Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components

Framing/Construction TechniquesFraming/Construction Techniques

General Terms & Methodology Platform Framing Balloon Framing Energy-Efficient Framing Post & Beam(Timber) Steel Framing Concrete Masonry Construction Floor Framing Terms Wall Framing Terms Exterior Finishes

General Exterior Wall Construction

Walls support vertical loads from– roof– ceiling– floors

Must also resist later forces due to– wind– earthquakes

Typical Wall Construction

One and two story framing– Generally walls are 2” x 4” @ 16” O.C.– Occasionally 2” x 6” @ 16”, 19.2” and 24”

O.C. associated with cold climates Three story framing(load bearing walls)

– lower floor = 2” x 6” @ 16” O.C.– other floors = 2” x 4” @ 16” O.C.

PlatformFraming

Foundation

Sill

Floor Joist

Girder

Subfloor

“Platform Framing”

Dbl PlateBlocking

Sway Bracing

Rafteror Truss

1. Also called Western Framing

2. Most common today

3. Platform provide area to build walls

Sheathing

Ledger

(corner bracing)

Floor Joist

Ceiling Joist

BalloonFraming

Two story length studs

1. Studs extend from sill to roof line2. Also called Eastern FramingEastern Framing3. Terms similar to

Platform Framing.

4. Additional Terms: Ribbon Ribbon FirestopFirestop

Balloon Framing

Balloon Framing Terms

Ribbon Firestop

Balloon Framing

Used primarily for 2 story construction Less chance of shrinkage or movement

– recommended for masonry veneer & stucco 2nd floor supported by wall with

– let-in 1x4 called a ribbon Less overall material Longer members usually more costly Firestop blocking and ribbons required

Framing Construction at Corners

Two studs and dry wall clips (see class sample)

3 full studs–good with super insulated buildings

3 full studs and blocking

3 full studs and 1/2” shim

Energy-Efficient Framing Advanced framing techniques (AFT) Altering traditional framing methods

– see text for examples Eliminate nonstructural wood with insulation

(Wood = R1/inch, Insulation = R3.5 to R8.3/inch)– insulation at corners, insulation at exterior wall behind

partition intersections, and insulated headers Stud spacing (24” OC) One level height limitation set by code Structural insulated panels (SIP)

Post &Beam(Timber)

1. Relatively new and less common in residential construction

2. Larger members placed further apart

3. Used in heavy timber construction for years

post

beam

Beam and Posttypically 8’ OC

T&G planks2x6 or 2x8

Post &Beam Construction

Provides vaulted (sloped) ceilings and a more open feeling in the space

T

Post and Beam Framing using Tongue & Groove Planking Used for Roof or Floor when structure is space 24” or more O.C.

Steel Framing Alternate method of

framing– lower energy cost– higher strength– better insurance rates

and considerations Similar to platform

framing in construction– steel studs– base/plates– steel trusses

Concrete Masonry Construction Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)

– durable, economical material, excellent structural values, poor insulation values

Classifications– hollow– load bearing (ASTM C 90)– solid load-bearing– nonload-bearing (solid or hollow)

Solid Masonry = 75% solid material in cross-section– positions: solider, rowlock, sailor, stretcher, header shiner

Concrete Masonry Shapes

Solid Masonry (Brick) Positions

Structural Components Floor Systems

– conventional framing (Stick Built)– terminology

Floor Bracing– Mid span– End bracing

Framed Wall Construction– bearing walls– nonbearing walls– exterior finishes

Conventional Floor Framing

Conventional (Stick) framing basic terms– mud sill– sole plate(sill)– floor joist– rim joist– anchor bolt

Floor Joist– Solid– TJI– Open web

Floor Bracing

End Bracing– Rim Joist– Blocking

Floor Bracing

Bracing at midspan– solid blocking– cross blocking

» wood

» metal

Framed Wall Construction

Definition: Bearing walls

Definition: Nonbearing walls

Window/Door Framing Terms

Header– supports structure

above windows

Header Jack (trimmer)– supports header

Cripple Studs (jack stud) Double Plate Rough Sill(sub sill) King stud

– additional stud to trim out window

Double PlateCripple Studor Jack Stud

Header

Header Jack or Trimmer

Framed Wall Construction Shear Wall Design

Resistance to lateral forces resulting from earthquakes or wind

Connections:– 1 sheathing to joist– 2 joist to top wall– 3 edge nailing– 4 tie-down straps– 5 anchor/shear bolts

Exterior Finishes

Wood Siding Cement Board Siding Steel Siding Vinyl Siding Stucco Exterior Insulation Finish System (EIFS)

Wood Siding

Various sizes and Shapes– Solid wood– T1-11(plywood)

» 4’x8’ sheets

– Masonnite Lapboard

» 8-12” x 16’

Cement Board Siding

Has texture and look of wood siding but is more weather resistant.

Steel & Vinyl Siding Higher in Cost and Lower in Maintenance

– no painting A variety of wood textures and patterns Longer lasting than wood but some Concerns:

– expansion– denting– cracking– rusting

Cement Stucco

Least expensive

building paper

wire fabric lath

furring nails

drip screed

sheathing vs. open frame

3 coats of plaster

brownfinish

scratch

Exterior Insulated Finish System (EIFS)

Roof Construction Basic terms:

– slope/pitch--incline of roof– roof member terms--structure of roof– eave/cornice--detail showing wall to roof const– fascia--visible member attached to end of rafters– ridge--top of roof– sheathing--material covering the top of rafters– rafter/ceiling joist--structure framing of roof– soffit--underneath side of roof overhang– vents--in soffit, allows air circulation in attic

Eave and Cornice Detail Terms

Slope vs. Pitch Slope = Rise/Run

– expressed as a ratio– always a base of 12– placed on dwg. 12

4

Slope symbol

Text book error (noted as pitch symbol)

•Pitch = Rise/Span• expressed as fraction• reduce to smallest

fraction• not placed on drawing,

helpful to carpenter

Roof Member Terminology

VALLEY JACK RAFTER

Metal Framing Connectors•Keeps structural members from separating