Exploration

•The Crusades•The Vikings•Marco Polo

How Did Each of the Following Influence European Expansion?

Vikings

“To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich as all men desire to do.”

Bartholomew Diaz

What Motivated EuropeansTo Venture Outward?

Exploration

• 3 main reasons for exploration: God, Glory, and Gold

Technology

TheAstrolabe

The Caravel

Its triangular sails allowed it to sail against the wind

Exploration

• The leading country in this sailing technology is Portugal

Exploration

• Prince Henry of Portugal influenced exploration by opening a navigational school

Portugal’s Routes

Exploration

• 1st Explorer is Bartolomeu Diaz who sailed to the tip of Africa

Exploration

• The 1st European to go to India was Vasco da Gama for Portugal

Exploration

• Spain was the next country to explore

Christopher Columbus

Exploration

• In 1492, Christopher Columbus an Italian tried to sail west to get to the east and landed on an island in the Caribbean Sea

Exploration

• Pedro Cabral of Portugal also went west and landed in Brazil

• He claimed it for Portugal and Spain got mad

Exploration

• Spain and Portugal fought over the new land

• To decrease the conflict they signed the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the world for Spanish and Portugal exploration

Spain

• Amerigo Vespucci was the first explorer to know that the Americas was a new world = new land was named after him

Spain

• Hernando Cortes led an expedition of conquistadors to Mexico where he heard of a great Aztec empire ruled by Montezuma II

• Cortes conquered the Aztecs by using guns, native enemies of the Aztecs, and disease

Hernando Cortes Montezuma II

Spain

• Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire in South America by kidnapping and then killing the king

Pizarro

Coronado

Spain

• Spanish priests came to the new world to spread faith and criticize the treatment of Native Americans

• Bartolome de Las Casas sent letters to the Spanish King trying to help the Native Americans

Spain

• Spain would create an encomienda system where natives worked for Spanish lords in the new world = cheap labor force

• No women = Spanish married natives = Mestizo

Spain

• However, disease like smallpox was killing the natives =

• Shortage of labor =

• Spain was the 1st country to import slaves to work the encomiendas

Spain

• Philip II was king of Spain who believed in divine right (god granted kings absolute rule)

• He used the gold of the

new world to for 2 things– Defend Roman Catholicism– Stimulate the arts

Spain

Spain

• Miguel de Cervantes wrote Don Quixote

Spain

• Problems• Dutch Revolt• So much gold and

silver led to inflation • Pirates led to heavy

taxes

Netherlands

• The Dutch founded New Netherland and founded a city called New Amsterdam = New York

Netherlands

• Famous for painters like Rembrandt and Jan Vermeer

France

• France explored New France benefiting from the fur trade

England

• The English established Jamestown in 1607

England

• Pilgrims and the Puritans followed Jamestown

• They left England because of religious persecution

England

• France and England would fight for North America in the French and Indian War

• Britain would win and take all the French colonies in North America

Trade

• Triangular Trade was developed

Trade

• The voyage that brought the slaves from Africa to America is called the Middle Passage

A Slave Ship

Another View

Human Cargo

Trade

• Columbian Exchange was the cultural diffusion of plants, animals, and diseases across the Atlantic Ocean

Trade

• The colonies started a new wave of business practices = Commercial Revolution

• A part of the Commercial Revolution was the rise of capitalism

• Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership and investment of wealth for profit

Trade

• Commercial Revolution brought the theory of mercantilism

• Mercantilism is when a nation’s power is depends on how wealthy it is

• To be wealthy states had to sell more goods than they buy = favorable balance of trade

Trade

• To pay for these new colonies, joint-stock companies were created

• Joint-stock companies are when people combine their wealth for a common purpose

• Common purpose = fund the colonies

• Ex: East India Company