Post on 24-Jun-2020
Evolution of the Biological Pump
Chicheley Hall Royal Society
Evolution of Carbon Pumping for Dummies
Andy RidgwellUniversity of California – RiversideUniversity of Bristol
Phanerozoic
Cm
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T P C D OS
Neoprot. Mesoprot.
Outline
RDOCcreation
scavenging
terrestrialDOC input
UV creation/destruction2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO3 3
calcification (1.1)
seafloor dissolution (0.4)
water-column dissolution (0.6)
CaCO +CO +H O ® 3 2(aq) 22+ -
Ca +2HCO3
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.1)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
deep-sea CaCO burial (0.1)3
net CO fixation (10.0)2
C oxidation (9.9)org
C oxidation (0.1)org
mixing
up-w
elli
ng
dow
n-w
elli
ng
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
RDOC [630 PgC]
SLDOC [6]
SRDOC [14]
neritic Corg
burial (~0.05)
organic carbon pumpsolubility pump
microbial carbon pumpcarbonate pump
kerogen weathering (0.05)
Phanerozoic
Cm
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T P C D OS
Neoprot. Mesoprot.
Outline
mixing
up-w
elli
ng
dow
n-w
elli
ng
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
solubility pump
RDOCcreation
scavenging
terrestrialDOC input
UV creation/destruction
RDOC [630 PgC]
SLDOC [6]
SRDOC [14]
microbial carbon pump
Phanerozoic
Cm
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T P C D OS
Neoprot. Mesoprot.
net CO fixation (10.0)2
C oxidation (9.9)org
C oxidation (0.1)org
neritic Corg
burial (~0.05)
organic carbon pump
kerogen weathering (0.05)
2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO3 3
calcification (1.1)
seafloor dissolution (0.4)
water-column dissolution (0.6)
CaCO +CO +H O ® 3 2(aq) 22+ -
Ca +2HCO3
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.1)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
deep-sea CaCO burial (0.1)3
carbonate pumpoce
an c
ircu
latio
n,
pole
-to-e
quato
r S
ST,
atm
pC
O,
surf
ace
fC
O
22
pum
p =�¦(�������������������)
Outline
net CO fixation (10.0)2
C oxidation (9.9)org
C oxidation (0.1)org
neritic Corg
burial (~0.05)
organic carbon pump
mixing
up-w
elli
ng
dow
n-w
elli
ng
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
solubility pump
kerogen weathering (0.05)
Phanerozoic
Cm
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T P C D OS
Neoprot. Mesoprot.
bio
log
ica
l exp
ort
(),
¦(
...)
rem
ine
rali
zati
on
()
¦(..
.)pum
p =�¦(�������������������)
RDOCcreation
scavenging
terrestrialDOC input
UV creation/destruction
RDOC [630 PgC]
SLDOC [6]
SRDOC [14]
microbial carbon pump
2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO3 3
calcification (1.1)
seafloor dissolution (0.4)
water-column dissolution (0.6)
CaCO +CO +H O ® 3 2(aq) 22+ -
Ca +2HCO3
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.1)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
deep-sea CaCO burial (0.1)3
carbonate pump
Outline
2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO3 3
calcification (1.1)
seafloor dissolution (0.4)
water-column dissolution (0.6)
CaCO +CO +H O ® 3 2(aq) 22+ -
Ca +2HCO3
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.1)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
deep-sea CaCO burial (0.1)3
carbonate pump
Phanerozoic
Cm
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T P C D OS
Neoprot. Mesoprot.
RDOCcreation
scavenging
terrestrialDOC input
UV creation/destruction
RDOC [630 PgC]
SLDOC [6]
SRDOC [14]
microbial carbon pump
net CO fixation (10.0)2
C oxidation (9.9)org
C oxidation (0.1)org
neritic Corg
burial (~0.05)
organic carbon pump
kerogen weathering (0.05)
mixing
up-w
elli
ng
dow
n-w
elli
ng
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
solubility pump
bio
log
ica
l exp
ort
(),
¦(
...)
rem
ine
rali
zati
on
()
¦(..
.)pum
p =�¦(�������������������)
Outline
Phanerozoic
Cm
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T P C D OS
Neoprot. Mesoprot.
RDOCcreation
scavenging
terrestrialDOC input
UV creation/destruction
RDOC [630 PgC]
SLDOC [6]
SRDOC [14]
microbial carbon pump
net CO fixation (10.0)2
C oxidation (9.9)org
C oxidation (0.1)org
neritic Corg
burial (~0.05)
organic carbon pump
kerogen weathering (0.05)
mixing
up-w
elli
ng
dow
n-w
elli
ng
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
solubility pump
2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO3 3
calcification (1.1)
seafloor dissolution (0.4)
water-column dissolution (0.6)
CaCO +CO +H O ® 3 2(aq) 22+ -
Ca +2HCO3
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.1)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
deep-sea CaCO burial (0.1)3
carbonate pump(circu
latio
n,
bio
logic
al p
um
p),
P
OM
/DO
M q
ualit
y,re
dox?
??,
??
?pum
p =�¦(�������������������)
Outline
Phanerozoic
Cm
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T P C D OS
Neoprot. Mesoprot.
Age (Gyr ago)
4.03.52.01.51.00.50.0
–5
–3
–1
log[p
O2 (atm)]
3.02.5
Oxygenicphotosynthesis
pO2 (P
AL)
0 10
–2 10
–4 10
Lyons et al. [2014] (Nature 506)
EraEon Proterozoic Archean
PaleoproterozoicPeriod
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
Origins ...
EraEon Proterozoic Archean
PaleoproterozoicPeriod
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
organic carbon pumpsolubility pump
microbial carbon pumpcarbonate pump
?
?
?
?
EraEon Proterozoic
PaleoproterozoicPeriod
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.2)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
mixing
up
-we
llin
g
do
wn
-we
llin
g
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
solubility pump
‘Abiotic’ precipitation rate: nr = f ´ (W-1)
where n ~ 1.5-2.0
Burial ... but no ‘pump’
EraEon Proterozoic Archean
PaleoproterozoicPeriod
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
The Force awakens ... ???Ev
olu
tio
na
ry in
no
va
tio
ns
& p
lan
kto
n a
sse
mb
lag
e
Cyanobacteria
orig
in o
f p
ho
tosy
ste
ms
I a
nd
II
EraEon
Period
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
Archean
organic carbon pumpsolubility pump
microbial carbon pumpcarbonate pump
?
?
?
?
EraEon Proterozoic Archean
PaleoproterozoicPeriod
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
The Force awakens ... ???
Akin
ete
s/N
osto
cale
sP
leu
roca
psa
les
PN
TS
PM
SynP
roLP
P
Acaryochloris marina MBIC11017Synechococcus sp. IR11Synechococcus sp. PCC6312Synechococcus sp. PCC6716Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1Anabaena variabilis ATCC29413Nostoc sp. PCC7120Nodularia.PCC73104Nodularia spumigena CCY9414Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102Chlorogloeopsis PCC6912Fischerella muscicolaChroococcidiopsis thermalis PCC7203Chroococcidiopsis sp. PCC7431Arthrospira platensis PCC7345Lyngbya sp. PCC7419Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101Oscillatoria sp. PCC7112Crocosphaera watsonii WH8501Cyanothece sp. CCY0110Gloeothece KO11DGCyanothece sp. PCC8801Cyanothece sp. PCC7418Pleurocapsa PCC7319Xenococcus sp. PCC7307Stanieria cyanosphaera PCC7437Oscillatoria rosea IAM M-220Synechococcus sp. PCC7002Synechococcus sp. PCC8806Leptolynbya nodulosa UTEX2910Oscillatoria neglecta IAM M-82Leptolyngbya PCC7104Phormidium sp. MBIC10025Spirulina laxissimaLeptolynbya sp. ME54Leptolyngbya PCC7375LPP cyanobacteriumPhormidium pristleyi ANT P 2.6Synechococcus sp. PCC7335Plectonema F3Cyanobium gracile PCC6307Synechococcus sp. PCC7918Cyanobium PCC7009Synechococcus sp. NANSynechococcus sp. PS680Cyanobium sp. PCC7001Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT9211Prochlorococcus marinus str .CCMP1375Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT9312Prochlorococcus marinus str .CCMP1986Prochlorococcus
marinus str. NATL2AProchlorococcus marinus str. MIT9313Synechococcus sp. CC9311Synechococcus sp. WH8020Synechococcus sp. WH7803Synechococcus sp. WH7805Synechococcus sp. WH8018Synechococcus sp. RS9917Synechococcus sp. CC9605Synechococcus sp. WH8102Microcystis elabens NIES-42Microcystis holsatica NIES-43Synechococcus elongatus PCC6301Synechococcus sp. JA-2-3B'a(2-13)Synechococcus sp. JA-3-3AbGloeobacter violaceus PCC7421
Salinity freshwater brackish marine hypersaline
Blank and Sánchez-Baracaldo [2010] (Geobiology)
EraEon Proterozoic Archean
PaleoproterozoicPeriod
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.2)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
mixing
up
-we
llin
g
do
wn
-we
llin
g
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
solubility pump
microbial carbon pump
DOC leak ???
EraEon
Period
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
The Force awakens ... ???
Time before present (Myr)
5007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,000
“Pseudanabaena- like”
Higher open ocean primary productivity
marine SynPro ancestor
Trichodesmium
3
250 0
6
2
2,2502,500
5 9
Nostocales
e
1
“Oscillatoria-like”
> 3
μm
<
2.5
μm
GO
E
Ma
cro
cya
no
ba
cte
ria
Lom
agundi
Gunfli
nt
10
arineeea
BENTHIC PLANKTONIC
Mic
rocy
anobact
eria
& B
asa
l Lin
eages
Nodularia spumigena
Richelia
Minimal open ocean primary productivity
Crocosphaera and relatives
874Cyanobacterium UCYN-A
”
Sán
ch
ez-
Ba
rac
ald
o [
20
15
] (S
cie
ntific
Re
po
rts)
Proterozoic
Paleoproterozoic
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
Archean
Paleoproterozoic
EraEon
Period
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.2)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
mixing
up
-we
llin
g
do
wn
-we
llin
g
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
neritic Corg
burial (~0.05)
solubility pump
microbial carbon pump
kerogen weathering (0.05)
DOC leak ???
Proterozoic
Paleoproterozoic
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
Archean
Paleoproterozoic
EraEon Proterozoic
PaleoproterozoicPeriod
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
The Force awakens ... ???Ev
olu
tio
na
ry in
no
va
tio
ns
& p
lan
kto
n a
sse
mb
lag
e
Cyanobacteria (benthic) [Sánchez-Baracaldo, 2015]
Mesoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Cyanobacteria (planktonic) [Sánchez-Baracaldo, 2015]
EurkaryotesEurkaryotes [Knoll, 2014]
EraEon
Period
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
organic carbon pumpsolubility pump
microbial carbon pumpcarbonate pump
?
?
?
?
Proterozoic
Paleoproterozoic
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
Mesoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
terrestrialDOC input
UV creation/destruction
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.2)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
mixing
up
-we
llin
g
do
wn
-we
llin
g
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
RDOC
SLDOC
SRDOC
neritic Corg
burial (~0.05)
solubility pump
microbial carbon pump
kerogen weathering (0.05)
EraEon
Period
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
???
Proterozoic
Paleoproterozoic
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
Mesoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000-15
-10
-5
0
+5
+10
+15
13
dC
(‰
)
Ridgwell and Arndt [2014]
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cm
EraEon Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
C D OS
100
deepocean
surfaceocean
RDOC [630 PgC]
RDOCcreation
scavenging
Te
rre
stria
l DO
C in
pu
t (?
)
UV creation/destruction
SLDOC [6]
SRDOC [14]
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000-15
-10
-5
0
+5
+10
+15
500 550 600 650 700 750
Time (Ma)
-15
-10
-5
0
+5
+10
+15
13
dC
(‰
)
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cm
EraEon Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
C D OS
100
Ridgwell and Arndt [2014]
13d C (‰)
To
tal carb
on
rele
ase (
Pg
C)
0
2,000
0 -10 -20 -40 -60-30 -50
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
mantle CO @ -6‰2
marine organic matter
thermogenic methane
biogenic methane
13
+6‰
dC
ini
13
-2‰
dC
ini
terrestrial:C3 plants
terrestrial:C4 plants
Contours of carbon release vs. source isotopic signature for a global -4‰ carbon isotopic excursion. Contours differ according to the initial mean
13global d C.
Ridgwell and Arndt [2014]
When RDOM ruled the World(?)
deepocean
surfaceocean
RDOC [630 PgC]
RDOCcreation
scavenging
Te
rre
stria
l DO
C in
pu
t (?
)
UV creation/destruction
SLDOC [6]
SRDOC [14]
RDOC [??? PgC]
When RDOM ruled the World(?)
60° S
Pacific Ocean
60° S
40° S
40° N
60° N
Atlantic
Ocean
0
200
400
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
20° S
20° N
0°
40° S 20° S 0° 20° N 40° N 60° N
20° N
IndianOcean
0
200
400
1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000
0
200
400
1,000
2,000
3,000
Depth (m
)
4,000
5,000
6,000
0°
40 50 60 70 80–1DOC (µmol kg )
deepocean
surfaceocean
RDOC [630 PgC]
RDOCcreation
scavenging
Te
rre
stria
l DO
C in
pu
t (?
)
UV creation/destruction
SLDOC [6]
SRDOC [14]
RDOC [1,630,000 PgC]
When RDOM ruled the World(?)
60° S
Pacific Ocean
60° S
40° S
40° N
60° N
Atlantic
Ocean
0
200
400
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
20° S
20° N
0°
40° S 20° S 0° 20° N 40° N 60° N
20° N
IndianOcean
0
200
400
1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000
0
200
400
1,000
2,000
3,000
Depth (m
)
4,000
5,000
6,000
0°
40 50 60 70 80–1DOC (µmol kg )
In the Rothman et al. [2003] model, the RDOC reservoir is assumed to have been at least 10 times the size of the inorganic (ocean DIC + atmospheric pCO ) reservoir. For a modern DIC + 2
pCO2 reservoir of 39,000 PgC, this mean 390,000 PgC of DOC – more than 500 times larger than modern).
(For a higher late Precambrian DIC reservoir, 6the minimum DOC reservoir becomes 1.6´10
PgC, equivalent to concentration of a little over 1000 mgC per L of seawater and becoming the third most dominant dissolved species in the
-ocean after Cl .)
deepocean
surfaceocean
RDOC [630 PgC]
RDOCcreation
scavenging
Te
rre
stria
l DO
C in
pu
t (?
)
UV creation/destruction
SLDOC [6]
SRDOC [14]
RDOC [1,630,000 PgC]
When RDOM ruled the World(?)
In the Rothman et al. [2003] model, the RDOC reservoir is assumed to have been at least 10 times the size of the inorganic (ocean DIC + atmospheric pCO ) reservoir. For a modern DIC + 2
pCO2 reservoir of 39,000 PgC, this mean 390,000 PgC of DOC – more than 500 times larger than modern).
(For a higher late Precambrian DIC reservoir, 6the minimum DOC reservoir becomes 1.6´10
PgC, equivalent to concentration of a little over 1000 mgC per L of seawater and becoming the third most dominant dissolved species in the
-ocean after Cl .)
Age (Gyr ago)
4.0 3.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
–5
–3
–1
log
[pO
2 (
atm
)]
3.0 2.5
Oxygenicphotosynthesis
pO
2 (PA
L)
010
–210
–410
Lyons et al. [2014] (Nature 506)
When RDOM ruled the World(?)
Age (Gyr ago)
4.0 3.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
–5
–3
–1
log
[pO
2 (
atm
)]
3.0 2.5
Oxygenicphotosynthesis
pO
2 (PA
L)
010
–210
–410
Lyons et al. [2014] (Nature 506)
deepocean
surfaceocean
CO fixation2
C oxidationorg
H S2 H S2
H S2
H S2
H S2
H S2
H S2
terrestrialDOC input
UV creation/destruction
RDOC
SLDOC
SRDOC
microbial carbon pump
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
The Force awakens ... for sure this time ... ???Ev
olu
tio
na
ry in
no
va
tio
ns
& p
lan
kto
n a
sse
mb
lag
e
Cyanobacteria (benthic) [Sánchez-Baracaldo, 2015]
Cyanobacteria (planktonic) [Sánchez-Baracaldo, 2015]
EurkaryotesEurkaryotes [Knoll, 2014]
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Animals! (metzoans)
PhanerozoicEraEon Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod C D OS
organic carbon pumpsolubility pump
microbial carbon pumpcarbonate pump
?
?
?
?
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
PhanerozoicEraEon Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod C D OS
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.2)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
mixing
up
-we
llin
g
do
wn
-we
llin
g
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
solubility pump
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
PhanerozoicEraEon Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod C D OS
RDOCcreation
scavenging
terrestrialDOC input
UV creation/destruction
net CO fixation2
C oxidationorg
C oxidationorg
RDOC
SLDOC
SRDOC
neritic Corg
burial (~0.05)
organic carbon pump
microbial carbon pump
kerogen weathering (0.05)
?
?
mixing
up
-we
llin
g
do
wn
-we
llin
g
pCO2(g)
out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)
warm cold
pCO2pCO2
solubility pump
carbonate pump
? RDOCcreation
scavenging
terrestrialDOC input
UV creation/destruction
net CO fixation2
C oxidationorg
C oxidationorg
RDOC
SLDOC
SRDOC
neritic Corg
burial (~0.05)
organic carbon pump
microbial carbon pump
kerogen weathering (0.05)
?
?
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
PhanerozoicEraEon Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod C D OS
?
Phanerozoic
Cm
EraEon Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
C D OS
The Force awakens!
Coccolithophorids Radiolaria
DinoflagellatesDiatoms
Acritarchs
Ma
rtin
[1
99
5]
Major changes in plankton assembledge
Foraminifera
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Coccolithophorids Radiolaria
DinoflagellatesDiatoms
Acritarchs
Ma
rtin
[1
99
5]
Major changes in plankton assembledge
Foraminifera
0
% occurrence of carbonate in ophiolite suites100
Bo
ss a
nd
Wilk
inso
n [
19
91
]
Phanerozoic
Cm
EraEon Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
C D OS
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
The Force awakens!
00
-2-1
Flu
x of P
OC
(g m
yr
)1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of CaCO (g m yr )3
2R = 0.49
net CO fixation (10.0)2
C oxidation (9.9)org
C oxidation (0.1)org
neritic Corg
burial (~0.05)
organic carbon pump
kerogen weathering (0.05)
2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO +CO +H O3 3 2(aq) 2
calcification (1.1)
seafloor dissolution (0.4)
water-column dissolution (0.6)
neritic CaCO3
burial (0.1)
carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)
deep-sea CaCO burial (0.1)3
carbonate pump
‘bal
last
ing’
Phanerozoic
Cm
EraEon Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
C D OS
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
00
-2-1
Flu
x of P
OC
(g m
yr
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of CaCO (g m yr )3
00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of opal (g m yr )
00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of detrital (g m yr )
2R = 0.49
2R = 0.13
2R = 0.22
Compilation of sediment trap observations: depths >= 2000 m (to exclude hydrodynamically distorted fluxes and relationships) and differentiated by basin:
, , , .cyan == Atl yellow == Ind green == Pac magenta == SO
[Wlison et al., 2012; GBC 26, doi:10.1029/2012GB004398]
The Force awakens???
Spatial distribution of carrying capacity (ballasting) coefficients calculated using geographically weighted regression
analysis for CaCO .3
Wilson et al. [2012]
The Force awakens???
Phanerozoic
Cm
EraEon Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
C D OS
*When* did the Force awaken (modern biological pump form)?
(1)(2)(3)
Coccolithophorids Radiolaria
DinoflagellatesDiatoms
Acritarchs
Ma
rtin
[1
99
5]
Foraminifera
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cm
EraEon Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
C D OS
*When* did the Force awaken (modern biological pump form)?
(1)(2)(3)
Coccolithophorids Radiolaria
DinoflagellatesDiatoms
Acritarchs
Ma
rtin
[1
99
5]
Foraminifera
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
? ?Occurrence of ice ages (relative intensity)
Cro
we
ll [1
999]
Royer et al. [2004]
atmosphericpCO (ppm)2
200015001000 2500 3000 3500
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Occurrence of ice ages (relative intensity)
? ?
‘ic
e-h
ou
se’
‘ho
t-h
ou
se’
‘ho
t-h
ou
se’
‘ic
e-h
ou
se’
MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cm
EraEon Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod
200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)
C D OS
Paleo Perspectives – Extreme climate states
vs.
5
4
3
2
1
0
13d C (‰)DIC
0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
0-90
0
90
180-180
early Eocene Tanzania
yellow == 13
foraminiferal d C18d O has been converted
into paleo temperature and then to habitat depth using a coupled GCM
red = binned data
John et al. [2014] (PPP 413)
Paleo Perspectives – Testing the ‘metabolic’ hypothesis
(for water column POC remineralization)
PhanerozoicEraEon Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T PPeriod
5004003002001000Time (Ma)
C D OS
Oce
an d
epth
(km
)
5
4
3
2
1
0
13d C (‰)DIC
0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
-90
0
90
100-260
5
4
3
2
1
0
13d C (‰)DIC
0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
0-90
0
90
180-180
yellow == 13
foraminiferal d C18d O has been converted
into paleo temperature and then to habitat depth using a coupled GCM
red = binned data
early Eocene Tanzaniamodern observations
Paleo Perspectives – Testing the ‘metabolic’ hypothesis
Oce
an d
epth
(km
)
5
4
3
2
1
0
13d C (‰)DIC
0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
-90
0
90
100-260
yellow == 13
observed d CDIC
blue == 13model d CDIC
(year 1994)
Paleo Perspectives – Testing the ‘metabolic’ hypothesis
modern observations
Oce
an d
epth
(km
)
5
4
3
2
1
0
13d C (‰)DIC
0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.05
4
3
2
1
0
13d C (‰)DIC
0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
blue == 13model d CDIC
(Eocene config)using a Q10
remineralizationformulation
-90
0
90
100-260 0-90
0
90
180-180
early Eocene Tanzaniamodern observations
Paleo Perspectives – Testing the ‘metabolic’ hypothesis
65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 65.6
Time (Ma)
13
dC
(‰
)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Ridgwell et al. [in prep]
1210
465Planktic(bulk carbonate)
Benthic(foraminifera)
(temporary disruption or removal of one or more processes)
Paleo Perspectives – ‘Hiccups’
Phanerozoic
Cm
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T P C D OS
Neoprot. Mesoprot.
Evolution of the Biological Pump
Chicheley Hall Royal Society
Evolution of Carbon Pumping for Dummies
Phanerozoic
Cm
Proterozoic Archean
Paleoproterozoic
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic
KPgNg J T P C D OS
Neoprot. Mesoprot.