hybrid access networks: the evolution from the classic telephone network to FTTH / Fiber To The Home
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 61
T O P i C
broadband transmission using the power network
Broadband powerline systems are becoming a more popular
alternative for data transmission within buildings. Fraunhofer
ESK develops measurement-based cable models to determine
powerline system behavior, which is heavily influenced by the
characteristics of the power network cabling that runs through
the buildings. Full-scale characterization of the transmission
channel also requires measuring, evaluating and modeling the
interference environment. Incorporating the models into an
own-developed simulation platform lays the foundation for
developing improved and more reliable powerline systems and
evaluating the interaction of coexisting systems.
Apart from the simulation-based examination of powerline
systems, Fraunhofer ES K engineers can also integrate new
transmission systems (G.hn or HomePlug AV standard for
instance) into the lab’s test environment and evaluate them
under real conditions (performance and interoperability tests
and measurements).
Because simultaneous operation of xDSL and powerline tech-
nologies in buildings is becoming more common, analyzing
coexistence issues and developing ways to minimize cross-talk
interference is currently a key area of research.
Fraunhofer ESK has been active in the optimization of broad-
band communication systems running over copper lines for
many years. In this field, the wired transmission system
optimization market segment offers DSL and powerline tech-
nology system and performance tests under real conditions,
in addition to consulting and expert services in the area of
wired transmission systems and technologies. The aim is to
support hardware manufacturers and network operators
in developing, introducing and operating wired transmission
technologies and to help create significantly more added value
for the customer.
broadband transmission over twisted pair lines and
xdsl technologies
Thanks to years of experience in the operation and continu-
ous enhancement of the Access & Inhouse Test Lab, which
covers nearly every DSL generation, Fraunhofer ESK boasts
extensive know-how in the field of xDSL technology. Active
participation in various standards groups also gives the engi-
neers an advance look at future transmission standards such
as G.fast. By conducting tests in the frequency range that ex-
tends to 300 MHz, Fraunhofer ESK develops channel models
for the access and inhouse network segments and integrates
them into a simulation environment. This makes it possible to
evaluate transmission system behaviors and incorporate the
acquired knowledge into the development and optimization
of the systems. We also supplement these activities with
performance and interoperability tests and measurements
in real environments. This allows us to analyze and optimize
entire systems (VDSL2 vectoring with 50 modems in parallel)
under actual network conditions (real cable segments and
interference environments).
wiREd TRANsmissiON sysTEm OPTimizATiON
Mathias Leibiger
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-372
mathias.leibiger@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201462
P R O j E C T
jected to typical forms of power grid interference in order to
evaluate whether the link, and thus the modem, is susceptible
to interference. The measurements demonstrated that none
of the powerline modems achieved the promised speed and
performance, even under ideal conditions.
Fraunhofer ESK has the equipment and know-how to test
more than PLC modems however. The institute’s Access &
Inhouse Test Lab is set up to handle other types of transmission
systems as well. Fraunhofer ESK regularly collaborates with the
manufacturers to identify and implement improvements at the
transport and protocol levels.
Powerline modem manufacturers often promise high-speed
data transmission across the power grid. This leads to state-
ments such as “up to XXX Mbit/s” and misconceptions
among users. In practice however, the actual performance
is usually less than advertised.
To help clarify these situations, Fraunhofer ESK developed a
test method that determines the actual transmission rates.
Standardized tests are carried out under various conditions
and environments in the lab, which allows the tests to be
repeated on other modems and then compared. Apart from
defining the transmission parameters, the test system is sub-
Fraunhofer ESK also boasts the know-how and equipment
required to precisely measure and characterize the transmis-
sion properties of twisted pair lines, as well as the sources of
interference in frequency ranges to 300 MHz and beyond.
The institute is currently developing and integrating a channel
model for the access and inhouse segments into a simulation
platform. This allows engineers to evaluate future transmission
schemes in advance and incorporate the knowledge they gain
into the development process. An important foundation is
thus being laid for achieving higher data rates and significantly
improving system availability and reliability for the user.
Plans are in place to further expand the lab to be able to test
and improve new transmission schemes such as G.fast under
real conditions.
DSL communication systems are undergoing constant
enhancement and optimization. Taking into account
bandwidth requirements, new network environments and
changing application scenarios, engineers are adapting
these systems to the characteristics of the evolving copper
cable network. To support these efforts, Fraunhofer ESK
offers a near-real, automated testing and measurement
environment for evaluating the functionality, perform-
ance and stability of a variety of DSL systems. The Access
& Inhouse Test Lab is also equipped to run specialized
interoperability and coexistence analyses. Fraunhofer ESK
actively supports hardware manufacturers in the various
phases of product development and offers network opera-
tors expert advice in the area of DSL technology commis-
sioning and operation.
POwERLiNE mOdEm mEAsUREmENT ANd TEsTiNg
dsL COmmUNiCATiON sysTEms
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 63
T O P i C
Communication between client and server occurs via a
bi directional TCP connection using WebSockets, or across
a half-duplex HTTP connection by means of long polling.
Although WebSockets are the preferred method for updating
data, primarily because of the simple connection and short
latency periods, long polling and polling still serve as a fallback
solution or for infrequent data comparisons since the HTTP
requests, and therefore the data updates, require more time.
For users who need to work with the same data at different
locations, web-based client-server systems offer an easy-to-
use, device-independent solution that is nevertheless secure
and cost-effective.
The increasing varieties of operating systems and hardware
in the IT world are being driven not least by the growing
market for mobile operating systems and user devices. When
developing new applications, it is therefore essential to plan
and implement them for multiple operating systems in order
to maximize private or business customer reach. To ensure
the highest level of user-friendliness regardless of the under-
lying system, the operation and quality of the application
must be consistent. Designing and implementing distributed
mobile applications that enable users to access and work with
centrally-stored data poses both a development challenge and
a research opportunity.
application development
One approach to meeting these requirements while keeping
development costs within budget is the use of web-based
applications. The browser interface minimizes the importance
of the underlying operating system, meaning web applica-
tions have a consistent look and feel in the same browser
regardless of the system. The difference is hardly noticeable
even with different browsers, if the browser supports the
features of standard programming languages such as HTML,
CSS, JavaScript and Java.
Client-server model
The user’s device – or client – contains only the programming
code needed for the view and if applicable for temporary
data storage. The data and the associated logic for process-
ing it resides on the central server, which sends the required
information to the client upon request. This leads to a separa-
tion of the data and the logic, as well as the display and input,
while also making it possible to provision the data on different
clients. The result is that users can work with the same data,
either sequentially or at the same time, on different devices.
wEb-bAsEd CLiENT-sERvER sysTEms
Juliane Franze
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-388
juliane.franze@esk.fraunhofer.de
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20146 4
P R O j E C T
the server, Fraunhofer ESK implemented a web client
prototype based on HTML, CSS and JavaScript. Com-
munication is carried out via the REST interface. The two
partners jointly developed a group-based rights manage-
ment system that allows digital content to be loaned and
transferred.
The eLibrary platform makes it possible to read and man-
age digital context within a group. An additional school
field test is planned with the aim of demonstrating just how
much potential the virtual library has to offer. Given the
modular and manufacturer-independent design, researchers
anticipate that the open web-based approach will be well
received.
Although eBooks have grown to represent nearly 10 percent of
the German book market within just a few years, they cannot
be borrowed, sold or given as presents in the same custom-
ary manner as printed books. On the other hand, to date the
potential of eBooks has not been fully exploited. This includes
the capability to use them within a group. With this in mind,
Fraunhofer ESK joined forces with the German publishing
group Weltbild to create a virtual school library for eBooks. The
eLibrary project is designed to emulate the use of printed books
while testing completely new features such as the group-based
studying of literary texts. A key aspect of the project is mobile
access to the library via smartphones and tablets.
The underlying architecture of the virtual library is a web-
based client-server system. While Weltbild concentrated on
a high level of user friendliness. The lightweight data inter-
change format ensures quick and reliable communication with
the server via REST interfaces.
Based on the consistent use of current standards and methods
for the front-end and back-end systems, the Fraunhofer-Gesell-
schaft job applicant portal represents a hardware and software
independent solution that can be easily adapted to future
requirements.
The changes to the trade fair job portal solution, which are
scheduled to be implemented in 2014, will also be incorporated
into the online job portal located on the main Fraunhofer-
Gesellschaft website.
Trade fairs and events are ideal platforms for establishing
contact with aspiring talent and experienced professionals.
Together with the central human resources department of
the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, researchers conceived the idea
of developing an information system for this purpose. The
portal has been in operation for two years. Touch screens
provide visitors information regarding vacancies within the
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, as well as useful information about
key research activities of institutes. If wanted, visitors can
send the selected information to their own e-mail addresses.
The web-based portal is being enhanced with new functions
and expanded to support access via mobile devices. Modern
smart clients offer the potential to implement an effective
inter active user interface. The layout is responsive and features
mObiLE UsE OF E-bOOks
FRAUNhOFER jOb APPLiCATiON PLATFORm
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 65
L A b
The NGN Test Lab is equipped for analyzing communication
systems and evaluating and enhancing customer-specific
solutions ranging from local communication networks to
cloud-based services. Apart from examining the transmission
protocol and system parameters, the tests also evaluate various
security aspects.
One particular focus of the lab’s current activities involves
evaluating communication and collaboration systems in order
to verify conformity to standards, interoperability and data
transmission security and integrity. Another key element is
the integration of mobile end user devices into local commu-
nication systems.
A reliable communication platform is essential for many
applications. In many regions of the world however, even in
industrialized countries, the fixed and mobile networks still
provide insufficient bandwidth and quality. Although it can
be a feasible supplement or serve as a general alternative in
these situations, satellite communication has unique charac-
teristics that can place certain restrictions or conditions on
the application being used. The lab is equipped with DSL and
satellite connections for simulating heterogeneous corporate
networks and testing their suitability as underlying commu-
nication platforms for enterprise applications. The test results
can serve as a basis for developing feasibility studies or they
can be used as functional models in conjunction with the
existing lab infrastructure.
NgN TEsT LAb
equIPment
n Various ADSL and VDSL connections as well as a Gbit link to the
German Research Network n Satellite DSLn Protocol analyzers, traffic generators, diverse analysis softwaren Powerline adapter test environmentn Environment for testing the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Voice Service
private cloud platform, including the simulation of a typical Fraun-
hofer institute communication infrastructure
serVICes
usability and interoperability testsn Testing of prototype communication systemsn System compatibility evaluationsn Set up of customer-specific heterogeneous enterprise networksn Independent transmission system testing n Design and implementation of prototype communication systems
and applications
measurementsn User equipment test series (i. e. powerline adapters) n Characteristics and behavior of defined transmission paths and
transmission systems
Information securityn Analyses for identifying vulnerabilities in communication protocols
and Internet-based services n Security and routing concepts for IP networks n Customer-specific security architectures n Design and prototype implementation of secure overlay networks
and IP services with a focus on SME solutions n Design and implementation of security policies for enterprise
networks with a focus on integrated mobile end-user devices
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20146 6
L A b
Fraunhofer ESK operates a comprehensive DSL & Access Test
Lab that can be used to analyze and test a wide range of
telecommunication network components, services and new
solutions ranging from end-user devices – such as telephones,
PCs and set top boxes – to IADs, modems, subscriber line
connections, access and aggregation networks and servers
for video, voice and data services.
The lab achieves real conditions by operating its own cable
farm that combines different telecommunication cables. In
addition, the telephone wiring structure of a four-story dwell-
ing with 16 residents is available to test the specific conditions
of the inhouse segment of a network.
Current projects include evaluating the use of VDSL2 vector-
ing systems as a way to improve access networks and testing
their energy consumption.
In order to streamline its test activities, the engineers created
a comprehensive automated test environment. The DSL &
Access Test Lab features a special test and measure ment station
designed for analyzing broadband powerline communication
(PLC) systems. This allows engineers to evaluate the perform-
ance characteristics of broadband PLC adapters. A special focus
of the tests involves analyzing the spectral compatibility of PLC
technologies with other transmission systems in homes and
buildings (i. e. xDSL) to gain an understanding of the various
types of interference that can occur.
With the combination of products and prototypes – or func-
tional patterns in test scenarios – the lab can gain further
knowledge of the relevant influence factors in various modes
of operation.
ACCEss & iNhOUsE TEsT LAb
equIPment
line simulators/interference generatorsfor VDSL2, ADSL2+ and SHDSL in line with ETSI, ANSI and
Broadband Forum requirements
twisted pair test network consisting of a 6,000-meter access
network and an inhouse test network with different types of linesn Access network for vectoring testsn Inhouse network for vectoring tests and the evaluation of special
building scenarios
Powerline network and test/measurement station for PlC transmission systemsn Inhouse test network for analyzing PLC systems under real
conditions
dslams from various manufacturers
aggregation network consisting of Ethernet and ATM switches
and a Juniper access router
servers for data, voice and video services
test and measurement equipmentn Ethernet test systems (Spirent Testcenter, Spirent Smartbits, IXIA
Chariot)n PC-based data/load generators and analyzersn Vector signal/network/spectrum/impedance analyzersn Bit error rate testern Diverse test and measurement equipment including energy and
performance measurement instruments, DSL and ISDN testers
sdr platform for transmission testsn USRP2 system with special front-endn Development environment: Matlab and GNURadio
special measurement environment for broadband powerline communication (PlC) systemsn Test and measurement station with inference generators and PLC
line simulation n Traffic generatorsn Test network for evaluating broadband PLC under real conditions n Spectrum analyzer for PLC signal measurements
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 67
6 8
FraunhoFer InstItute For embedded systems and CommunICatIon teChnologIes esK
Fraunhofer ESK undertakes applied research geared toward new infor-mation and communication technology (ICT) processes and methods. The activities focus on designing these increasingly distributed, heterogene-ous and networked ICT systems to be more reliable, flexible and resource efficient, thus ensuring that they contribute to improved products and production environments in the automobile and traffic, energy, auto mation and telecommunication industries.
Fraunhofer ESK boasts experienced researchers and young talent with ex-pertise in communication technologies ranging from transmission techniques and protocols to complete systems and the underlying software methods. To deliver its services, the institute bundles the engineering expertise of six core competencies across the Automotive, Industrial Communication and Telecommunication business units: Wired Transmission Technologies, Local Wireless Networks, Reliable Ethernet/IP Communication, Adaptive Systems, Model-based Software Development and Validation, Multicore Software.
Fraunhofer ESK belongs to the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, the largest orga-nization for applied research in Europe. The director of the institute is Prof. Dr. Rudi Knorr, who has also served as the Chair of Communication Systems at the University of Augsburg department of computer science since 2006.
69
The ESK management team (from right to left): Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rudi Knorr, Dr.-Ing. Dirk Eilers, Dr.-Ing. Mike Heidrich, Dipl.-Ing. Martina
Gerloff und Dipl.-Ing. Sven Brandt
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201470
As technology continues to evolve, growth in the number of
highly-networked embedded systems will have a major influ-
ence on the functionality of numerous products and systems
across a wide range of industries. With this in mind, Fraun-
hofer ESK focuses on designing these systems to make them
reliable, robust and resource efficient, even under real-time
conditions. The institute is thus making a significant contri-
bution to the implementation and effective management of
networked embedded systems.
Core competencies
Fraunhofer ESK researchers boast a wide range of communi-
cation technology expertise, from transmission techniques
and protocols, to adaptive systems and underlying software
methods. The communication technology research activities,
which involve both wired and wireless with a focus on Ether-
net and IP, are bundled across the following core competencies:
Wired transmission technologies, local Wireless net-
works, reliable ethernet/IP Communication. In the area
of software methods, the activities revolve around flexible,
complex embedded software systems and the development
of corresponding methods and tools, all of which are bundled
across the following core competencies: adaptive systems,
model-based software design and Validation, multi-
core software.
business units
With a wide range of solutions to address the demand for
increasingly distributed, heterogeneous and networked ICT
systems, Fraunhofer ESK is contributing to improved products
and production environments in the automobile/trans-
portation, energy, automation and telecommunication
market segments.
In the automobile and transportation segment, Fraunhofer
ESK examines underlying communication technologies and
software architectures for in-vehicle networking and vehicle-
to-environment (Car-to-X) infrastructures, in addition to
researching methods for the development of flexible and
reliable software systems, particularly in the area of embed-
ded automotive systems.
For the energy industry, Fraunhofer ESK examines which com-
munication technologies are best suited for smart grid applica-
tions and vehicle-to-grid connectivity. The institute also partici-
pates in several industry-related international standards groups.
In the area of automation, Fraunhofer ESK supports Industry
4.0-compatible system platforms through its research into
robust wireless systems and methods for developing and
debugging software for multicore-based embedded systems.
To address the growing demand for bandwidth and more
stringent security requirements in the telecommunication
industry, Fraunhofer ESK optimizes existing technologies such
as VDSL vectoring, develops new access and inhouse solutions
and designs automated test and analysis methods.
www.esk.fraunhofer.de/en
FRAUNhOFER iNsTiTUTE FOR EmbEddEd sysTEms ANd COmmUNiCATiON TEChNO LOgiEs Esk
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 71
ORgANizATiON ChART
Prof. dr.-ing. Rudi knorr
Director
dr.-ing. mike heidrich
Business Unit Manager Industrial Communication
sven brandt
Business Unit Manager Tele-communication
dr.-ing. dirk Eilers
Business Unit Manager Automotive
susanne baumer
Group Manager PR & Marketing
Falk Langer
Group Manager Automotive Networks
dr.-ing. Erik Oswald
Group Manager Smart Grid Communication
josef jiru
Group Manager Automotive Connectivity
dr. barbara staehle
Group Manager Wire less Auto-mation Networks
gereon weiss
Group Manager Automotive Software
group
Automation Software
mathias Leibiger
Group Manager Access and Inhouse Networks
group
Communication Solutions
sven brandt
Head of the IT Administration
martina gerloff
Head of the Administration
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201472
OUR CUsTOmERs ANd PARTNERs
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 73
FACTs ANd FigUREs
Personnel structure 2013
As of December 31, 2013, the Fraunhofer Institute for Embedded Systems and Communication Technologies ESK had 77
employees (82 percent in technical positions) who were supported by 111 interns and university undergraduates/graduates.
Personnel 2009–2013 (number of employees)
Researchers and engineers70.1 %
Administrative18.2 %
Interns / Graduate school students
Research assistants
Administrative
IT support
Researchers and engineers
IT support11.7 %
0
50
100
150
200
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201474
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Personnel costs Operating costs Capital expenditures
1,000
2,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
6,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
0
Industrial income Public sector
Internal programs Other income
EU sector Internal income
research budget (in Euro thousands)
For the year 2013, personnel expenses totaled approximately € 4.9 million, operating costs around € 1.9 million and capital
expenditures around € 430,000.
research income (in Euro thousands)
Fraunhofer ESK generated research income of around € 5.7 million in year 2013.
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 75
If the world of applied research holds your fascination and if you are looking
to help shape the communication technologies of the future, then consider
Fraunhofer ESK. We offer a wide range of opportunities for professionals
in various career phases, plus numerous paths leading to advancement and
personal development. Opportunities exist for students, as well as graduates
with degrees in electronics or mechanical engineering and computer science.
We also welcome those who can bring leadership and management skills. As
outlined in the ESK guiding principles (pages 8-9), we encourage a continuous
and open dialogue between employees and management. Fraunhofer ESK
offers a variety of flexible work schedules designed to help employees main-
tain a proper work-life balance and to provide the chance to reconcile family
and career.
At Fraunhofer ESK, researchers pursue exciting projects within dynamic teams
in order to prepare themselves for a career in industry or academics while
establishing an international network of contacts.
Today, innovation results from collaboration. For this reason, our working
culture is based on mutual appreciation, respect and openness. We strive
to create an environment that promotes self-motivation and creativity.
With employees from 11 countries, the intercultural atmosphere at ESK
brings different experiences and perspectives to each project, which often
leads to new and alternative solutions.
Martina Gerloff
Head of the Administration
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-341
martina.gerloff@esk.fraunhofer.de
Martina Gerloff was appointed head of the
administration area at Fraunhofer ESK in
2000. She is responsible for the commercial,
personnel and organizational aspects of the
institute.
After holding several positions in the field
of financial controlling, Ms. Gerloff joined
the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft in 1992 where
she worked in the central administration’s
research and budget department. In this
capacity she was responsible for developing
and maintaining the institute budget for
Germany and the United States, preparing
and participating in the annual budget dis-
cussions with the various Fraunhofer institutes
and monitoring the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
mid-term financial planning.
RECRUiTiNg
76
To supplement the extensive theoretical knowledge acquired during a univer-
sity education, Fraunhofer ESK offers natural sciences students the opportunity
to work on their thesis, to prepare for a career through an internship during or
directly upon completion of their studies and to gain initial and valuable work
experience. In 2013 we had 111 interns, trainees and undergraduates working
in various capacities at the institute, 40 percent of which are women.
Applied research has direct relevance to and involves close collaboration with
industry. The results of the research flow directly into the product development
chain. To carry out their R & D activities, ESK researchers utilize five fully equipped
labs: Access & Inhouse Test Lab, Automation Lab, Automotive Lab, Energy Lab
and NGN Lab.
n� �Wide range of career and personal
development opportunities
n� �Research with direct applicability
to real world solutions
n� �Work-life balance
n� �Continuous and open dialogue
between employees and management
n� �Networking
n� �Diversity
n� �Chance to reconcile family and
professional life
77
Fraunhofer ESK is headed by Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rudi Knorr, who
also holds the Chair for Communication Technology at the
University of Augsburg Department of Computer Science.
This chair is devoted to basic research in the cutting-edge field
of self-organizing communication systems in conjunction with
next generation networks such as cyber-physical systems or
the Internet of Things.
The research activities and the teaching curriculum emphasize
the new demands being placed on information and commu-
nication technologies (ICT). In the future, a wide range of
applications, systems, equipment, machines, vehicles and
ICT networks will have to be combined in order to provide
common functions and services that are far beyond the
capabilities of the individual systems. One of the key require-
ments is the ability to dynamically react to device, services and
resources availability, in addition to responding to changes in
the environment in real time. This will result in a growing need
for increasingly adaptable networked systems.
self-organizing systems
In the future, the number of connected devices (end-user
devices, sensors, actuators) containing embedded systems,
as well as the capability and complexity of the devices and
the network infrastructures, will grow rapidly. This trend will
place an increasing focus on issues such as the reliability,
robustness, real-time behavior and resource efficiency of
networked adaptive systems. One of the prerequisites is the
availability of systems that interact intuitively with people
and other systems and which are capable of carrying out
more autonomous tasks. That equates to increasingly self-
organizing systems. Self-organization refers to the so-called
self-x technologies, which encompass autonomous capabili-
ties ranging from management, awareness, (re)configura-
tion, optimization, healing and protection, to adaptation and
description.
Among others, current projects in this area include adap-
tive methods for the dynamic and more efficient utilization
of wireless and wired channels and the development of
new algorithms and protocols for self-organizing networked
systems.
next generation networks (ngn)
In this area, the research activities include not only basic tech-
nologies for reliable connections and data transmissions, but
also the interoperability and uniformity of various systems and
components required for end-to-end communication, partic-
ularly with an eye on the future Internet, or the Internet of
Things. In other words, a scenario in which Internet techno-
logies pervade all technical systems, leading to the creation of
a global and application-wide integration platform.
Current research projects include the design of reliable IP-
based communication processes for internal vehicle systems
and wireless Car-to-X communication, as well as transmission
techno logies and the integration of vehicles into mobility con-
cepts, sensor networks and protocols for smart grids, smart
produc tion and broadband telecommunication networks.
ChAiR FOR COmmUNiCATiON TEChNOLOgy
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/201478
The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft undertakes applied research
of direct utility to private and public enterprise and of wide
benefit to society. With a workforce of over 23,000, the
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is Europe’s biggest organization for
applied research, and currently operates a total of 67 insti-
tutes and research units. The organization’s core task is to
carry out research of practical utility in close cooperation with
its customers from industry and the public sector. In this way
the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft shapes the innovation process in
Germany and drives forward the development of key techno-
logies. The organization’s research focuses on the needs of
people in the areas of healthcare, security, communication,
mobility, energy and the environment. Fraunhofer’s inter-
national sites and its representative offices act as a bridge to
the regions of greatest importance to scientific progress and
economic development.
As part of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft network, Fraunhofer ESK
is deeply involved in the Fraunhofer-Group for Information and
Communication Technologies as well as the Fraunhofer-Group
for Microelectronics. Through collaboration between institutes
with a similar technical focus, these associations provide a plat-
form for discussing future projects and new technologies. Fraun-
hofer ESK also assumed leadership of the Fraunhofer Embedded
Systems Alliance in 2014. This alliance bundles the mechanical
engineering, electronics and IT expertise of its member insti-
tutes with the goal of developing solutions to address problems
that affect individual as well as multiple disciplines. Fraunhofer
ESK can thus rely on the other institutes to supplement its own
expertise and offer solutions from a single source.
Fraunhofer ESK also actively participates in technology and
industry committees outside of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
including standards groups like AUTOSAR and the Car2Car
Communication Consortium and industry associations such as
the German Association of Engineers and the BICCNET and
Mechatronics clusters. Within the standards committees, the
goal is to drive the development of standards forward and to
ensure that the institute’s development activities stay ahead of
the technology curve. Participation in industry organizations
helps Fraunhofer ESK pinpoint the needs of the market and
develop corresponding solutions.
www.fraunhofer.de
www.iuk.fraunhofer.de
www.vue.fraunhofer.de
www.embedded.fraunhofer.de
NETwORkiNg – mORE ThAN jUsT TEChNOLOgy
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 79
Conference papers, articles 2012, 2013
Albert, Kristin; Stiller, Michael:
der browser als mobile Plattform der Zukunft – die möglichkeiten
von html5-apps: Chancen und grenzen der entwicklung mobiler
anwendungen mit hilfe von Webstandards.
In: Verclas, Stephan; LinnhoffPopien, Claudia: Smart Mobile Apps: Mit
BusinessApps ins Zeitalter mobiler Geschäftsprozesse. Berlin: Springer,
2012, S. 147–160.
Becker, Klaus; Zeller, Marc; Weiss, Gereon:
towards efficient on-line schedulability tests for adaptive net-
worked embedded real-time systems.
In: Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Control and
Communication – INSTICC, Setubal: 2nd International Conference on
Pervasive Embedded Computing and Communication Systems, PECCS
2012. Proceedings: 24–26 February, 2012, Rome, held in conjunction
with VISIGRAPP 2012 and SENSORNETS 2012. Rom: INSTICC, 2012,
S. 440–449.
Brandt, Sven:
die vergessenen telefonanlagen – warum es schnell teuer werden
kann.
In: Hudler, Matthias (Hrsg.); Koschuch, Manuel (Hrsg.); Krüger, Michael
(Hrsg.): Konferenz Cloud & Klein – IT im Spannungsfeld zwischen Server
cluster und Sensornetz. FH Campus Wien, 2012.
Dombrowski, Christian; Petreska, Neda; Görtzen, Simon; Schmeink, Anke;
Gross, James:
energy-efficient multi-hop transmission for machine-to-machine
communications.
In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE: 11th International
Symposium and Workshops on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad
Hoc and Wireless Networks, WiOpt 2013. Proceedings: May 13–17, 2013
Tsukuba Science City. New York, NY: IEEE, 2013, S. 341–348.
Drabek, Christian; Pramsohler, Thomas; Zeller, Marc; Weiss, Gereon:
Interface verification using executable reference models:
an application in the automotive infotainment.
In: Ober, I.: 6th International Workshop on Model Based Architecting and
Construction of Embedded Systems, ACESMB 2013. Proceedings: Co
located with 16th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering
Languages and Systems, MoDELS 2013, September 29 2013. Miami 2013,
10 S. (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 1084).
Drabek, Christian; Weiss, Gereon:
bessere softwaremodelle mit einem richtlinien-Katalog.
In: ATZElektronik 8 (2013), Nr. 3, S. 210–215.
Pierre Audoin Consultants (PAC); Eickhoff, Beate (Interviewte); Della Schiava,
Manfred (Interviewter); Walla, Dirk (Interviewter); Avaya GmbH (Hrsg.):
der moderne arbeitsplatz im mittelstand: mobil, vernetzt und flexibel.
Berlin: Pierre Audoin Consultants (PAC), Whitepaper, 2012, 28 S.
Engelhardt, Daniel:
evaluierung von Inter-Prozess-Kommunikation unter embedded
linux. Performance-Killer oder leichtgewicht.
Vortrag gehalten auf dem BICCNet Innovation Forum Embedded Systems,
IFES, 27. April 2012, München 2012, 12 Folien.
Grilo, Antonio; Heidrich, Mike:
routing metrics for cache-based reliable transport in wireless
sensor networks.
In: EURASIP journal on wireless communications and networking (2013),
Art. 139, 16 S.
Heidrich, Wolf A.; Seydel, Dominique; Prehofer, Christian:
Improving rescue information using C2C and C2I communication.
In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE: 5th International
Symposium on Wireless Vehicular Communications, WiVec 2013. Proceed
ings: June 2–3 2013, Dresden 2013, 5 S.
PUbLiCATiONs
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20148 0
Heinrich, Patrick:
towards network-wide energy estimation for adaptive embedded
systems.
In: Bunse, Christian (Hrsg.): 2nd Workshop EASED@BUIS 2013. Energy
Aware SoftwareEngineering and Development. Proceedings: 25. April
2013, Oldenburg, held in conjunction with the 5th BUISDays: ITbased
resource and energy management, 15. Tagung der Fachgruppe Betrieb
liche Umweltinformationssysteme der Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.
(Oldenburg Lecture Notes in Software Engineering 4/2013).
Heinrich, Patrick; Prehofer, Christian:
early energy estimation in the design process of networked
embedded systems.
In: Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Control and
Communication – INSTICC, Setubal: 3rd International Conference on
Pervasive Embedded Computing and Communication Systems. CD
ROM, PECCS 2013. Proceedings: 19–21 February 2013, Barcelona, held
in conjunction with SENSORNETS 2013 and PHOTOPTICS 2013. Setubal:
INSTICC, 2013, S. 214–220.
Heinrich, Patrick; Prehofer, Christian:
network-wide energy optimization for adaptive embedded systems.
In: Pedreiras, P.; ArtistDesign – European Network of Excellence on
Embedded Systems Design: APRES 2012, 4th Workshop on Adaptive and
Reconfigurable Embedded Systems. Proceedings: April 16, 2012, Beijing;
In conjunction with CPSWeek 2012, April 16–19, 2012. Beijing 2012, 4 S.
Heinrich, Patrick; Prehofer, Christian; Langer, Falk:
Formale systembeschreibung von steuergeräten und Kommuni-
kationsnetzwerken zur automatisierten optimierung des energie-
verbrauchs.
In: VDI/VDE – Gesellschaft Mess und Automatisierungstechnik – GMA,
Düsseldorf: Automation 2012. 13. Branchentreff der Mess und Automa
tisierungstechnik: Kongresshaus BadenBaden, 13.–14. Juni 2012. Düssel
dorf: VDIVerlag, 2012, S. 255–260 (VDIBerichte 2171).
Jiru, Josef:
autonomous traffic warning system with Car-to-X communication.
In: ERCIM News (2013), Nr. 4, 2 S.
Kamphausen, Benjamin; Stante, Alexander; Zeller, Marc; Weiss, Gereon:
ernest – Framework for the early verification and validation of
networked embedded systems.
In: Design & Elektronik, Haar bei München: Embedded world 2013.
Proceedings. CDROM: February 26–28, 2013, Nuremberg. Haar: WEKA
Fachmedien, 2013, 6 S.
Leibiger, Mathias; Maierbacher, Gerhard; Strobel, Rainer:
g.Fast: Cable measurements for german In-house Cables.
In: Broadband Forum – BBF: Broadband Forum Q3 Meeting, 2013. Papers:
September 16–20, 2013, Atlanta 2013, 15 S.
Maierbacher, Gerhard; Leibiger, Mathias:
access- und Inhouse-netze in deutschland – ein erfahrungs-
bericht zu twisted-Pair Kabelmessungen.
In: Informationstechnische Gesellschaft im VDE: Kommunikationskabel
netze mit Ausstellung: Vorträge der 20. ITGFachtagung vom 10. bis
11. Dezember 2013 in Köln. Berlin: VDE Verlag, 2013, 8 S. (ITGFach
bericht 245).
Manderscheid, Martin; Prehofer, Christian:
network performance evaluation for distributed embedded
systems using feature models.
In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE: 18th Inter na tional
Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems, ICECCS 2013.
Proceedings: 17–19 July 2013, Singapore. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Com
puter Society Conference Publishing Services (CPS), 2013, S. 46–55.
Meyer, Daniel; Drabek, Christian; Weiss, Gereon; Zeller, Marc:
modellbasierte absicherung von genIVI-schnittstellen.
In: Hanser Automotive (2013), Nr. 11, S. 48–51.
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 81
Nauck, Enrico; Oswald, Erik:
Kommunikationsschnittstellen für die netzbezogene Fern-
steuerung von Photovoltaikanlagen unter 100 kW einspeise-
leistung.
Vortrag gehalten auf dem 3. Energie & Technik Smart Home & Metering
Summit, 23.–24. Oktober 2013, München 2013, 9 S.
Nauck, Enrico; Oswald, Erik:
smart home – Zusammenspiel von metering & energie-management.
In: 2. Energie & Technik Smart Home & Metering Summit 2012. CDROM:
16.–17. Oktober 2012, Forum am Schlosspark, Ludwigsburg. Haar: WEKA
Fachmedien, 2012, 10 S.
Nauck, Enrico; Oswald, Erik; Spähn, Michael:
anwendung der norm IeC 61850 in smart grids und deren nutzen
im bereich der elektromobilität.
In: Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Informationstechnik – VDE:
VDE Kongress „Smart Grid“ 2012. Intelligente Energieversorgung der Zu
kunft. CDROM: Kongressbeitäge; 5.–6. November 2012, Internationales
Congresscenter Stuttgart (ICS); Bd. 1 – Kongressbeiträge; Bd. 2 – Poster
beiträge. Berlin: VDEVerlag, 2012, 6 S.
Niestegge, Gerd; Spähn, Michael:
das datenvolumen bei der Zählerdatenerfassung über ein IP-netz.
Vortrag gehalten auf dem 3. Energie & Technik Smart Home & Metering
Summit, 23.–24. Oktober 2013, München 2013, 9 S.
Oliveira da Penha, Dulcineia; Weiss, Gereon:
Integrated timing analysis in the model-driven design of auto-
motive systems.
In: Bernardi, S.: 5th International Workshop on Nonfunctional Properties
in Modeling: Analysis, Languages, Processes, NIMALP 2013. Proceedings:
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ing Languages and Systems, MoDELS 2013, September 29 2013, Miami
2013, S. 41–49 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings 1074).
Oswald, Erik:
smart grid Communication.
Vortrag gehalten auf dem BICCNet Innovation Forum Embedded Systems,
IFES, 27. April 2012, München 2012, 23 Folien.
Paulic, Annette; Pramsohler, Thomas; Kaule, Dirk; Zeller, Marc; Weiss, Gereon:
modellbasierte erkennung von Fehlverhalten: automatisierte
generierung von Verifikationsmodellen zur absicherung von
Funktionsschnittstellen im bereich Infotainment.
In: Elektronik automotive (2012), Nr. 8/9, 12 S.
Paulic, Annette; Weiss, Gereon; Eilers, Dirk:
Verbesserter softwaretest für steuergeräte kombiniert sequenz-
basierten und modellbasierten test.
In: ATZElektronik 7 (2012), Nr. 2, S. 150–154.
Paulic, Annette; Zeller, Marc; Weiss, Gereon; Eilers, Dirk:
model-based validation of automotive infotainment functions
using reference models.
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Paulic, Annette; Zeller, Marc; Weiss, Gereon; Eilers, Dirk:
modellbasierte Validierung von Infotainment-Funktionen im auto.
Vortrag gehalten auf dem BICCNet Innovation Forum Embedded Systems,
IFES, 27. April 2012, München, 2012, 22 Folien.
Petreska, Neda:
towards new routing solutions for wireless industrial networks.
In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE; IEEE Computer
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Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20148 2
Pramsohler, Thomas; Kafkas, Mahmut; Paulic, Annette; Zeller, Marc;
Baumgarten, Uwe:
Control flow analysis of automotive software components using
model-based specifications of dynamic behavior.
In: Society of Automotive Engineers – SAE: SAE World Congress &
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assume-guarantee specifications of state transition diagrams
for behavioral refinement.
In: Johnsen, Einar Broch: Integrated Formal Methods. 10th Inter
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Prehofer, Christian:
behavioral refinement and compatibility of statechart
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In: Electronic notes in theoretical computer science. Online journal 295
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Prehofer, Christian:
Performance optimization for multicore.
Presentation held at BICCnet Innovation Forum Embedded Systems,
IFES, 27. April 2012, München 2012, 12 Folien.
Prehofer, Christian:
smart grids state of the art and current research – a european
perspective.
Presentation held at CPS Conference Feasibility Studies on R & D of
Solu tionoriented Integrated IT Infrastructure, 2012, Tokyo 2012,
48 Folien.
Prehofer, Christian; Zeller, Marc:
hierarchical transaction concept for runtime adaptation in real-
time, networked embedded systems.
In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE; IEEE Industrial
Electronics Society – IES: 17th International Conference on Emerging
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towards runtime adaptation in real-time, networked embedded
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systematic modeling of workflows in trace-based software
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Rafiq, Salman; Schmidt, Adriaan; Strebelow, Ronald; Prehofer, Christian:
Integrated tracing for debugging and performance optimization
of embedded multicore applications.
Poster presented at the 8th International Conference on HighPerformance
and Embedded Architectures and Compilers 2013, Berlin 2013, 1 Poster.
Répási, Tibor; Gießl, Sandro; Prehofer, Christian:
using model-checking for the detection of non-functional feature
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In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE: 16th International
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Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 83
Schmidt, Adriaan:
Profiling bare-metal cores in amP systems.
In: European Electronic Chips & Systems design Initiative – ECSI, Gieres;
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Schmidt, Adriaan; Horst, Oliver:
software-based online monitoring of cache contents on platforms
without coherence fabric.
In: Leung, K.R.P.H.; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE,
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Kong Chapter: 19th AsiaPacific Software Engineering Conference, APSEC
2012. Proceedings: Vol.1: 4–7 December 2012, Hong Kong; including the
International Workshop on Software Quality and Management, SQAM
2012, and the International Workshop on Software Analysis, Testing and
Applications, SATA 2012. New York, NY: IEEE, 2012, S. 194–202.
Stante, Alexander; Kamphausen, Benjamin; Zeller, Marc; Weiss, Gereon:
Verifying & validating non-functional properties of automotive
software architectures in early design stages.
In: VDIWissensforum: AUTOREG 2013: Steuerung und Regelung von
Fahrzeugen und Motoren. Proceedings: 05.–06. Juni 2013, BadenBaden.
Düsseldorf: VDI Verlag, 2013, S. 421–430 (VDIBerichte 2196).
Steiner, Torsten:
datenfusion, digitale Karte und Car-to-X in der Praxis.
In: Bayern Innovativ: Kooperationsforum Fahrerassistenzsysteme. Proceed
ings: 10. Mai 2012, Aschaffenburg 2012, 25 S.
Steiner, Torsten; Roscher, Karsten; Jiru, Josef:
Cooperative glare reduction using V2V radio technology.
In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE: 5th International
Symposium on Wireless Vehicular Communications, WiVec 2013. Proceed
ings: June 2–3, 2013, Dresden. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2013, 5 S.
Strebelow, Ronald:
neue ansätze für tracing: trace-basiertes debugging von multi-
Core-systemen.
In: EntwicklerMagazin (2013), Nr. 4, S. 93–97.
Strebelow, Ronald; Prehofer, Christian:
analysis of event processing design patterns and their
performance dependency on I/o notification mechanisms.
In: Pankratius, V.: Multicore Software Engineering, Performance, and
Tools. International Conference, MSEPT 2012: Proceedings: May 31 –
June 1, 2012, Prague. Berlin: Springer, 2012, S. 54–65 (Lecture Notes in
Computer Science 7303).
Strebelow, Ronald; Prehofer, Christian; Tribastone, Mirco:
Performance modeling of design patterns for distributed
computation.
In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE: 20th IEEE Inter
national Symposium on Modeling, Analysis & Simulation of Computer and
Telecommunication Systems, MASCOTS 2012. Proceedings: 7.–9. August
2012, Washington, D.C. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Society Press,
2012, S. 251–258.
Weber, Christian; Hildebrandt, Günter:
evaluation of blind sensing algorithms in the 2.4 ghz Ism-band
on gnu radio and usrP2.
In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE: International
Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems, ISWCS 2012. Proceed
ings Vol. 2: 28–31 August 2012, Paris. New York, NY: IEEE, 2012,
S. 551–555.
Weiss, Gereon; Grigoleit, Florian; Struss, Peter:
Context modeling for dynamic configuration of automotive
functions.
In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE: 16th International
Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITSC 2013. Proceedings:
October 6–9, 2013, The Hague. New York, NY: IEEE, 2013, 6 S.
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20148 4
Zeller, Marc; Prehofer, Christian:
modeling and efficient solving of extra-functional properties for
adaptation in networked embedded real-time systems.
In: Journal of systems architecture 59 (2013), Nr. 10, S. 1067–1082.
Zeller, Marc; Prehofer, Christian:
a multi-layered control approach for self-adaptation in auto-
motive embedded systems.
In: Advances in software engineering (2012), Art. 971430, 15 S.
Zeller, Marc; Prehofer, Christian:
self-adaptation in automotive embedded systems using a
multi-layered control approach.
In: Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Control and
Communication – INSTICC, Setubal: 2nd International Conference on
Pervasive Embedded Computing and Communication Systems, PECCS
2012. Proceedings: 24–26 February, 2012, Rome, held in conjunction with
VISIGRAPP 2012 and SENSORNETS 2012. Rom: INSTICC, 2012, S. 459–468.
Zeller, Marc; Prehofer, Christian:
timing constraints for runtime adaptation in real-time, networked
embedded systems.
In: Müller, H.A.; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE;
Association for Computing Machinery – ACM; Association for Comput ing
Machinery – ACM, Special Interest Group on Software Engineer ing –
SIGSOFT; IEEE Computer Society, Technical Council on Software Engineer
ing: 7th International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive
and SelfManaging Systems, SEAMS 2012. Proceedings: June 4–5, 2012,
Zuerich; Colocated with ICSE 2012, 34th International Conference on Soft
ware Engineering. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society, 2012, S. 73–82.
Zeller, Marc; Prehofer, Christian; Krefft, Daniel; Weiss, Gereon:
towards runtime adaptation in autosar.
In: SIGBED Review, 10 (2013), Nr. 4, 4 S. Special Issue on 5th Workshop on
Adaptive and Reconfigurable Embedded Systems, APRES 2013, held in
conjunction with CPS Week April 8–11 2013, Philadelphia, 4 S.
diploma, bachelor and master thesis 2012, 2013
Barth, Robert; Heinrich, Patrick (Betreuer); Endl, Bernhard (Erst-
gutachter); Cramer, Stefan (Zweitgutachter):
Implementierung eines Fahrzeugnetzwerks in matlab zur
berechnung des energieverbrauchs.
Gießen, 2012, 55 S. (Gießen, TH, Dipl.Arb., 2012).
Becker, Matthias; Orehek, Martin (Supervisor); Fischer, Max (Super-
visor); Schmidt, Adriaan (Super visor):
evaluation of load balancing methods on embedded multicore
systems and their effect on power consumption.
München, 2013, 81 S. (München, Hochschule, Master Thesis, 2013).
Bremer, Lars; Graffi, Kalman (Supervisor); Scheideler, Christian (Super-
visor); Jiru, Josef (Supervisor):
adaptive data aggregation in vehicular ad hoc networks.
Paderborn, 2013, 109 S. (Paderborn, Univ., Master Thesis, 2013).
Breunig, Christoph; Heinrich, Patrick (Betreuer):
Konzeptionierung und Implementierung eines Verfahrens zur
energieeffizienten ausführung von applikationen.
BachelorArbeit. Rosenheim, 2012 (Rosenheim, Hochschule, Bachelor
Thesis, 2012).
Bucher, Dennis; Klein, Hermann (Betreuer); Engelhardt, Daniel (Be treuer):
entwicklung fahrdynamischer steuergerätefunktionen eines
elek trofahrzeuges, am beispiel von torque Vectoring eines
einzelradgetriebenen allradfahrzeuges, im maßstab 1:5.
Landshut, 2012, 85 S. (Landshut, Hochschule, Master Thesis, 2012).
Clanzig, Kellya; Stante, Alexander (Super visor); Herkersdorf, Andreas
(Super visor):
methodology for the analysis of non-functional attributes of auto-
motive systems throughout the development process using east_adl.
München, 2012, XV, 96 S. (München, TU, Master Thesis, 2012).
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 85
Djantar, Jan; Heinrich, Patrick (Betreuer); Horst, Oliver (Betreuer);
Neugebauer, Peter (Erstgutachter); Kriesten, Reiner (Zweitgutachter):
Konzeptionierung der e/e-architektur eines elektro-Kleinst fahrzeugs.
Karlsruhe, 2013, 103 S. (Karlsruhe, Hochschule, Bachelor Thesis, 2013).
Grigoleit, Florian; Struss, Peter (Betreuer); Weiss, Gereon (Betreuer):
Kontextmodellierung als grundlage für dynamische Konfigurie-
rung von Fahrzeugfunktionen.
München, 2012, 87 S. (München, TU, Master Thesis, 2012).
Habelmann, Caren; Fahrenwald, Claudia (Erstprüfer); Luthardt, Nicole
(Zweitprüfer):
Weiterbildungsbedarf und lernpotentiale junger Führungskräfte.
eine qualitative studie anhand junger Führungskräfte im mittleren
management.
Augsburg, 2013, 50 S. (Augsburg, Univ., Bachelor Thesis, 2013).
Hiebl, Michael; Möncke, Ulrich (Supervisor); Langer, Falk (Advisor):
unsupervised clustering of automotive network traces for
learn ing deterministic finite state machines.
München, 2012, 70 S. (München, Hochschule, Master Thesis, 2012).
Klier, Philipp Andreas; Werner, Uwe (Betreuer); Weiss, Gereon (Betreuer):
modellierung von laufzeit-adaptivität im bereich automotive.
München, 2012, 60 S. (München, Hochschule, Bachelor Thesis, 2012).
Kloke, Sarah; Götz, Irene (Betreuer); Fernandez, Johana (Betreuer):
Karrierewege von nachwuchswissenschaftlerinnen am beispiel
der Fraunhofer gesellschaft.
München, 2013, 41 S. (München, LudwigMaximiliansUniv., Bachelor
Thesis, 2013)
Kolesa, Patrick; Auer, Alexander (Betreuer); Eibert, Thomas (Betreuer):
entwurf einer metrik zur beurteilung der qualität von Funk-
kanälen im industriellen umfeld.
München, 2013, 63 S. (München, TU, Bachelor Thesis, 2013)
Kraus, Daniel; Knorr, Rudi (Betreuer); Strebelow, Ronald (Betreuer); Unger,
Theo (Zweitgutachter):
evaluierung von layer-2 adress-look-up techniken auf multicore-
Prozessoren.
Augsburg, 2012, 49 S. (Augsburg, Univ., Bachelor Thesis, 2012).
Krefft, Daniel; Zeller, Marc (Betreuer):
Konzeption und Implementierung einer laufzeitumgebung für
selbstadaption in automobilen e/e-systemen.
Augsburg, 2012, 112 S. (Augsburg, Univ., Master Thesis, 2012).
Lintner, Andreas; Irber, Alfred (Betreuer); Demmel, Korbinian (Betreuer):
Konzeption und erstellung einer FPga-Implementierung zur
unter stützung der entwicklung und des tests von prioritäts-
basierten dienstgütemechanismen in ethernet-netzwerken.
München, 2012, 58 S. (München, Hochschule, Bachelor Thesis, 2012).
Miesel, Christoph; Hammerschall, Ulrike (Betreuer); Paulic, Annette
(Betreuer):
regressionstests im modellbasierten entwurf von Infotainment-
Funktionen im auto.
München, 2013, 83 S. (München, TU, Bachelor Thesis, 2013).
Neupane, Ganesh; Shibli, Kamel (Betreuer); Mondin, Marina (Betreuer);
Garello, Roberto (Betreuer):
analysis and performance evaluation of narrowband powerline
communication system based on g3-PlC standard in CeneleC
a-band.
Torino, 2013, VI, 69 S. (Torino, Politecnico di Torino, Master Thesis, 2013)
Nguyen, Anh; Diepold, Klaus (Betreuer); Langer, Falk (Betreuer):
assessment of self-learning method to detect anomaly
behaviour in embedded safety Critical systems.
München, 2013, 74 S. (München, TU, Dipl.Arb., 2013).
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20148 6
Pröbstl, Alma; Steiner, Torsten (Betreuer); Weiherer, Tobias (Betreuer);
Diepold, Klaus (Betreuer):
Comparison of map matching approaches in vehicle to vehicle
communication.
Diplomarbeit. München, 2013, 116 S. (München, TU, Dipl.Arb., 2013).
Ramamurthy, Preethi; Rafiq, Salman (Betreuer); Wong, Stephan (Advisor);
Bertels, Koen (Advisor); Zaidman, Andy (Advisor):
modelling and analysis of execution traces for real-time applications.
Delft, 2013, 64 S. (Delft, TU, Master Thesis, 2013).
Saad, Ahmad; Dahlhaus, Dirk (Supervisor); Hildebrandt, Günter (Super visor):
Co-Channel Interference detection using hos for Coexistence
management in Industrial automation.
Kassel, 2013, 91 S. (Kassel, Univ., Master Thesis, 2013).
Sachse, Marcel; Stiller, Michael (Betreuer); Socher, Gudrun (Betreuer):
Konzeption und prototypische realisierung einer Webapp zur
plattformübergreifenden nutzung und Verwaltung von ebooks
innerhalb einer gruppe.
München, 2012, 70 Seiten (München, HS, Bachelor Thesis, 2012).
Schelter, Christian; Wieland, Thomas (Betreuer); Franze, Juliane (Betreuer):
Web-basiertes kollaboratives e-reading für örtlich getrennte
Personen.
Coburg, 2013, 104 S. (Coburg, Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften,
Master Thesis, 2013).
Shamim, Ahsan; Stante, Alexander (Betreuer); Lilus, Johan (Betreuer):
model transformations east-adl to autosar.
Turku, 2012, 73 S. (Turku, Univ., Master Thesis, 2012).
Sikowski, Patrick; Kamphausen, Benjamin (Betreuer); Hammerschall, Ulrike
(Betreuer):
transformation von autosar-modellen nach ernest.
München, 2013, 88 S. (München, Hochschule, Bachelor Thesis, 2013).
Wolf, Andreas; Roscher, Karsten (Betreuer); Pfeiffer, Volkhard (Betreuer):
aufbau einer einheitlichen schnittstelle zur abfrage von Karten-
daten.
München, 2012, 50 S. (Coburg, Hochschule, Bachelor Thesis, 2012).
dissertations 2012, 2013
Heidrich, Mike; Knorr, Rudi (Erstgutachter); Unger, Theo (Zweitgutachter):
adaptiver Fehlerschutz in drahtlosen lokalen netzen zur Über-
tragung skalierbar codierter Videodaten.
Augsburg, 2012, 187 S. (Augsburg, Univ., Diss., 2012).
Zeller, Marc; Knorr, Rudi (Gutachter); Unger, Theo (Gutachter); Prehofer,
Christian (Gutachter):
selbst-adaptivität in vernetzten eingebetteten systemen unter
berücksichtigung nicht-funktionaler anforderungen.
München: Verlag Dr. Hut, 2013, 225 S. (Zugl.: Augsburg, Univ., Diss., 2013)
(ISBN 9783843909945; ISBN 3843909946).
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 87
2013 EvENT highLighTs
February: embedded and networked
At the Embedded World Exhibition and Con-
ference in Nürnberg, Fraunhofer ESK present-
ed several platforms and tools for embedded
systems such as the ERNEST open simulation
and test framework for validating software
quality and conformity to standards in vehicle
applications. Additional highlights included
tools for developers of embedded multicore
systems and TCP/IP tests for the AUTOSAR
automotive architecture.
June: Vehicle and environment
networking
At the ITS Congress in Dublin, representatives
from Fraunhofer ESK and RUETZ Techno logies
introduced an intelligent traffic warning
system based on the Fraunhofer ESK ezCar2X
framework. Using Car-to-X technology, the
system for examole precisely warns drivers
when heavy fog creates dangerous road
conditions.
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20148 8
october: “smart” networking
At the Energy & Technology Smart Home & Metering
Summit in Munich, Fraunhofer ESK presented communica-
tion concepts that satisfy the requirements of Germany’s
renewable energy act (EEG) with respect to remotely controlling photovoltaic systems.
The institute also introduced a method for calculating and estimating the volume of data
that accrues within the IP network when reading smart meters.
June: Personally networked
Under the motto “We take networking personally”,
Fraunhofer ESK was represented at the IKOM Career
Forum in Munich for the fifth time. Researchers from
the Munich institute were on hand to discuss various
research projects and career opportunities with aspiring
scientists and engineers.
november: robust networking
At the SPS IPC Drives trade fair in Nürnberg, Fraunhofer
ESK introduced Awair, a wireless measurement station
that can be used to integrate new wireless systems into
existing production facilities, as well as to monitor the
quality of operational wireless networks.
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/2014 8 9
hOw TO REACh Ustraveling north to south: using the Mittlerer Ring, you will
cross the railroad lines at Donnersbergerbrücke. Stay in the
right hand lane as you enter the tunnel. At the end of the
tunnel, take the first exit Westend/Heimeranplatz. Take the
first right onto Tübinger Strasse, then the next right onto
Dillwächterstrasse and finally the first right onto Hansastrasse.
Travel straight for approximately 150 meters. Our building is
on the right hand side, Hansastrasse 32.
traveling south to north: using the Mittlerer Ring, take
the Westend/Heimeranplatz exit, cross the intersection
and turn left onto Hansastrasse. Travel straight for approxi-
mately 100 meters. Our building is on the left hand side,
Hansa strasse 32.
Parking is available in the underground garage of our building
by entering from Dillwächterstrasse. Parking spaces for visitors
are on the basement level (1. Untergeschoss).
Fraunhofer Institute for embedded systems
and Communication technologies esK
Hansastr. 32, 80686 München
by train
From Munich main station: Take the U4 or U5 subway
( U-Bahn) in the direction of Laimer Platz or Westendstraße
as far as Heimeranplatz. Exit the most forward portion of
the train and follow the signs to the Hansastrasse exit.
Cross Hansa strasse using the pedestrian crosswalk, then
immediately turn right and walk approximately 50 meters.
We are located on the fourth floor of the next large build-
ing, Hansastrasse 32. Please note, the journey from the
Munich main station to Heimeranplatz requires two stripes
with the MVV stripe card.
by air
From Munich airport, take the S8 or S1 suburban rail ( S-Bahn)
line as far as Karlsplatz Stachus station, and change to the
U4 or U5 subway (U-Bahn). Travel in the direction of Laimer
Platz as far as Heimeranplatz. Exit the most forward portion
of the train and follow the signs to the Hansastrasse exit.
Cross Hansastrasse using the pedestrian crosswalk, then
immediately turn right and walk approximately 50 meters.
We are located on the fourth floor of the next large building,
Hansastrasse 32.
by car
If arriving in munich on the a 8 motorway, take it right
through to the end and continue straight on Verdistrasse. Turn
right on Meyerbeerstrasse, then left on Landsberger Strasse,
and right on Elsenheimer Strasse, which eventually turns into
Hansastrasse. Travel straight for approximately 500 meters.
Our building is on the right hand side, Hansastrasse 32.
If arriving in munich on any other motorway, follow the
signs to the Mittlerer Ring (city circular) in the direction of the
Stadtmitte (city center). to
to Landsberg,Lindau
Central Station
Fraunhofer ESK Annual Report 2013/20149 09 0
Photography
Bernd Müller Fotografie
www.berndmueller-fotografie.com
Elvira Peter
www.elvirapeter.de
layout and graphics
formidee designbüro
www.formidee.de
english Version
Daniel Hawpe
English Language Services
www.hawpe.eu
dhawpe@web.de
acknowledgements
We would like to express our appreciation to our
customers and indudustry partners for their trust
and willingness to disclose information about our
mutual projects in this annual report. Industry
projects were published with the approval of our
partners.
© Fraunhofer Institute for Embedded Systems
and Communication Technologies ESK, 2014
All rights reserved. Reprints, reproduction and
translation are subject to editorial authorization.
editorial notes
editorial address
Fraunhofer Institute for Embedded Systems
and Communication Technologies ESK
Hansastr. 32
80686 München
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-0
Telefax: +49 89 54 70 88-220
info@esk.fraunhofer.de
www.esk.fraunhofer.de/en
editorial team
Susanne Baumer
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-353
Telefax: +49 89 54 70 88-220
susanne.baumer@esk.fraunhofer.de
Marion Rathmann
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-395
Telefax: +49 89 54 70 88-220
marion.rathmann@esk.fraunhofer.de
Christiane Weber
Phone: +49 89 54 70 88-339
Telefax: +49 89 54 70 88-220
christiane.weber@esk.fraunhofer.de
Image Credits
All images courtesy of Fraunhofer ESK with the
exception of: pages 6, 7, 14, 44, 54, 56, 76 /77, 84:
Panther Media GmbH. Cover graphic, graphic p. 18:
curlee true communication
www.esk.fraunhofer.de/en