EVOLUTIONARYEVOLUTIONARYEVIDENCEEVIDENCEandand PATTERNSPATTERNS

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

NATURAL SELECTIONNATURAL SELECTION• favorsfavors organisms that organisms that

are are better suitedbetter suited to to survive in a given survive in a given environment environment

• HOW?HOW?1.1. VariationVariation2.2. Competition Competition 3.3. ReproductionReproduction4.4. InheritanceInheritance5.5. SelectionSelection

the mechanism of evolution

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT STRAINS-Bacteria developed a mutation towards resistance to a antibiotic-Those w/ mutations survived and reproduced-Spread the survival gene to the next generations-They survive and become the majority of the population

‘ ‘SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST’SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST’

Some organisms have traits that help them Some organisms have traits that help them survive/reproduce better than others (survive/reproduce better than others (adaptationsadaptations))

Some organisms are well adapted to their environments Some organisms are well adapted to their environments and will reproduce more successfully (and will reproduce more successfully (fitnessfitness))

Selected FOR an environment- traits are better suited for Selected FOR an environment- traits are better suited for that particular environmentthat particular environment

Selected AGAINST an environment- traits are not well Selected AGAINST an environment- traits are not well suited for the environmentsuited for the environment

individuals with adaptations that help it survive and reproduce most successfully

CLASSIC EXAMPLECLASSIC EXAMPLE::INDUSTRIAL MELANISM & INDUSTRIAL MELANISM & THE PEPPERED MOTHTHE PEPPERED MOTH

• 2 varieties of moth2 varieties of moth: dark and light: dark and light• Pre-Industrial Revolution Pre-Industrial Revolution dark moth was rare dark moth was rare• During the Industrial Revolution During the Industrial Revolution light moth became rare light moth became rare• WHY?WHY? Some moths had an adaptive advantage that Some moths had an adaptive advantage that fitness fitness

Those adaptations were passed on and that trait was selected FOR.Those adaptations were passed on and that trait was selected FOR.

EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

FOSSIL RECORD

EVIDENCE OF

EVOLUTION

FOSSIL RECORD shows:• direct evidence to the history of evolution• biological diversity, new species formation and mass extinction• relative age of other fossils and rock strata• some gaps w/in the fossil record due to geological and mechanical events

EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL

STRUCTURES

SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES• similar features that originated in a common ancestor with similar embryology• example: the forelimbs of different vertebrate species

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES• similar anatomical features originating in a common ancestor w/ similar embryology• example: the forelimbs of different vertebrate speciesANALOGOUS STRUCTURES• similar features that have identical functions but w/ different embryology and not derived from common ancestor• example: wings of bat, bird, and an insect

FOSSIL RECORD

EVIDENCE OF

EVOLUTION

EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL

STRUCTURES

SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES• were useful to ancestors, but not useful in modern organisms• Ex: leg bones in whales and snakes• Ex : body hair (and nipples in males), wisdom teeth, and appendix in humans

FOSSIL RECORD

EVIDENCE OF

EVOLUTION

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURESVESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL

STRUCTURES

SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY

EMBRYOLOGY• embryos of many vertebrates are similar in the development of tissues and organs• results in homologous structures

FOSSIL RECORD

EVIDENCE OF

EVOLUTION

EMBRYOLOGYEMBRYOLOGY

EMRBYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL

STRUCTURES

SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY

SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY (MACROMOLECULES)• species with a common ancestor have similar RNA, DNA, and/or proteins• similar amino acid sequences

FOSSIL RECORD

EVIDENCE OF

EVOLUTION

COEVOLUTION

CONVERGENTEVOLUTION

ADAPTIVERADIATION

DIVERGENTEVOLUTION

COEVOLUTION• change of 2 or more species in close association with each other• example: predator/prey, parasite/host, or herbivore/plant

PATTERNS OF

EVOLUTION

PATTERNS OF

EVOLUTION

COEVOLUTION

CONVERGENTEVOLUTION

ADAPTIVERADIATION

DIVERGENTEVOLUTION

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION• results in organisms that are not closely related having similar superficial appearances which live in similar environments• produces analogous structures• Ex: sharks and dolphins

CONVERGENT EVOLUTIONCONVERGENT EVOLUTION

PATTERNS OF

EVOLUTION

COEVOLUTION

CONVERGENTEVOLUTION

ADAPTIVERADIATION

DIVERGENTEVOLUTION

DIVERGENT EVOLUTION• two or more related populations/species become more and more dissimilar• usually a response to differing habitats

ADAPTIVERADIATION

DIVERGENT EVOLUTION• two or more related populations/species become more and more dissimilar and share a common ancestor• usually a response to differing habitats• Adaptive Radiation and Galapagos finches

ADAPTIVE RADIATIONADAPTIVE RADIATION