Evolution of Carbon Pumping for Dummies Andy Ridgwell › presentations ›...

Evolution of the Biological Pump

Chicheley Hall Royal Society

Evolution of Carbon Pumping for Dummies

Andy RidgwellUniversity of California – RiversideUniversity of Bristol

Phanerozoic

Cm

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic

Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic

KPgNg J T P C D OS

Neoprot. Mesoprot.

Outline

RDOCcreation

scavenging

terrestrialDOC input

UV creation/destruction2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO3 3

calcification (1.1)

seafloor dissolution (0.4)

water-column dissolution (0.6)

CaCO +CO +H O ® 3 2(aq) 22+ -

Ca +2HCO3

neritic CaCO3

burial (0.1)

carbonate+silicate weathering (0.2)

deep-sea CaCO burial (0.1)3

net CO fixation (10.0)2

C oxidation (9.9)org


mixing

up-w

elli

ng

dow

n-w

elli

ng

pCO2(g)

out-gassing (70) in-gassing (70)

warm cold

pCO2pCO2

RDOC [630 PgC]

SLDOC [6]

SRDOC [14]

neritic Corg

burial (~0.05)

organic carbon pumpsolubility pump

microbial carbon pumpcarbonate pump

kerogen weathering (0.05)

Phanerozoic

Cm

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T P C D OS

Neoprot. Mesoprot.

Outline

mixing

up-w

elli

ng

dow

n-w

elli

ng

pCO2(g)


warm cold

pCO2pCO2

solubility pump

RDOCcreation

scavenging


UV creation/destruction

RDOC [630 PgC]

SLDOC [6]

SRDOC [14]

microbial carbon pump

Phanerozoic

Cm

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T P C D OS

Neoprot. Mesoprot.




neritic Corg

burial (~0.05)

organic carbon pump


2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO3 3

calcification (1.1)



CaCO +CO +H O ® 3 2(aq) 22+ -

Ca +2HCO3

neritic CaCO3

burial (0.1)



carbonate pumpoce

an c

ircu

latio

n,

pole

-to-e

quato

r S

ST,

atm

pC

O,

surf

ace

fC

O

22

pum

p =�¦(��)

Outline




neritic Corg

burial (~0.05)

organic carbon pump

mixing

up-w

elli

ng

dow

n-w

elli

ng

pCO2(g)


warm cold

pCO2pCO2

solubility pump


Phanerozoic

Cm

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T P C D OS

Neoprot. Mesoprot.

bio

log

ica

l exp

ort

(),

¦(

...)

rem

ine

rali

zati

on

()

¦(..

.)pum

p =�¦(��)

RDOCcreation

scavenging



RDOC [630 PgC]

SLDOC [6]

SRDOC [14]


2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO3 3

calcification (1.1)



CaCO +CO +H O ® 3 2(aq) 22+ -

Ca +2HCO3

neritic CaCO3

burial (0.1)



carbonate pump

Outline

2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO3 3

calcification (1.1)



CaCO +CO +H O ® 3 2(aq) 22+ -

Ca +2HCO3

neritic CaCO3

burial (0.1)



carbonate pump

Phanerozoic

Cm

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T P C D OS

Neoprot. Mesoprot.

RDOCcreation

scavenging



RDOC [630 PgC]

SLDOC [6]

SRDOC [14]





neritic Corg

burial (~0.05)

organic carbon pump


mixing

up-w

elli

ng

dow

n-w

elli

ng

pCO2(g)


warm cold

pCO2pCO2

solubility pump

bio

log

ica

l exp

ort

(),

¦(

...)

rem

ine

rali

zati

on

()

¦(..

.)pum

p =�¦(��)

Outline

Phanerozoic

Cm

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T P C D OS

Neoprot. Mesoprot.

RDOCcreation

scavenging



RDOC [630 PgC]

SLDOC [6]

SRDOC [14]





neritic Corg

burial (~0.05)

organic carbon pump


mixing

up-w

elli

ng

dow

n-w

elli

ng

pCO2(g)


warm cold

pCO2pCO2

solubility pump

2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO3 3

calcification (1.1)



CaCO +CO +H O ® 3 2(aq) 22+ -

Ca +2HCO3

neritic CaCO3

burial (0.1)



carbonate pump(circu

latio

n,

bio

logic

al p

um

p),

P

OM

/DO

M q

ualit

y,re

dox?

??,

??

?pum

p =�¦(��)

Outline

Phanerozoic

Cm

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T P C D OS

Neoprot. Mesoprot.

Age (Gyr ago)

4.03.52.01.51.00.50.0

–5

–3

–1

log[p

O2 (atm)]

3.02.5

Oxygenicphotosynthesis

pO2 (P

AL)

0 10

–2 10

–4 10

Lyons et al. [2014] (Nature 506)

EraEon Proterozoic Archean

PaleoproterozoicPeriod

200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

Origins ...



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)



?

?

?

?

EraEon Proterozoic


200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

neritic CaCO3

burial (0.2)


mixing

up

-we

llin

g

do

wn

-we

llin

g

pCO2(g)


warm cold

pCO2pCO2

solubility pump

‘Abiotic’ precipitation rate: nr = f ´ (W-1)

where n ~ 1.5-2.0

Burial ... but no ‘pump’



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

The Force awakens ... ???Ev

olu

tio

na

ry in

no

va

tio

ns

& p

lan

kto

n a

sse

mb

lag

e

Cyanobacteria

orig

in o

f p

ho

tosy

ste

ms

I a

nd

II

EraEon

Period

200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

Archean



?

?

?

?



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

The Force awakens ... ???

Akin

ete

s/N

osto

cale

sP

leu

roca

psa

les

PN

TS

PM

SynP

roLP

P

Acaryochloris marina MBIC11017Synechococcus sp. IR11Synechococcus sp. PCC6312Synechococcus sp. PCC6716Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1Anabaena variabilis ATCC29413Nostoc sp. PCC7120Nodularia.PCC73104Nodularia spumigena CCY9414Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102Chlorogloeopsis PCC6912Fischerella muscicolaChroococcidiopsis thermalis PCC7203Chroococcidiopsis sp. PCC7431Arthrospira platensis PCC7345Lyngbya sp. PCC7419Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101Oscillatoria sp. PCC7112Crocosphaera watsonii WH8501Cyanothece sp. CCY0110Gloeothece KO11DGCyanothece sp. PCC8801Cyanothece sp. PCC7418Pleurocapsa PCC7319Xenococcus sp. PCC7307Stanieria cyanosphaera PCC7437Oscillatoria rosea IAM M-220Synechococcus sp. PCC7002Synechococcus sp. PCC8806Leptolynbya nodulosa UTEX2910Oscillatoria neglecta IAM M-82Leptolyngbya PCC7104Phormidium sp. MBIC10025Spirulina laxissimaLeptolynbya sp. ME54Leptolyngbya PCC7375LPP cyanobacteriumPhormidium pristleyi ANT P 2.6Synechococcus sp. PCC7335Plectonema F3Cyanobium gracile PCC6307Synechococcus sp. PCC7918Cyanobium PCC7009Synechococcus sp. NANSynechococcus sp. PS680Cyanobium sp. PCC7001Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT9211Prochlorococcus marinus str .CCMP1375Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT9312Prochlorococcus marinus str .CCMP1986Prochlorococcus

marinus str. NATL2AProchlorococcus marinus str. MIT9313Synechococcus sp. CC9311Synechococcus sp. WH8020Synechococcus sp. WH7803Synechococcus sp. WH7805Synechococcus sp. WH8018Synechococcus sp. RS9917Synechococcus sp. CC9605Synechococcus sp. WH8102Microcystis elabens NIES-42Microcystis holsatica NIES-43Synechococcus elongatus PCC6301Synechococcus sp. JA-2-3B'a(2-13)Synechococcus sp. JA-3-3AbGloeobacter violaceus PCC7421

Salinity freshwater brackish marine hypersaline

Blank and Sánchez-Baracaldo [2010] (Geobiology)



200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

neritic CaCO3

burial (0.2)


mixing

up

-we

llin

g

do

wn

-we

llin

g

pCO2(g)


warm cold

pCO2pCO2

solubility pump


DOC leak ???

EraEon

Period

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

The Force awakens ... ???

Time before present (Myr)

5007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,000

“Pseudanabaena- like”

Higher open ocean primary productivity

marine SynPro ancestor

Trichodesmium

3

250 0

6

2

2,2502,500

5 9

Nostocales

e

1

“Oscillatoria-like”

> 3

μm

<

2.5

μm

GO

E

Ma

cro

cya

no

ba

cte

ria

Lom

agundi

Gunfli

nt

10

arineeea

BENTHIC PLANKTONIC

Mic

rocy

anobact

eria

& B

asa

l Lin

eages

Nodularia spumigena

Richelia

Minimal open ocean primary productivity

Crocosphaera and relatives

874Cyanobacterium UCYN-A

”

Sán

ch

ez-

Ba

rac

ald

o [

20

15

] (S

cie

ntific

Re

po

rts)

Proterozoic

Paleoproterozoic

200015001000 2500 3000 3500

Archean

Paleoproterozoic

EraEon

Period

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

neritic CaCO3

burial (0.2)


mixing

up

-we

llin

g

do

wn

-we

llin

g

pCO2(g)


warm cold

pCO2pCO2

neritic Corg

burial (~0.05)

solubility pump



DOC leak ???

Proterozoic

Paleoproterozoic

200015001000 2500 3000 3500

Archean

Paleoproterozoic

EraEon Proterozoic


200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

The Force awakens ... ???Ev

olu

tio

na

ry in

no

va

tio

ns

& p

lan

kto

n a

sse

mb

lag

e

Cyanobacteria (benthic) [Sánchez-Baracaldo, 2015]

Mesoproterozoic

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Cyanobacteria (planktonic) [Sánchez-Baracaldo, 2015]

EurkaryotesEurkaryotes [Knoll, 2014]

EraEon

Period

5004003002001000Time (Ma)



?

?

?

?

Proterozoic

Paleoproterozoic

200015001000 2500 3000 3500

Mesoproterozoic

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic



neritic CaCO3

burial (0.2)


mixing

up

-we

llin

g

do

wn

-we

llin

g

pCO2(g)


warm cold

pCO2pCO2

RDOC

SLDOC

SRDOC

neritic Corg

burial (~0.05)

solubility pump



EraEon

Period

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

???

Proterozoic

Paleoproterozoic

200015001000 2500 3000 3500

Mesoproterozoic

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000-15

-10

-5

0

+5

+10

+15

13

dC

(‰

)

Ridgwell and Arndt [2014]

MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic

Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T PPeriod

200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

C D OS

100

deepocean

surfaceocean

RDOC [630 PgC]

RDOCcreation

scavenging

Te

rre

stria

l DO

C in

pu

t (?

)


SLDOC [6]

SRDOC [14]

200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000-15

-10

-5

0

+5

+10

+15

500 550 600 650 700 750

Time (Ma)

-15

-10

-5

0

+5

+10

+15

13

dC

(‰

)


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T PPeriod

200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

C D OS

100


13d C (‰)

To

tal carb

on

rele

ase (

Pg

C)

0

2,000

0 -10 -20 -40 -60-30 -50

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

mantle CO @ -6‰2

marine organic matter

thermogenic methane

biogenic methane

13

+6‰

dC

ini

13

-2‰

dC

ini

terrestrial:C3 plants

terrestrial:C4 plants

Contours of carbon release vs. source isotopic signature for a global -4‰ carbon isotopic excursion. Contours differ according to the initial mean

13global d C.


When RDOM ruled the World(?)

deepocean

surfaceocean

RDOC [630 PgC]

RDOCcreation

scavenging

Te

rre

stria

l DO

C in

pu

t (?

)


SLDOC [6]

SRDOC [14]

RDOC [??? PgC]


60° S

Pacific Ocean

60° S

40° S

40° N

60° N

Atlantic

Ocean

0

200

400

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

20° S

20° N

0°

40° S 20° S 0° 20° N 40° N 60° N

20° N

IndianOcean

0

200

400

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000

0

200

400

1,000

2,000

3,000

Depth (m

)

4,000

5,000

6,000

0°

40 50 60 70 80–1DOC (µmol kg )

deepocean

surfaceocean

RDOC [630 PgC]

RDOCcreation

scavenging

Te

rre

stria

l DO

C in

pu

t (?

)


SLDOC [6]

SRDOC [14]

RDOC [1,630,000 PgC]


60° S

Pacific Ocean

60° S

40° S

40° N

60° N

Atlantic

Ocean

0

200

400

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

20° S

20° N

0°

40° S 20° S 0° 20° N 40° N 60° N

20° N

IndianOcean

0

200

400

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000

0

200

400

1,000

2,000

3,000

Depth (m

)

4,000

5,000

6,000

0°

40 50 60 70 80–1DOC (µmol kg )

In the Rothman et al. [2003] model, the RDOC reservoir is assumed to have been at least 10 times the size of the inorganic (ocean DIC + atmospheric pCO ) reservoir. For a modern DIC + 2

pCO2 reservoir of 39,000 PgC, this mean 390,000 PgC of DOC – more than 500 times larger than modern).

(For a higher late Precambrian DIC reservoir, 6the minimum DOC reservoir becomes 1.6´10

PgC, equivalent to concentration of a little over 1000 mgC per L of seawater and becoming the third most dominant dissolved species in the

-ocean after Cl .)

deepocean

surfaceocean

RDOC [630 PgC]

RDOCcreation

scavenging

Te

rre

stria

l DO

C in

pu

t (?

)


SLDOC [6]

SRDOC [14]

RDOC [1,630,000 PgC]


In the Rothman et al. [2003] model, the RDOC reservoir is assumed to have been at least 10 times the size of the inorganic (ocean DIC + atmospheric pCO ) reservoir. For a modern DIC + 2

pCO2 reservoir of 39,000 PgC, this mean 390,000 PgC of DOC – more than 500 times larger than modern).

(For a higher late Precambrian DIC reservoir, 6the minimum DOC reservoir becomes 1.6´10

PgC, equivalent to concentration of a little over 1000 mgC per L of seawater and becoming the third most dominant dissolved species in the

-ocean after Cl .)

Age (Gyr ago)

4.0 3.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

–5

–3

–1

log

[pO

2 (

atm

)]

3.0 2.5


pO

2 (PA

L)

010

–210

–410



Age (Gyr ago)

4.0 3.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

–5

–3

–1

log

[pO

2 (

atm

)]

3.0 2.5


pO

2 (PA

L)

010

–210

–410


deepocean

surfaceocean

CO fixation2

C oxidationorg

H S2 H S2

H S2

H S2

H S2

H S2

H S2



RDOC

SLDOC

SRDOC


5004003002001000Time (Ma)

The Force awakens ... for sure this time ... ???Ev

olu

tio

na

ry in

no

va

tio

ns

& p

lan

kto

n a

sse

mb

lag

e

Cyanobacteria (benthic) [Sánchez-Baracaldo, 2015]

Cyanobacteria (planktonic) [Sánchez-Baracaldo, 2015]

EurkaryotesEurkaryotes [Knoll, 2014]

200015001000 2500 3000 3500


Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Animals! (metzoans)

PhanerozoicEraEon Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T PPeriod C D OS



?

?

?

?

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

200015001000 2500 3000 3500


Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic




neritic CaCO3

burial (0.2)


mixing

up

-we

llin

g

do

wn

-we

llin

g

pCO2(g)


warm cold

pCO2pCO2

solubility pump

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

200015001000 2500 3000 3500


Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic




RDOCcreation

scavenging



net CO fixation2

C oxidationorg

C oxidationorg

RDOC

SLDOC

SRDOC

neritic Corg

burial (~0.05)

organic carbon pump



?

?

mixing

up

-we

llin

g

do

wn

-we

llin

g

pCO2(g)


warm cold

pCO2pCO2

solubility pump

carbonate pump

? RDOCcreation

scavenging



net CO fixation2

C oxidationorg

C oxidationorg

RDOC

SLDOC

SRDOC

neritic Corg

burial (~0.05)

organic carbon pump



?

?

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

200015001000 2500 3000 3500


Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic




?

Phanerozoic

Cm

EraEon Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T PPeriod

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

C D OS

The Force awakens!

Coccolithophorids Radiolaria

DinoflagellatesDiatoms

Acritarchs

Ma

rtin

[1

99

5]

Major changes in plankton assembledge

Foraminifera

200015001000 2500 3000 3500


Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic



Acritarchs

Ma

rtin

[1

99

5]

Major changes in plankton assembledge

Foraminifera

0

% occurrence of carbonate in ophiolite suites100

Bo

ss a

nd

Wilk

inso

n [

19

91

]

Phanerozoic

Cm

EraEon Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T PPeriod

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

C D OS

200015001000 2500 3000 3500


Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

The Force awakens!

00

-2-1

Flu

x of P

OC

(g m

yr

)1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of CaCO (g m yr )3

2R = 0.49




neritic Corg

burial (~0.05)

organic carbon pump


2+ - Ca +2HCO ® CaCO +CO +H O3 3 2(aq) 2

calcification (1.1)



neritic CaCO3

burial (0.1)



carbonate pump

‘bal

last

ing’

Phanerozoic

Cm

EraEon Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T PPeriod

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

C D OS

200015001000 2500 3000 3500


Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

00

-2-1

Flu

x of P

OC

(g m

yr

)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of CaCO (g m yr )3

00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of opal (g m yr )

00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40-2 -1Flux of detrital (g m yr )

2R = 0.49

2R = 0.13

2R = 0.22

Compilation of sediment trap observations: depths >= 2000 m (to exclude hydrodynamically distorted fluxes and relationships) and differentiated by basin:

, , , .cyan == Atl yellow == Ind green == Pac magenta == SO

[Wlison et al., 2012; GBC 26, doi:10.1029/2012GB004398]

The Force awakens???

Spatial distribution of carrying capacity (ballasting) coefficients calculated using geographically weighted regression

analysis for CaCO .3

Wilson et al. [2012]

The Force awakens???

Phanerozoic

Cm

EraEon Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T PPeriod

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

C D OS

*When* did the Force awaken (modern biological pump form)?

(1)(2)(3)



Acritarchs

Ma

rtin

[1

99

5]

Foraminifera

200015001000 2500 3000 3500


Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic

Cm

EraEon Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T PPeriod

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

C D OS

*When* did the Force awaken (modern biological pump form)?

(1)(2)(3)



Acritarchs

Ma

rtin

[1

99

5]

Foraminifera

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

? ?Occurrence of ice ages (relative intensity)

Cro

we

ll [1

999]

Royer et al. [2004]

atmosphericpCO (ppm)2

200015001000 2500 3000 3500


Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Occurrence of ice ages (relative intensity)

? ?

‘ic

e-h

ou

se’

‘ho

t-h

ou

se’

‘ho

t-h

ou

se’

‘ic

e-h

ou

se’


Phanerozoic

Cm


Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T PPeriod

200015001000500 2500 3000 35004003002001000Time (Ma)

C D OS

Paleo Perspectives – Extreme climate states

vs.

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

0-90

0

90

180-180

early Eocene Tanzania

yellow == 13

foraminiferal d C18d O has been converted

into paleo temperature and then to habitat depth using a coupled GCM

red = binned data

John et al. [2014] (PPP 413)

Paleo Perspectives – Testing the ‘metabolic’ hypothesis

(for water column POC remineralization)



KPgNg J T PPeriod

5004003002001000Time (Ma)

C D OS

Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

-90

0

90

100-260

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

0-90

0

90

180-180

yellow == 13

foraminiferal d C18d O has been converted

into paleo temperature and then to habitat depth using a coupled GCM

red = binned data

early Eocene Tanzaniamodern observations


Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

-90

0

90

100-260

yellow == 13

observed d CDIC

blue == 13model d CDIC

(year 1994)


modern observations

Oce

an d

epth

(km

)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.05

4

3

2

1

0

13d C (‰)DIC

0.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

blue == 13model d CDIC

(Eocene config)using a Q10

remineralizationformulation

-90

0

90

100-260 0-90

0

90

180-180

early Eocene Tanzaniamodern observations


65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 65.6

Time (Ma)

13

dC

(‰

)

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Ridgwell et al. [in prep]

1210

465Planktic(bulk carbonate)

Benthic(foraminifera)

(temporary disruption or removal of one or more processes)

Paleo Perspectives – ‘Hiccups’

Phanerozoic

Cm

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T P C D OS

Neoprot. Mesoprot.

Evolution of the Biological Pump

Chicheley Hall Royal Society

Evolution of Carbon Pumping for Dummies

Phanerozoic

Cm

Proterozoic Archean

Paleoproterozoic

Phanerozoic


KPgNg J T P C D OS

Neoprot. Mesoprot.

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