Exploration and Discovery

Chapter 13

Preparation for Discovery

Section 1

Video about Discovery

1.) Search for New Trade Routes

◦ Wanted goods from the East, China, Spice Islands◦ Italians had a monopoly◦ Muslims attacked◦ Fees◦ Thus, people went searching for new route.

List and explain the reasons why Europe began to explore the New World

2.) Quest for Gold

◦ In Africa◦ Began searching, but often ended in losses

3.) Desire for Adventure and Glory

◦ Many died along the way

4.) Religious Concerns

◦ Late 15th century, Moors still controlled Southern Iberian Peninsula

◦ Fall of Constantinople 1453.◦ Sought out Prester John in Africa…never found◦ Missionaries to Muslims

Prester John

5.) Competition Among European Nations

◦ Commercialism◦ Trade settlements and colonization

1.) Maps 2.) Instruments:

◦ Compass – created by Chinese◦ Astrolabe◦ Quadrant◦ Cross-Staff

◦ Video of Making your own compass

List the navigational aids used by explorers, explain how they came into being and describe their use.

Compass

Astrolabe

Quadrant

Cross Staff

1400s – ships built for long distance◦ Sails instead of Oars◦ Triangle sails by Arabs◦ Square sails by Vikings◦ Thus we get Caravel

Explain the technological advances that made ocean-going ships possible.

Let’s Set Sail Video

Portugal and Spain were in the lead◦ Turned Southward to Africa◦ Crusading spirit

Know the story of the following individuals and the role they played in the exploration and conquest of the “New World.” Also, be able to discuss terms and issues listed.

Portugal “greatest figure in the history of

exploration”….never went on one Intrigued by Africa Started “school” of navigation Sponsored astronomers, mapmakers, sea

captains, etc.◦ Allowed for navigational improvement of tools

Set sailors out to explore Africa

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

30 years after Henry’s death, Bartolomeu sent to Africa by Portuguese king.

In search of another route to Orient Accidently found route around Africa’s tip in

a storm. Tip of Africa called “Cape of Good Hope”

Bartolomeu Dias

10 years after Dias, da Gama sent to follow but find India

1497, sent with 4 ships Went way out of the way…closer to South

America than Africa 1 year after beginning, he reaches India Met Muslims, but still traded enough to pay

for his trip 60xs. Portuguese took over this route, and

destroyed Muslim monopoly.

Vasco da Gama

Italian Studied Ptolemy and Marco Polo Believed you could reach Japan and China

by sailing West Portugal refused to fund, but Ferdinand and

Isabella of Spain did 1492, left with Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria Catholic, believed he was commissioned by

God to spread Gospel.

Christopher Columbus

Men wanted to turn back. Two days later, founded San Salvador Actually in Bahamas. Went to Cuba and

elsewhere 3 more voyages, and he landed in

Venezuela Always thought he had reached Orient Opened Indian slave trade

Vikings originally came over in 10 and 11 centuries

Some believe Phoenicians came over before Christ

17 Century, Americas were a safe Haven for Christians

However…

Spain and Portugal fighting for trading rights

Pope divides the world between the two 1493, Pope issues a bull called “The Line of

Demarcation”

Line of Demarcation: Explain how it came about, what it was, its major results, and its connection to the requerimento:

Results:◦ 1.) Portugal colonizes in Africa and East Indies

◦ 2.) Spain got most of New World, except Brazil This is the reason Brazilians speak Portuguese

◦ 3.) Spain had to find a westward route to India and China

1519 – realized North America was NOT the Orient

Wanted to sail around South America Spent winter in tip of South America Called natives “Patagonians” AKA “Big Feet” Now called “The Strait of Magellan” One ship deserted, one sank Called “Pacific” AKA “Peaceful”

Ferdinand Magellan

Ran out of supplies, many starved Reach Philippines, Magellan killed by

natives Continued without him, found Spice islands,

went around Africa and found home. 18 out of 200 men returned alive First to circumnavigate

“Indians” Possibly crossed Bering Strait Some were farmers Other followed herds Believed in “Great Spirit” North American Indians mostly in tribes 5 major North American Indian Regions

Describe the Indians of North America:

1.) Northeastern Indians:◦ Formed 5 tribe confederation led by Iroquois◦ Known for wampum, shell money, birch- bark

canoes

2.) Southeastern Indians:◦ Mound Builders◦ Still exist

Etowah Indian Mounds

3.) Plains Indians◦ Roamed grasslands◦ Hunted buffalo◦ Tepees◦ Fought with other tribes◦ Didn’t use horses till Spanish brought them

Southwest Indians AKA Cliff Dwellers◦ Built villages “pueblos” out of adobe, sun dried

bricks◦ Build into cliffs ◦ Most peaceful of NA Indians

West Coast Indians◦ Totem poles depicting local gods

Central and South American Indians more civilized

Large cities, trade, art, literature Pagan and superstitious

1.) Maya◦ 300-900s◦ Many city-states in Yucatan Peninsula◦ Pyramids, temples◦ Altars, highways◦ Hieroglyphics◦ Astronomy◦ Computed length of year, built astronomical

observatories, mathematics◦ Worshipped false gods, feathered serpent.◦ Mayans diminished, some moved on

2.) Aztecs ◦ Around 1345 founded city of Tenochtitlan (tay

NOACH tee TLAHN ) on an island in central Mexico◦ 4 mile long bridges to island◦ Temple with 20 other temples◦ Canals◦ City called “The Venice of the New World”◦ Fighters with army◦ Conquered 5 million people◦ Never developed a real empire◦ Sacrificed their enemies, sometimes priests ate them

3.) Incas◦ 1380-1570 along Western coast in Peru◦ Families lived in communes and shared

possessions◦ Farmers, raised maize, potatoes, cotton◦ Their ruler “The Inca” worshipped as god ◦ This is a genuine empire

◦ Conquered peoples and took territory◦ Abolished cannibalism◦ Well built cities◦ Well-constructed roads◦ Road from Cuzco to Quito◦ Suspension bridges◦ Mail could travel 150 miles a day!

List the goals of the Conquistadors, their methods, and how the methods conflicted with one of their goals:

Spanish sent conquistadors◦ Looking for gold◦ Converting to Catholicism◦ Establish Spanish authority

Used guns and horses. ◦ Only a few men could conquer a whole tribe◦ Conquistadors were very cruel◦ Murder for riches

Came to convert….but killed instead

Wanted adventure, but worked on a farm in Hispaniola

Upset, so stowed away to main land Became a soldier, and took over Moved site to Panama Complaints to King against Balboa

◦ Needed gold to settle king 1513, set out to find the ocean

◦ Wanted to be first to see it, called it “South Sea”◦ Magellan renames it “Pacific” 7 years later

Arrested on false charges and beheaded

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

1519- “greatest of the conquistadors” Landed in Mexico Sunk ships Going toward Aztec capital Montezuma (Aztec King) thought Cortes was

the returning god Quetzalcoatl (ket SAHL koh AH t’l)

Lavished Cortez with riches….but intensified greed

Hernando Cortes

Uneasy peace, then war Massacred Aztecs Montezuma stoned by own people 1521, Cortes defeats Aztecs Began building Mexico City A viceroy would rule People continued to plunder Cortez returns to Spain in 1539, dies 8

years later

Cruelest of conquistadors Wanted gold Followed Balboa across the Isthmus, then went

South Arrived in Peru, set out to destroy everything Captured Atahualpa (AH tah WAHL pah), the

Inca ruler…held for ransom Received tons of gold, and twice as much silver Still killed Atahualpa Destroyed Incas with only a few men

Francisco Pizarro

2 years later, found Lima Spaniards killed him in his home for the

gold.

Roman Catholic friar/missionary Wrote against his countrymen One Indian burned at stake for not

becoming Christian 1542, helped pass “New Laws”, keeping

natives from becoming slaves Got rid of conversion by force However, saw conversion only as becoming

member of church

Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566)

1539 – Hernando de Soto lands near Tampa Bay

Found Mississippi River Lead to further exploration of North America

Further Spanish Explorations

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – 1540 Set out to find “Seven Cities of Cibola” Lead through New Mexico, Arizona, Kansas,

and Texas Some men found Grand Canyon

These explorers believe North America was a waste….little gold.

Other nations angry to be left out! Thus, onward they go!

Other European Explorers

French Explorers

3 voyages to eastern Canada 1534 – Newfoundland and Labrador 1535 – sailed up St. Lawrence River. Named

area Montreal “Mount Royal” Looked for “Northwestern Passage”, but

never found it

Jacques Cartier

70 years later “Father of New France” Explored and colonized around St. Lawrence

River 1608, founded Quebec Indians led him to two great lakes Still looking for passage to Pacific

Samuel de Champlain

Jesuit Missionary – Marquette Joliet - friend 1673-Canoed down Mississippi River to AR

Later, Sieur de La Salle, 1682m claims Mississippi River for France

Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet

Dutch Explorers

Went to find shorter route to East Explored Northeast in his slip Half Moon 1609 – went up river to Albany, NY 1621 – Dutch founded New Amsterdam,

modern day New York City

Henry Hudson

English Explorers

Shortly after Columbus, lands in Canada Praised by King Henry VII 1498, came back with son, Sebastian Found no gold, but fisheries Lead to English settlement

John Cabot

English came to develop the land, not exploit it like Spanish

1607 – Jamestown, first permanent settlement

John Smith build the town 1608 – it burns New governor Lord de la Warr – gave new

life Protestant settlers

John Smith

Explain how the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the English established their empires in the Orient and in the case of the Portuguese how they lost it.

The Portuguese

Established trading posts in India Fully armed ships protected them from

Muslims

Pedro Cabral

Viceroy of Portuguese holdings in East Didn’t promote Native violence Build trade Captured and controlled entrances to Persian Gulf

and Red Sea After his death, 1520, take Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and

Banten Banten allowed them to control water passages to

the Orient 1542 – began trade with Japan 1557 – founded colony of Macao on Chinese

mainland

Affonso de Albuquerque

Problems for Portugal◦ 1.) Spread out too Far◦ 2.) Lost man power because of death at sea◦ 3.) Asians hated the European because of cruelty◦ 4.) Asians began allowing other nations to trade

Not rich, but good sailors 1596 – settled on Java and Sumatra,

expelled Portuguese from Banten Japan would only trade with Dutch Traded from Persia to Japan Needed food and supplies, so had a

settlement in Cape of Good Hope (Cape Town, South Africa)

The Dutch

Defeated Armada 1588 1591 - made trading voyage to India Captured Persian Gulf Traded on East and West of India

The English

Describe the response of the Chinese and the Japanese to European intervention in the Orient.

East did not like the West Claimed lands for king and souls for God By 1550, already battles between China and

Portugal Portugal paid $30,000 a year to colonize

Macao

Japan accepted Europeans better Invited Francis Xavier Didn’t want Christianity. Persecuted missionaries 1639, kill any Portuguese “Closed Country”

Land was not the decider of wealth Money was the main medium Change in the air called Commercial

Revolution

List the economic changes that led to the Commercial Revolution.

Mercantilism was dominant economic system

Wealth should benefit “mother country”, thus hoard money◦ 1.) Become self-sufficient◦ 2.) acquire colonies◦ 3.) Maintain Balance of trade

Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth—List the principles and the flaws of mercantilism:

What colonies provided the mother country: By establishing colonies, European nations hoped to become self-sufficient. Colonies supplied the mother country with raw materials so that the

mother country would not have to lose specie to other countries to pay for the materials.

Colonies provided markets where goods from the mother country could be sold so that the mother country had customers for their products.

Prohibitions placed on the colonies: The colonies were not allowed to produce anything that the mother

country produced, for that would be competition. (Remember, the new found wealth was supposed to benefit the mother country.)

Nor were the colonies allowed to trade with anyone but the mother country.

2 flaws:◦ 1.) create monopolies and deterred competition◦ 2.) Didn’t view as a “two-way-street”

Capitalism: Individuals create wealth—Contrast mercantilism and capitalism:

Capitalism allowed people to advance wealth, investing, creating jobs, etc.

To safe-guard themselves, they created companies, this everyone shared gains and losses

Describe the problem that led to the need for joint-stock companies and explain how they could solve that problem.

Thus came joint-stock companies◦ Capital◦ Dividends

Three main joint-stock companies◦ 1.) English East India Company – 1600 and

thriving◦ 2.) Dutch East India Company – 1602◦ 3.) The French Company of New France – traded

furs in Canada

◦ These 3 set up settlements

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