EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY Critical part of the human condition.
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Transcript of EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY Critical part of the human condition.
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EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERYCritical part of the human condition
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CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONSHow are people and
places connected?Why these connections?When did they develop?What trade networks,
or accessibility links,
are there between
places?
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Expansion from core area
(Out of Africa)
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• Rise of cultural hearths (sedentary settlements)
- Nile, Fertile Crescent, Americas, Indus Valley, Ganges, etc.
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MOTIVATIONS FOR EXPLORATION MOTIVATIONS FOR EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERYAND DISCOVERY
• HUMAN DESIRE TO SEE “WHAT’S OVER THE HILL”
• NEED FOR MORE RESOURCES
• TRIBAL / IMPERIALISTIC / EMPIRE AMBITIONS (TERRITORY)
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Political geography of Political geography of territory and resourcesterritory and resources
TERRITORY = RESOURCESRESOURCES = POWERPOWER = MORE TERRITORY
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Venetian and Genoan Trade NetworksVenetian and Genoan Trade Networks
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GOING GLOBAL GOING GLOBAL ………… • GREAT CHINESE FLEETS -
early 15TH CENT. (Indian and Pacific Ocean voyages)
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GOING GLOBAL GOING GLOBAL ………… • EUROPEAN VOYAGES -
1450s onwards (Caravelle, astrolabe, gunpowder, etc.)
• GREAT CHINESE FLEETS - 15TH CENTURY (Indian and Pacific Ocean voyages)
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EUROPEANEXPLORATION
15TH – 18TH centuries
Sub-Saharan Africa/Asia
Slowly incorporated into the Atlantic trade system
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AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTAGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTBelief in power of science to help humans
understand their place in the world - The Age of Reason● Scientific expeditions across the planet
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KONDRATIEFF CYCLESKONDRATIEFF CYCLESFIRST CYCLE = 1760s to 1820s
Technology = Steam, Mining, Factories The Industrial Revolution
Cycle is a +/- 30-year rise on innovation and a +/- 30-year decline until next
innovation
EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
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PACIFIC EXPLORATIONPACIFIC EXPLORATIONBritain’s James Cook (1728-1779)
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KONDRATIEFF CYCLESKONDRATIEFF CYCLESSECOND CYCLE = 1820s to 1880s (Empire Building)Technology = Railroad, Steamships,
Telegraph
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PLANNED RAILROAD ROUTES - PLANNED RAILROAD ROUTES - FRENCH WEST AFRICAFRENCH WEST AFRICA
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AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY EXPLORATIONSFounded in 1851 in New York
The AGS mission – exploration and discovery
Research focus – Arctic and Antarctic
Notables – Grinnell, Muir, Pres. Wilson, Isaiah Bowman, FDR ……..
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KONDRATIEFF CYCLESKONDRATIEFF CYCLESTHIRD CYCLE = 1880s to 1945
Technology = Automobiles, airplanes,
telephones, weaponry.
The Age of the great European out-migrations….. (1830s to 1930s)
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AGE OF EMPIRESAGE OF EMPIRES1886 CONFERENCE OF BERLIN
Opening up Africa – scramble for
resources and territory
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KONDRATIEFF CYCLESKONDRATIEFF CYCLESFOURTH CYCLE = 1945 to early 1990s
Technology = Space, communications, the quantitative revolution
The Atomic Age……. The Cold War …….
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KONDRATIEFF CYCLESKONDRATIEFF CYCLESFIFTH CYCLE = early 1990s to 2050s ??Technology = digital, biotech,
nanotechnology, GPS/GIS (spatial mapping), massive infrastructure (renewal?)
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KONDRATIEFF CYCLESKONDRATIEFF CYCLESFIFTH CYCLE = early 1990s to 2050s ??
The Age of Globalization The Age of Cultural Conflicts ????
The Age of Climate Change !!!!!
(Human Impacts)
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2121stst CENTURY EXPLORATION CENTURY EXPLORATIONWhat are the new exploration and
discovery challenges for the 21st century?
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2121stst CENTURY EXPLORATION CENTURY EXPLORATION
Oceans ?
Space ?
The Human Genome project ?
Human – Environment Relationships ?
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THANK YOU!THANK YOU!