Post on 30-May-2018
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europeanautomobile
industry
reporteuropean automobile
manuacturers association
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The auTomobile indusTry in europe
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industry
reporteuropean automobile
manuacturers association
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Carlos Ghosn
Presde o ACEA ad Cara & CEO o Rea
ivan hodaC
Secrear Geera o ACEA
EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
ACEA eas Assocao des Cosrcers Eropes dAooes orEropea Aooe maacrers Assocao. ACEA s a t ctad, as sc, oe o a eres grops a core o a oreddecso-akg process e Eu.
ACEA as t : bmW Grop, DAF trcks, Daer, FiAt Grop,Ford o Erope, Geera moors Erope, Jagar lad Rover, mAn nzarzege,Porsce, PSA Pegeo Cro, Rea, Scaa, tooa moor Erope, Vokswage
ad Vovo Grop.
ACEA, t 1991, s ased brsses w represeaos toko adbejg. te board o Drecors s coposed o e C ect oc (CEOs)o s 15 eers. ACEA aas cose reaosps w e 29 aoa aooeaacrers assocaos Erope.
ACEA s e rs sorce o orao cocerg c-t gt ,w over 80 Eu Drecves ad ore a 115 unECE regaor reqrees paceoda, a are oe ver ecca are.
ACEA s e a pora o cear ad ct t o e Eropea aooedsr , ecoragg dersadg o e secors porace, s copex ad scoros o soce.
acea
members
aCea in brieF european automobilemanuacturers association
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inTroduCTion 7
environmenT 10
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reGulaTory Framework 62
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abouT aCea 80
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ConTenTs
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inTroduCTion
9
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environmenT
EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
a oer prvae secor. is drve owardsssaae o reas a ogogcoe.
economic downturn
i e secod a o 2008, agas e
ackdrop o erce copeveess adprogress o ssaa, e ecoocdowr e dsr. te akgcrss saed ecooes; cosers adsesses srgged o access cred.Prvae dvdas ed o prcasgew cars ad sesses ega o gor srvva.
e ao secor s oecreded as e ege rooo Erope. te Eropea
uo s e oead o a copevead ovave aoove dsr ageeraes acv rogo e ecoo ro aeras ad pars spp, o R&D
ad aacrg, o saes ad aer-saesservces.
maacrers ave raed ad deveopeda g-sked workorce, prodcgqa prodcs or oe ad eraoaarkes. Vece aacrg spporsover 2 o Eropea jos w aaddoa 10 o czes epoed assocaed dsres. Expors are vaed a
over 70 o aa.
te aoove dsr as asoesased se as a parer ssaa. tecoogca advacesave rog rea soos, drvg dowar essos ro dsr prodcsad prodco ses. maacrers avespeareaded sgca provees vece sae ad eraced soca
respos goas. Aa, e dsrvess 20 o R&D, ore a
i e rs sx os o 2008, deador ew cars across Erope ad dppeda ere 2%, w coerca vecesaes dow js 0.4%. b e ed oe ear, arkes or a pes o vecescrased. i e a qarer, car saese 19.3%: soe eer saes
repored a dece o ore a 50% Deceer aoe. Dead or ewcoerca veces across Eropedecreased 24%.
Coerca veces coed er sarpdowr e rs qarer o 2009.te drop passeger car regsraosrecovered soewa o a s ordaes 15%, sppored e rodco
o fee reewa ceves a er oEu eer saes.
Vece prodco, wc e 20% e as ree os o 2008, s expecedo a a rer 25% 2009 coparedo 2007 eves, w coerca vecesprodco expeced o dece eve ore.Redced epoe eves, prodcos-dows ad sras o dges; ese
are a evae coseqece o esdde dece dead.
T
Twelve million
Europeans
rely on vehicle
manuacturing
to support
their amilies
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te ao dsr rged poc akers orecogse e precedeed scae o ecrss. i caed or rge seps o sppora dsr po wc so c o wawe ake or graed rees.
te ecooc coseqeces o ag oac wod e seros. mos o Eropeasre o vece aacrg ad eassocaed spp ca - o spporer aes. Prodco aces codcose ad os o eros revee arereaeed e sowdow.
b e crss reaes ore a jsecooc goas. i cod aso aec
progress owards ssaae o.As dead or ew cars weakes, fee
arke. iproved ege desg, e seo gweg ew aeras, deveopeo aerave-eed veces ad-vece drver ads, ese exapes aveeped sas average ew car CO
2
aos 20% js ree ears.
Essos are a raco o wa e ocewere oo, aks o dsr ovao.
Parcaes ad oer poas avecoe dow over 95% coparedo 1990 eves.
trck ad s akers ave se aecark ecec oo. todas40-oe rcks r arod a rd esse a eqvaes r ears ago,we exas ecooges are rappgore ar essos provg arqa or ows ad ces. ivese ogscs, rackg, drver rag adege raspor sses esreoder rcks work sarer as we asarder or er operaors.
O sae, vece ecoog as epedave e er o deas o Eropesroads e as r ears, despe a
ree-od crease rac voes.
immediate support
Poc akers ave a respos oproec e eress o czes adsaegard e ara evroe. be are aso respose or creaga evroe wc sessesrve. te erdepede are o o
ojecves s oda peraps ore evdea ever.
reewa sows. We aage copaessrgge o access cred, e are esske o prcase ad r e aes,ceaes geerao o coercaveces. Pressre o aacrgdges, cdg veses R&D,
s og.
a strong industry innovates
te dsr as coe a og wao a ssaa crera, adssaae o reas a ke par oaacrers og-er pas.
Drg e as e ears o reave
ecooc sa, aacrers devered ew CO
2redco ecooges o
Market incentives will be key to soten the impact o the recession
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11inTroduCTion
Ao akers ave caed or rgead drasc easres o preve aprooged perod o recesso, osppor aacrg ad coe odrve orward e evroea goasa are sared poc akers adaacrers. i e sor er, roaderad qcker access o aca sppors ecessar. Vece aacrers avereqesed access o 40 o ow-
eres oas, ecessar acked saegaraees.
15 o o s a e eeded aread 2009. legsaors s e preparedspg procedres or access ods ad soreg eraes roappcao o dever.
marke ceves w e ke o soe epac o e recesso, ecoragg feereewa. b ese s e coordaedo avod dsoros across e sgearke. ma cores ave areadake a ead rodcg ceveske scrappage scees ad scaceves. ACEA eers ave caed ora coordaed Eropea poc o esrearess ad respec or copeo res,
proog greaer ecec a sge,Eropea arke we acevg e ao creasg saes o e ceaes ewveces.
Further measures
Soe o e seps sog dsrare as reeva perods o ecoocprosper as e are a recesso.
te dsr as og rged eerregao prcpes, or exape, ad
e deveope o a ore spaecregaor raework.
i Deceer, we cog o ers we wors ecooc crss decades,car akers were preseed w e ewcar CO
2regao, a ge caegg
raework ad e aes a e o over80 Eropea Drecves ad 115 unECEpeces o egsao cocerg oor
veces.
idsr eeves regaors s appe essos eared e as e earso ese eaer es. te ad aga,e ocs o regaos ke ew car CO
2
res as ee o vece ecoogprovees, we pac assessesave cosse sow a a egraedapproac rgs e os cos-eecveees o soce.
now s e rg e o accep s ogcad saegard dsr copeveess pospog cos ew regao. i se e o esre a orog pacassesses o ecca, ecooc adevroea eecs are a e core oa ew proposas, o ere a aer-
og.
i s aso e e o revew oe-sdederaoa rade agreees. Deas arg advaages or porers a devere e wa o recproca ees orEu aacrers expor arkesare accepae. te dea proposedw So Korea, or exape, pesecessar pressre o Eropea-ased
aacrers a s dc perod, ads e dsssed.
the FutureVece aacrers are akg aeasres w er reac o eergero e ecooc crss. Fewer eporarcoracs, ower vece op ad sorerworkg ors are soe o e paseps a w evereess ep rea ag-sked workorce prepared or ere.
Dead w pck p s dc opredc we. te degree o wc esecor w e prepared or re groww deped arge par o e decsosake egsaors drg e dcos o 2009.
tese are ge caegg es or sa. b e aoove secor s a dsrw sreg ad read. W e rgsppor, w coe rog e crrecrss ad coe o dever ecoocees o e Eropea ecoo, socao or os ad e prodcs aw ake road raspor o a jore o aore ssaae re.
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environmenT 12reduCinGCo
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ChapTer 1
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13
19
improvinG air QualiTy
Thankstoindustryinnovation,
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FuellinG The FuTure
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reduCinGCo
2emissions
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15environmenT
EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
edcg a-adeCO
2essos s a copex
sse. tere are o spesoos ad o aoa odares.Ever dsr ad dvda s acceprespos ad erace coecveaco.
te aoove dsr acceps e
par s pa dg ecoogsoos a coe o drve dow CO
2
ad oer cae cage essos. i sacve workg o redce CO
2essos
ro cars ad coerca veces -se, aso ro s prodco ses, ogscsad raspor operaos.
Cars are oe ced as e os sgcacoror o a-ade CO
2
essos.i ac, e core arod 12% ooa CO
2essos Erope; w overa
raspor prodcg 26%. We a ajorcaege, s cear a vece essosare par o a c arger jgsaw.
in brieF
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siGniFiCanT CuTs in Co2
emissionsAverage ew car CO
2essos as ae
sarp over e pas decade. Progress asee drve prar rog ecoog,a respos e dsr eracedder s par o a voar coeo c CO
2essos. ts agreee
was rokered ACEA ad e EropeaCosso 1998 ad covered e
ears 1995 o 2008.
tog progress was coered deveopes sc as e paraerodco o cofcg regaorreqrees, prear gres sggesa ew car CO
2essos ave ae
cose o 20% (w average CO2essos
o arod 154 g/k 2008). Drvers ave,ore rece, sared o vae e-eceecooges aogsde e ore radoaavores sc as coor, sae addesg. CO
2-reaed axao rodced
varos eer saes as aso epedrgger a s coser dead.
te dsr w coe o drve dowCO
2essos ro s prodcs; owever
e porace o o, e spp ad
a read dead or ecoogcasoos, reas a cear esso roe voar agreee.
80%
1995
important proGress in uel eiciencY
Trend in new car CO2emissions (g/km)
161+ 121-140
141-160 120 and less
R
17%
3%
2007
35%
30%
24%
11%
2008
31%27% 26%
16%
sourCe: ACEA
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16 co2
emissions
Co2 leGislaTioni Deceer 2008, e EropeaParae ad Coc approved ewCO
2esso res or passeger cars,
esasg e os deadg pece oevroea egsao e aoovedsr as ever aced.
te egsao adaes a redco appe CO
2o a average o 130 g/k
( 2012 or 65% o ew regseredcars, creasg o 100% 2015)rog ecoog easres. teao dsr s caracersed ogdeveope ad prodco cces. i sereore ecoragg a e ew carCO
2regao provdes soe fex
peeao.
thE AutOmObilE inDuStRyAnD ClimAtE ChAnGE
a lonG-Term perspeCTive ptctg t t t, sg ed
resorces respos ad gag e eecs oa-ade cae cage; s s e ssaacaege a dsra soce cao gore.
Vece akers are tg t ct. teave eraced e caege, deverg sgcaevroea progress o dae. maacrers wcoe o pa a pvoa roe w e coex o
ssaae grow. Eropea aacrers are tcg .
iovao s drvg orward ceaer, greeerad aordae raspor. Frer progress o CO
2
redco w coe ro proved powerras ade deveope o ore reewae eerg sorces.
low-esso veces oer e os ccgt o e road o ssaae o.A coe o ros R&D, rasrcreprovees, eerg se ad arke dead we eeded o acceerae progress.
CO2 savgs w e axsed -t-ct s cear addressed a a sages o e ead eerg ca.
A t t tgt o dever egreaes ees o soce: vece aacrers;e ad eerg prodcers; arcecs o ra adaoa rasrcres; rac aagee adogscs provders, ad er sers; pocas ad
egsaors; cosers, csoers ad drvers. Cae cage s a g cg a aecs
s a. Soos s e raed arod a goa,osc approac.
te aooe dsr t ewecooges o acke e copex qesos rased cae cage ad oer evroea aspecs.act g w a sakeoders s cera o scoe.
Vece akers t t redce er
evroea oopr oda ad o proec epae or soce oorrow.
key poinTs in The reGulaTion For passenGer Cars
a d vg co2 w 120 g/.
eg 10 g d y
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q 2012; 75% 2013; 80% 2014 d 100% 2015.
e-v w 7 g f g.
s-d vh g h 50 gco2/.
pv h (10,000 300,000 ) hv f
vg d 25%.
avg w co2 hd 95 g/ 2020, wg hgh
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p w d dg ; dg h g
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i 2014, y wgh w w dd. wg vw, co2g y djd 2016, vwd vy h y.
nevereess, dsproporoae es, wcao o arod 15 es e cos ocaro oer arkes, rea a aero cocer. i e ace o e crreecooc dowr, e represe aaddoa rde or a dsr areadag jo osses ad prodco csacross e Eu.
supporTinG The indusTryi s cear a e ecooc codos wc e dsr s ow operag areexraordar ad fee reewa s derpressre. Acevg CO
2redco arges
w reqre reewed ocs, sppor adcoecve aco ro a sakeoders.We e dsr s coed o
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17
e reqrees, s cocered pedg egsao cocerg gcoerca veces as we as or CO
2
arges or veces e oger er.
tecoogca advaces deped o arvg ao dsr ad sgcavese R&D prograes. Eacear, e dsr speds ore o R&Da a oer prvae secor Erope a20 o or 4% o rover. however,weak dead or veces ps pressreo aacrers o redce a coss,
orcg a revew o R&D dges.
te dsr wecoed e 4 oaa Cea traspor Fac d(sas qo Jaar 2009) ro eEropea ivese bak. Cearowever, or a secor a vess ve esas c aa ecooges aare epg d ower-caro-egsoos or re veces, aoe
s o sce.
i addo o car ecoog, e drver,coce o e ad qa o rasrcreare decsve acors acevg e esposse e ecoo ad ece, owesCO
2essos, ad e dsr as
cosse rged a goveres, ecopaes ad cosers pa er par drvg dow CO
2oo.
Experece o e 1998 voaragreee sows a dead easresare crca o drve p saes o e-eceodes wc a e ore expesve
e sowroo de o e addoaprodco coss er aacre.
te esasg o copreesvereeg eworks s aso e a pror.As aerave-eed cars ad ore a-eecrc veces are devered o arke,cosers s e code e wave e ecessar sppor o ree e.
F-ct g, c-g, c gctc ct
The Golden rulesoF eCo-drivinG
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environmenT
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18 co2
emissions
sourCe: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, WG III, 2007. World Business Council or Sustainable Development, 2004.
hoseodsa cosers 9%
traspor 17%(Road, Ra, Ar & Waer)
Passeger cars 7%
Power/eagsaos 27%
Deoresao 22%
idsr 25%
oVerVieW o Global co2
emissions
The eleCTriFiCaTionoF The auTomobile
ectc c prose a ees or orows ad ces, sc as zero appe essos, adaacrers are pavg e wa or e eecrcao
o e aooe. however, sgca vese a vare o paers w e ecessar o esrearrers o arke accepace are acked ad orease a-eecrc oorgs poea.
vc ct w coe o work waer sppers o sses ke eerg des,dra ad recarge es. te w aso coreacve o dscssos o ecca regaos sc assadardsao o -vece recargg pos
C s e code e avaa adcoveece o recargg aces. A copreesverecargg rasrcre s eeded ad pos s esadardsed across Erope.
Ceaer veces ct sod e ecoogera ad ased o cear evroea gas.CO
2-ased axao sses ee eecrc vece
owers w ower axes. Cocessos ke redcedparkg carges are aso avaae soe ces.
Fct- coser capags sod epassee aca ad evroea ees o a-eecrcoorg. however, e sod aso e cear o eecca ad pracca caeges aead.
We eecrc veces e o essos -se,CO
2s geeraed a sorce. more ctct
geerao w aoaca prove e we-o-weeadvaages o eecrc veces.
leGislation or liGHt commercial VeHicles?
lg coerca veces (lCVs) a vare o sess cos or operaors adcoseqe, e CO
2essos o lCVs a der a o depedg o er aca
se. i sor, coerca veces cao e sp copared o passeger cars.
Proposas o cop ad pase a raework ased o esso arges ro passegercar egsao o lCVs are fawed ad, a s dc e, e Cosso savod as depoe o ew regao. te proposed lCV CO
2esso arge
o a average 175 g/k 2012 s reasc. i gores og ead-es or lCVdeveope, as we as e daage a prce creases wod dever o a areaddepressed arke.te Eropea Cosso esaes a average rea prce crease o 10%.
Frerore, e Cosso daa s o sce ros o dever a sod assor egsao. torog pac assesses, esred eer regaoprcpes ro e CARS 21 repor, s e apped ecessar ecoocrde o dsr, s csoers ad soce s o e avoded.
19
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19
CombaTinG ClimaTe ChanGe The nexT sTepste Cosso as se arges oraverage ew car CO
2essos o 95 g/k
2020. log-er arges are wecoed aacrers ecase e devercera prodc pag, aowg orog deveope cces e dsr.however, orog pac assessess derp proposas o esre a
ees o soce are devered e oscos-eecve wa.
te essos ro car CO2
redcoarges over e as e ears s eeared. ivese R&D, deverg
ew ecooges as we as opsedprodcs, reas a esae o edsrs o-gog coe. Cos-eecve easres a dever egreaes ee o e evroe se adoped, ad addoa sppor gveo a secor a w coe o ovaead ves ecoog ad egeerg
soos.
Average car essos eow 120 g/k sposse approprae poc easres arep pace - ad a pares are voved.A osc ad cos-eecve approac
attF
Eco-driving can improveuel economy by up to 20%.
db
Alternative uels can signicantlycontribute to overall CO
2
emissionreductions. Biouels, in particular, canand need to be produced sustainably.
Better cooperation o transportmodes and removing barriers to cross-border
haulage can reduce CO2
emissions signicantly.
itct& lgtc
CO2-related taxation
creates consumerdemand oruel-ecient vehiclesand alternative uels.
Substituting 50% o current trac lightswith dynamic systems or a better trac fowcan save 2.4 million tonnes o CO
2per year.
Co2-tTt
vcTcg
ov 50 co2-g hg
hv dd, d h fw vv -hg w .
WorkinG toGetHer an inteGrateD approacH to reDucinG co2
emissions
a cdes eer rasrcre,cogeso redco easres, espp o a sce rasrcre oraerave es ad oer eerg sorces,ad a Erope-wde axao ased o sew rg grea ees o e ecoo,ower essos ro a road raspor(o js ew cars) ad sreg o a
ao dsr a coes o ovaeo d ecoog soos. te eeso a egraed approac o aceve EuCO
2redco arges ave ever ee
sarper ocs.
environmenT
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20 co2
emissions
Liter/100km
1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
30
45
60
sourCe: ACEA
Eropea aacrers ave ogcapoed e ecec, dg arepao or ece coerca vecesa are aso sae ad o e gesqa. tere s a cear sess case orcoos provee, as e a
operag cos or a raspor copas e. Fe ecec s aso ke oprovg e evroea peroraceo e vece.
trcks ad g coerca vecesare crca o e ecoo. te carrear 80% o a reg dsrasedcores ad dever arod 70kg ogoods o eac Eropea cze ever da.
A oder rck rs arod 30% esse a oe ade e 1970s. tarasaes o e cospo o js oere o dese per 100 oekoeres, wcorrespodg CO
2ees.
Drver rag prograes, wcprove sks ad oos e ecec,ca e depoed were eeded. Sop-sarrac rpes e essos o a rck,epassg e evroea ees ovese roads ad e deveope
o a ege rasrcre o ecoragerac fow ad preve ecessarod-ps.
vision 20-20te Eropea coerca veceaacrers are srvg o proverer. to dere er deerao,e secor as ed ed e
Vision 20-20, aoced a e haover
oorsow 2008. ts raesecoog progress w oer acorsad acors a w ep c CO
2.
te drec coro ro coercavece aacrers e Vision 20-20s o rer decrease a oder rckse cospo a average 20%per oekoere e ear 2020
copared o 2005.
i addo, e dsr w acveep srke a aace ewee oad evroea proeco rog aparersp w poca eaders, e edsr, e aers, vece operaorsad, as o eas, e drverseseves. te aacrers aossraeg s e Eu ojecve o redce
overa greeose gas essos 20% owards 2020.
ConTinuous innovaTioniovao as devered progress dese drveras. now a rck akersare workg o rd ecoog, wcca c e cospo 15 20%.ma aso ave odes capae o rg
o aerave es ke oeao adcopressed ara gas (CnG) we rasvovg coerca veces ad sesed w droge e ces are akgpace.
Deveope o eeacs ad feeaagee rg rer ececprovees cg essosad epg oos sess ecec.
maacrers ow oer sses a caassess rck ad drver perorace-se, prodcg repors or ogscseas ack a ase.
commercial VeHiclesThe business oF Fuel eFFiCienCy
moDern trucks use less uel
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improvinGair QualiTy
21
c vhwh w
vg qy w d
22 improVinG air QualitY
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22 improVinG air QualitY
xas ar poas are owa raco o wa e werewo decades ago. Ege
ecec provees ad exas
aer-reae sses ave drveassve cs caro ooxde (CO),drocaros (hC), roge oxdes (nOx)ad parcae aer (Pm) ro cars adcoerca veces.
te aooe secor spporseasres o redce road rasporessos rer. however, ese se ased o orog ad raspare
pac assesses. te pror orregaors s e o axse eeso e evroe, e qckeserae, wo daagg dsrcopeveess.
in brieFeg hg d h -
y hv hd
d no w ,
d v, g qy w d
.
Vh w v,
dd h h h y wg h
wgh h d y w g, h
h v d h y. u
jv h v d d
hv h v dgg co2d
.
m , v f w,
hd h y. th wd
qy d g vh ed qy d v w .
emission sTandardsCars ad coerca veces sod Erope are sjec o src s o eass o ar poas prodced ro e
appe. Caed Ero sadards, esewere rodced 1991 w Ero 0 orpasseger cars ad 1992 w Ero i orcoerca veces.
iovao as eped ee progressveger arges as e res ave deveoped.tecooges ke varae vave g,drec e jeco ad proved egeaagee sses ave a paed a roe.
So oo ave exas aer-reaesses. new dese cars are ow edw parcae raps o ee ogew Ero 5 sadards, we a o e
E
indusTry proGress in reduCinG emissions
th dvd w 86% no d 95%
h h h y 1990.
ov h 10 y, h hv dd y 35% d
w d () y 30%.
i 100 dd dy y g 1
d h 1970.
p d d vh
y 99%.
23environmenT
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
23
aes coerca veces se SeecveCaac Redco (SCR) coao
w a rea-ased addve (oe radearks Adbe) o ep redce nOx essos.
idsr w coe o ovae ad asacve parcpaed dscssos overe aes Ero 5 ad Ero 6 res or carsad e Ero V ad Vi res or coercaveces.
however, dsr reas cocered a
e Cosso dd o carr o properpac assesses o e coss ordsr o ee ese ew arges ade prce rses a ew ecooges wodpose o vece ers.
Euro 0 Euro 1
1991
Euro 2
1996
Euro 3
2000
Euro 4
2005
Euro 5
2009
Euro 6
2014
Emissions(%
Euro0)
Petrol NOx
Diesel NOx
Diesel PM
80%
60%
40%
20%
Euro 0
1988 1991 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI
Emissions(%
Euro0)
emissions and hiGh CosTs
Ao akers eeve a a ack o a rospac assesse as ed o a sgcader-esao e coss o eege Ero 6 arges.
Dese car prces, or exape, are orecaso rse. i 2005, e CossosCea Ar or Erope (CAFE) Prograesggesed a 202 crease. however,a depede pae, se p e
PASSEnGER CARS tRuCKS
Innovation has helpedmeet progressively higher targets
eVolution o emission stanDarDs sourCe: ACEA
environmenT
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24 improVinG air QualitY
Cosso, aer orecas a e coscod e ore a or es gera 900. te Cossos gre was
aso ased o e asspo o a a precos ea prces, wc as areadee see o e correc.
te eec o a sgca prce creasecod daage e arke or e-ece dese cars ad vas, parcardrg e ecooc dowr. tscod ave e perverse eec o acrease CO
2essos ro cars ad
r e copeveess o Eropeaaacrers, wo are ecoogeaders we coes o dese eges.
isses ke arke dsoro ad ecoer eec o Eropea CO
2esso
arges deosrae w a orog adraspare pac assesse, asedo reasc cos asspos, s or
e ass or a ecoog-ed arges orvece aacrers.
enCouraGe FleeT renewalSgca provees ar qa woccr aks o fee reewa. As oder carsad rcks are repaced ewer odes,essos ro road raspor w coedow, eve e asece o e aesesso s.
te cocso a ca e draw s aa rapd repacee o oder veces wewer odes wod core ore oredcg esso eves a a rergeg s. ts s especa reor gasoe cars ad s sppored edgs o e CAFE Prograe wcoresees a redco nOx ad VOCessos ro gasoe veces o orea 90% 2020, eve wo Ero 5.Soe goveres ave cosderedposg saes axes or ew cars. tss o e rg approac. te dsreeves a eer saes sod eecoraged o ake seps o acceeraefee reewa.
iceves o e aes odes wdrve dow a esso pes CO
2ad
poas ad rg e aes geeraoo sae veces oo Eropea roads.
Many o the latest commercial vehicles
use Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
in combination with a urea-based additive(one trademark is AdBlue) to help reduce
NOx emissions
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FuellinGThe FuTure
25
Wg gh
dv dyd w
uellinG tHe uture26
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in brieFi h d
qy h d dd
wy. advd - g
d vh y q
wh d d dd
hv h w , d .
Qy y . sdd d
d wy h
e , w d h
eu. py h ddv (.g.
d) d : g
dvg h
ddv .
a y e g
d -y gh g
gd h. thy
w h eu g 10%
w gy d y 2020.
th dv v d
w , cnG, hydg d ,
dy v gvh, hg d co
2d h .
a egraed approaco redcg essosro road raspor, espp o ceaer es
pas a pora roe a copeesprovees vece ecoog.Aerave es ep address qesosa arse ro e o reserves adsecr o spp.
te Eropea aoove dsr
sppors oves o crease e reewaeeerg x ad as paed s par vesg eav ecooges adever veces capae o rg oceaer es oda.
Da-e cars ad coerca vecesrg o lPG (qeed peroegas) or CnG (copressed ara gas)are coo, as are rd odes.
ivese as aso ocsed o fex-ecars a ca se ora pero or ger-ed oes ke E85 (a x o 85%eao ad 15% pero).
maacrer prograes o devereecrc cars ave acceeraed, wecars ad rcks capae o rg odroge prodced ro reewaesorces - eg o CO
2
essos roe appe - are aread eg raed oEropea roads.
Ao akers ave eraced errespos o rg veces o arkea r o ceaer, aerave es.isses ke ssaae e prodco,qa ad e deveope ocopreesve re-eg rasrcre
rea ke o ecoragg wder ake-po ese veces.
bioFuelste aoove dsr s coed oe deveope o ssaae oesas par o e reewae eerg x.Fro 2010, a ew pero veces we copae w es coag aax 10% ed o oeao,we dese veces w e copaew eds coag a ax o7% FAmE (Fa Acd me Eser). te
ao dsr does o sppor e se s veces o a sadard arke desecoag ore a 7% FAmE.
beds o qa oes p o eses, prodced o eraoa sadards,ave e poea o c CO
2essos
sgca we acg e eedsad capaes o ege ad veceecooges. ts s parcar pora
as aacrers work owards ra-ceaesso sadards Ero 5 ad Ero 6.
bioFuel QualiTyACEA s a eer o e WordwdeFe Carer, aog w represeaveso Aerca ad Japaese ao akersad goa ege aacrers. Sep 1998, e grop prooes greaerdersadg o e pac o e qao eges, essos ad perorace,ad rece ssed gdees oreders.
A prereqse or e se o eseecooges are es a rea reeo spr ad eas ad ave srccoroed eves o oer ke e ares
ke ocae/ceae, voa, sa adoxda eves.
I
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te dsr s ereore cocered pars o e rece adoped Fe QaDrecve wc cod daage coseraccepace o oes, arg oeqa, wc cod aso rage e
era arke.
te sses:
Thepermitteduseofmetallicadditives,
parcar a agaese-asedaddve caed mmt, wc w casesesve pars ke caass, sesorsad spark pgs o a preare.
TheEuropeanParliamenthasagreed
a dese sa cde a ax 7%FAmE coe. however, eer saesw s e aowed o arke deseprodcs w a FAmE coe greaera 7%, dsorg e era arkew e poea or cosse eqa across e Eu.
Fuelpumplabellingindicatingthe
proporo o oe eds peroad dese w o e adaor.
Ao akers ear s rsks cosercoso ad oss o codece correc es are sed veces orwc e are o copae.
For ConsumersSppor or ceaer e deveope govere ad e e dsreps drve aacrer veseprograes. however, s cear acosers oo s e code eceaer es or er veces.
te ao secor aas a ceaeres s provde a perorace acosers expec, we epg redceessos. Eges s coe or cea ad o e sscepeo preare copoe ares.Coveece s aso ke. Sadard ess e wde avaae across gsaos e Eu ad e cear aeeda e pp as aacred o src
qa sadards, ad sae orer veces.
tOWARDSSECOnD-GEnERAtiOnbiOFuElS
te ao dsr sppors e ssaaeprodco o oes. tere are a cosderaos ssaae oe prodco. however, scear a redced greeose gas essos roprodco ad se cce s e aceved.
Eropea ao akers codc researc o a
aerave es, cdg secod-geerao oes,o dvda ad rog er Eropea ResearcCoc EuCAR. EuCAR as esased a workggrop o es, ad cored o e we-o-weeaass o oes, assessg overa essoscdg prodco ad cospo.
Secod-geerao oes, or exape btl (oasso qd) or hVOs (drogeaed vegeae os),ca rer redce CO
2essos. te are reed
o essea e drocaros, sar areo o-ased drocaros (pero ad dese) prodced a ro o-ood crops, wood adagrcra wase.
te are expeced o e ore copae w aeges ad o res ger greeose gassavgs. We prodced ro agrcra wase,secod-geerao oes avod e eed oraddoa ad ad poea cearg o CO
2
-asorgoress or weads. isses cocerg e prodcoad se o ersers o sppor crop grow are asoavoded.
Researc o ew re es s crca. however,rs-geerao oes eed o e red o e rg ssaa crera ad ros eccasadards are apped. tese es serve as seppgsoe owards ewer geeraos, ad w ep esre
e cog ao o e ecessar e rasrcreas we as a sce arge arke pace.
Hydrogen vehiclesare being trialed
on European roads
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vehiCleproduCTionand reCyClinGa dy g
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eccg s a pror oro e Eu ad aoovedsr. As prodcers, car
akers ackowedge er respos odever ssaae prodcs ro crade-o-grave ad are prod o repor ajorprogress owards s goa.
Esaes sgges ewee 2 ad 5%o oa car CO
2essos are geeraed
drg e reccg pase o a cars e.O a ver ed ao o wase oad s coes ro e aoovesecor, aog arod 8 o vecesreac e ed o er ves eac ear.trog a coao o ovao reccg ad recover ecoog, aeraaagee ad orao ssesa are qe aog aacrg
dsres, e dsr ca deosraeresa ad recover raes reqesed egsao, eadg o redced wase-o-ad ad proved car recca.
maacrers ave c coe or eor eav eas - ercr, cad,cro (Vi), ad ead. Cro (Vi)ad cad ave ee eaedere; reag ercr aos
in brieFr h vw
wh dg y d
v h d d .
th g
gy d h h d h
d--gv h.
th v dy h vd h
dv d vv, vh g. i h dw
h d h hvy
: h d wh vd d
yd h d vh d dd
w d.
i h wh h yg dy,
hv w
e d gdd d
d- d yg d. th w
vd wh v d -
h vh.
Hwv, h gvg yg hv
vd d f. th ed--l
Vh Dv wh
g , d y h Hgh lv
cars 21 g, hd d. s
d h wh h g h g.
- wc are de o e pased-o - arearead egge. lead appcaos kesoder, or wc ere s o eccaaerave, ao o js a ew graes eac vece.
end-oF-liFe vehiCle ruleste Ed-o-le Vece Drecve adDrecve o Resa, Recca ad
Recovera o oor veces se ewreqrees or vece reccg.toda, ew veces s deosraeresa ad/or recca o a eas85%, ad resa ad/or recoverao a eas 95% weg, easredagas e eraoa sadardiSO 22620.
Ao akers sppor e prcpe o
prodcer respos, aso er roe epg cosers recce ed-o-eveces.
however, reccg reas a sse orwc e coros o a sakeoderssod e cosdered. Prodc s edsrs core copeece; a egraedapproac, workg w e reccgdsr, egsaors, ad csoers, s ees wa o esre coed progress vece reccg.
a Case For simpliFiCaTionCar aacrers ace a ajor caege,aacg goas recca w arges oer areas cdg CO
2redco,
proved sae ad rea, we
akg sre veces rea aordae ore csoer.
R
30 VeHicle proDuction anD recYclinG
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based o pas experece, caraacrers sress a e Ed-o-leVece Drecve s o a posve exapeo regao. te ao dsr eeves sod e sed as a es case or eerregao.te crre res are secor-specc,
fexe, par coradcor, adoverap w oer regaos. Regaorarges a do o geerae cos-eecveevroea gas s e revewed.Secor specc aera resrcos areaso accepae. Fa, e dsrsresses a prodc-ocsed res sode deca across e Eu o aa eegr o e sge arke.
produCTion: Car makersreduCe environmenTal impaCT
Eropea ao aacrers avesgca redced e evroeapac o vece prodco receears. Per prodced, eergcospo, CO
2
essos, wase,waer se ad VOC essos ave adecreased. A dsr eve, ress areaso feced e er o vecesprodced. i os cases, owever, akso creased evroea ecec, erse vece prodco ro 2005 o2007 was accopaed a redcoo asoe essos ad cospoa e dsr eve, oo. te gres
cocer passeger car aacrg aprodco ses e Eu27.
2.80
2.70
2.60
2.50
2.40
2.30
2.20
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.80
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
enerGY consumption sourCe: ACEA
co2
emissions sourCe: ACEA
Waste (dg ) sourCe: ACEA
Million tons
Million tons
tons
m3
44.00
12.00
1.9
13.00
2.1
44.00
11.00
1.7
44.00
10.00
1.5
44.00
9.00
1.3
44.00
8.00
1.1
44.00
7.00
0.9
44.00
6.00
0.7
44.00
5.00
0.5
2005
2005
2005
2006
2006
2006
2007
2007
2007
Million MWH MWH
Energy Total (Million MWH/year) | Energy per unit produced (MWH)
CO2 Emissions Total Million (t/year) | CO2 Emissions per unit produced (t)
Waste total (t/year) | Waste per unit produced (t)
As cars are equipped with more and more eatures
to make them saer and more environmentally-riendly,
the complexity o production increases as well,
with negative eects on energy demand. However,
manuacturers constantly work on improving energy
eciency. As a result, energy consumption per vehicle
produced has decreased by 6.5%.
note The fgures include direct and indirectenergy consumption, i.e. rom on-site and external
energy suppliers.
CO2emissions per vehicle produced decreased by 5%,
mostly through eciency increases, and somewhat helped
by a warm winter in 2007. Dierences in the trends on
energy consumption (previous graph) and CO2 emissionshave to do with changes in the energy mix available at the
dierent production sites.
note As or energy, the fgures include direct
and indirect emissions, i.e. rom on-site and external
energy suppliers.
The amount o waste per vehicle went down 4.8%,
thanks to eorts by the manuacturers to reduce waste.
noteScrap metal, which is recycled and then used
as a secondary raw material, is not included.
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Long-term strategies to reduce water consumption have
made it possible to reduce the water use per car produced
by almost 23%. This includes the increasing use o
re-circulation technologies, which allows the reuse o water.
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
Water useD sourCe: ACEA
absolute Voc emissions sourCe: ACEA
Voc emissions per VeHicle proDuceD
95.00
703.5
4.5
90.00
603.0
4.0
85.00
502.5
80.00
402.0
75.00
301.5
70.00
201.0
65.00
100.5
60.00
00
2005
20052005
2006 2007
20072007
Million m3
thousand tons
m3
Water total (million m3/year) | Water per unit produced (m3)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are organic solvents
mainly emitted rom paintshops. The graph shows the
VOC emissions per car produced and the emissions o all
passenger car manuacturers taken together. With new
technologies such as water-based paints that replace
solvent-based paints, manuacturers have been able toreduce emissions by 14.3% per vehicle.kg/unit
European auto manuacturers
have signicantly reduced
the environmental impact
o vehicle production in recent years
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ChapTer 2
c d vh h y d d y. thy vd dd
y d dv h gd d v w
gd h, d h. Dvg y hgh w , . Hwv h y; hd
d h hg d w gh d-v .
mobiliTy
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
32
susTainable mobiliTy
Mobilityandtransportarethelifeblood
d y.
Sustainablemobilitymeansmoving
d gd h
d wy, wh d h
v.
Improvedroadtrafcow,inter-
d w,
vh d , d dd
d h y jgw zz.
35
road saFeTy
Overthelast30years,passivesafety
d w v vh
hg hv hd hv h
dh e d,
d h-d .
Furthertechnologicalprogresswith
y ig t
sy (its) , vd
dv g, d dg
d g
g d .
Roadsafetypolicymusttakeaccount
g
dvg -v d
d g.
Aspartofanintegratedapproach,
h erap d
g d h ch esc
w g d
y h dy.
40
european TransporT poliCy
Fourineveryvelandjourneysin
e d y ; v 70%
gh vd y d gh
vh.
RoadsaretheveinsofEuropethrough
whh y fw.
th eu d y
h h d
hv h
gwh.
Vehiclesgenerate378billionintax
v h y 4.1% eu
GDp; v d ,
hwv, h 1.5% GDp
h 1980 h 1% dy.
IntelligentTransportSystems(ITS)
g h ;
y v
hd w dd
, dv ,
hv d
.
34
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susTainablemobiliTy
eg ,
d -d y
35mobiliTy
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
oor veces dever wa we
ake or graed odersoce. toda, or ever
ve ad jores are ade car. idsrased cores, 71% o regs oved rcks ad g coercaveces rgg s e gs we re oda, ro ood ad coes o e adoce sppes.
Despe e ecooc dowr, deador persoa o ad raspor ogoods w grow goa. ta presesoppores or Eropea ao akers.however, as rac grows ere ad osdee Eu, aso rgs o sarp ocs a seo caeges.
Frer rasao, evroeproeco, road sae ad respose se
o resorces; ese are js soe o esses a s e acked as we oveo e secod decade o e 21s cerad eod.
in brieFs y g e
, j . Hwv,
h d y g
hgy . a jgw,
h y h jd gh
.
th v g .
iv vh hgy, g
y d d
hv dy yd g g
d vg y.
Hwv, h h dd
hg hg gwh wh
v v d vd
y y y d hgh
v h.
Gv, , d
d d d y h .
Wg gh, w jy h
y d h
y h vh g, wh g
h h g y d h v.
susTainable mobiliTyte ao secor s coed o a ode
o ssaae o. iveses ceaer, saer veces ad prodcoprocesses ave aread deveredprogress. b e ears aead, a orecoaorave approac w e ecessar od o e dsrs ead.
taks o aves ke CARS 21, oresakeoders are aware a ssaae
o s o js a qeso o regage aoove dsr. is a ode wc pe paers ave a roe, ada s work ogeer o rg soosa dever ax ees o soce, proec Eropea jos posg coss o dsr.
A ceaer evroe, eer sae adproved soca respos are posse
s vso or e re. however, ke ajgsaw, a copee pcre cao eergeess a e peces are prese adjoed ogeer proper.
M
transport Generates economic GroWtH anD Vice Versa sourCe: DGTREN
pg, Gd, GDp
105
100
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Passengers (1) (pkm) | Goods (2) (tkm) | GDP (at constant 1995 prices)
1995=100
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an inTerdependenT modelte oor dsr as a ke roe o pa e ssaae o ode. i vess
20 o R&D eac ear o deverecoog, prodco processes ad erespose workg pracces a socedeads.
however, ssaae o cao eao assgg respos o oe paraoe. mpe paers are voved svso or e re.
Govere as a ke roe o pa. taxreaks w ep cosers coose eceaes ew veces, acag feereewa. CO
2-ased axes w ecorage
respose se.
Osde e ao secor, goveres swork w e eerg dsr o rg eceaes es o arke. ta cdes
ssaae oes, lPG ad CnG, adew ecooges ke Gtl (gas o qds).
Crca, aso eas esrg qasadards are o coprosed.
Free fowg rac s oe o e ospora easres o c ecessarroad raspor essos. ivese rasrcre s ereore parao.We-desged roads ad racaagee sses ep c accdesad ower CO
2ad oer ar poas.
Fa, e dvda as a pora
roe o pa, o prvae oorssad coerca vece drvers. terrespos s everoes respos.
A joed-p approac, wc e roeo oers s eer gored orderpaed ad wc e oordsr recogses s ke roe, ca devera ode o ssaae o or e
re. te Eropea ao dsr scoed o s goa.
whaT are The ChallenGes?
s y vg
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h
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37
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road saFeTyDvg vh,
y g d h d
38 roaD saetY
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edcg aaes ad jreso Eropes roads s paro a ssaae o
ode. taks o vese aoakers ad oer sakeoders, sgcaprogress as ee aceved. i e as 30ears, vece ecoog as eped avee er o deas, despe a ree-odcrease rac voes o Eropearoads. A coe o road saereas cera o a vece akersdeveope pas.
however, sae s a sared socearespos dered e aca 95% o a accdes are cased drver error, sc as poor acpao,approprae reaco o a azard ad
voao o road rac aws. Cog
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rer provees veceecoog w copeear itSeasres, proved drver rag, eerroad desg ad eorcee o exsgrac regaos prose e greaesees o soce.
te dsr w coe o ca or aegraed approac o road sae scosao o e CossosFor Road Sae Aco Pa. ts wse a e-ear poc raework,coecg 2010.
A a cocer or e dsr ade Cosso s a red owards rsgaaes ew eer saes. measreso drve fee reewa, ke scrap scees,
are o e ecoraged sce e average
R
tHe saetY trianGle
vehiCledriver
inFrasTruCTure
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
red ro occpas o verae roadsers ke pedesras ad ccss, wprovees ro-ed desg sc assoer oes or coapse rrors.Researc ad deveope acve saeas aso creased. tecooges desgedo preve a accde akg pace, raera gag s eec, ke AbS, ESCad seae reders, are wde ed assadard o odas cars ad coercaveces.
Sses reerred o as ADAS (AdvacedDrver Asssa Sses) are asocreasg coo. tese se sesors,radar ad vdeo agg o oor esrrodgs o e vece; d spooorg, ACC (acve crse coro)
ad ae deparre wargs are exapes-se oda.
age o cars soe cores ca e po 14 ears. Repacg ess sae oder carsro e fee w ep.So oo w provees rasrcre,eorcee ad drver edcao.
auTo makers journeyPassve sae sses ave paed a ajorroe casa redco. tecoogesad desg easres a e eec oa cras a e ake or graed oda, wo provees, ke pre-esoedseaes, arags ad cras, adeerg-asorg crpe zoes, e deao o roads wod e ar greaer.mos veces ow ga a ax5-sar rag o EronCAP cras ess
ad passve sae s reacg a eve oar. more rece, aeo as
on tHe WaY to roaD saetY sourCe: International Transport Forum
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
1970 1990 2000 2006
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Thousand units
Thousandfatalities
Motor Vehicles in use | Fatalities
Wearing seatbelts remains a most important habit to adopt
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The road ahead - iCT and iTsi e ears aead, rer ecoogca
reakrog w coe rogeraco ewee drver, vece ad eevroe. Sccess peegese iege Cocaotecooges (iCt) w pa a ajor roe drvg casaes dow rer, ad eaooe dsr s workg o akes appe.
however, a coaorave approac secessar o sppor a erace w-vece sae sses o excageorao ad reorce operaoa
sraeges. ACEA w acve core
o e Cossos itS Aco Pa adw work o address sses sc as eeed or a ser-red a-aceerace (hmi), as we as aers reago prvac ad drver a.iovao, creav ad copeow dever progress iCt ad itS.maacrers sppor sadardsaowere akes sese ad were prodcsad servce are are eog o geeraea arger arke. however, regaos se cosdered o a case--case ass adsjec o rgoros pac assesses.
alerT wiTh eCall
a JoineD-upapproacH to saetY
Ao akers were aog e verrs o sg e meorad oudersadg or eCa, e ssewere a vece aoaca aerseergec servces o e ocao oa accde.
eCa s a cear exape o ow deresakeoders s work owards esae ojecve a coordaed wa. iakes o sese, or exape, o aveeCa coa a vece weere s o rasrcre avaae oaswer a dsress ca.
Fro e ose, ao akers ave
sressed e acve roe a eersaes, eergec servce provdersad oer sakeoders, ke oeework provders, pa.
i s aso pora a dsr gesa ead-e o a eas ree earsaer sadards ave ee xed, asdeveopg ew veces akes aears o accops. O e, eCa
coa ca e oered or a ewpe-approved veces.Deas osde coro o e dsrea a sadardsao w proao e ased e ed o 2009. iw e e p o eer saes o sare process o pgradg e ecessareergec servce rasrcre odever e eCa cocep.
intelliGent transport is a keY DeVelopment sourCe: European Telecommunications Standards Institute
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
eduCaTion and enForCemenTSce e 1960s, coerca veceakers ave oered corses aecorage eco-red, sae drvg.toda, aacrers dever a wderage o rag prograes prooges pracce sc as acpaor drvgse ad e porace o veceaeace. Coerca veceoperaors are aso reqred o dergoproessoa copeece assessesever ve ears.
For a car owers owever, earg odrve a e er o rag a eeo oorg. iapproprae speed, acooad drg sse, drvg we red ado wearg seaes g e soe oe dageros as oorss adop w
sce argeg o edcao, ragad eorcee.
ACEA wecoes e ac a oreepoers are eracg erresposes o ecorage o-gogdrver rag.
Consumer CampaiGnste dsr s a acve parcpa eCoose ESC capag, wc creaes
awareess ad dersadg o eees o specg e skd-preveoecoog. more a 50% o ew carsow coe ed w ESC as sadard,ad a er w coe o rsea sead pace.
Aorda s parcar pora orcosers acg ecooc pressresa oe, ad addoa eecroc saeeqpe oe copees w cooreares or ed dges.
i s pora a ers cosder ae eares o a car a es proecer aes. te dsr as ereorewecoed seps e Eropea saecosor EronCAP o cde ESCe sae rags or ew cars, e
rs acve sae sse o e easred e grop.
road inFrasTruCTureACEA s a srog spporer o e EroRAProad assesse prograe. As par o aegraed approac o accde redco,provees desg, cosrco adaeace o roads are ke.
isses ke oeecks, d corers,approprae speed s ad poorgg, a aec sae. uorae, prevos road sae sraeg, e EropeaCosso as eded o overookessea rasrcre easres scas ads, pac assesses ad saeappgs.
maacrers aso po o e weao orao avaae a oca eve,wc rge eeds o e sared w
dga ap provders o as prove eroad sae daaase. O ad o-oardavgao sses, or exape, code cde ore reae geo-reerecedroad speed daa or drvers.
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europeanTransporTpoliCy
rd dv y jv
d gwh,
w w v
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
e aooe dsr sgvg acve p o e ewrevso o Eropes traspor
Poc, expeced o e deed eex Cossos er. maacrerswecoe a e Cosso as esared e preparao o s revew,aead o e exprg o e e-ear scope
o e 2001 We Paper.
in brieFth d h h d
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TOe o e daea ees o e 2001traspor We Paper was e cocepo oda s, e dea a odes oera road raspor sod e ecoragedor e sake o e evroe. i asoprooed de-copg road rasporro ecooc grow. bo cocepsred o o e sce as a ass or a
workae raspor poc.
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improvinG eFFiCienCyte Cossos d-er revew, pre-seed 2006, served e deveopeo a eer ass or Eropes trasporPoc. i parcar, ackowedged araspor s e cosdered w aoverarcg raework o ssaaeecooc grow, ad a a raspor
odes s prove ecec as we asworkg ogeer.i preseed co-oda, a ore posveass or re poc a oda s,ad revsed e cocep o de-copgraspor ro ecooc grow. tsrepreseed a sep e rg dreco,ackowedgg e porace o roadraspor o Eropes ecooc prosper.ACEA s ow cose oorg e
reasc approac o raspor poc.however, e Eu s ow decsveove owards a raspor poc ased o
ecec raer a odes.
te dsr reas cocered e oe pc persseprecocepos ao road raspor,wc ca ead o reasc adeecve poc ojecves ad easres.Oe exape s e wdespread ee asoe odes are dea eer ro aevroea po o vew a oers.
te rea s dere, as s depedso a grea exe o e sao o aodes ax capac. ts, r,depeds o e voe ad e weg oraspored goods, e eed or oadgad oadg, e des o s ework,e sorce o eerg, e eerg eedro a oaded vece copared w
we oaded ad specc eeds oe cood o e raspored.
modes and means oF TransporTComplemenT eaCh oTherAoer coo percepo s a aodes o raspor copee w eac oer.Fac s a soe odes are copeoor raspor o cera coodes
a, geera, odes serve e ecoo a copeear wa.
Oe wa o deg wc odescopee, s o ook a e vae o egoods a are raspored e dereodes. Exsg aases o rasporw e Eu deosrae a e vaeo e goods s a pora crera or eseeco o e ode o e sed ecsoer.
peeao o ore specc poceasres, parcar e CossosGreeg traspor Package adoped J 2008.
ACEA ecorages derpg repoc ojecves o sod assesseso er posse pac, ad o ase
scearos ad asspos o scecdaa. te ao dsr aso rges e earcosao w a reeva sakeodersvoved ad o ake se o er experkowedge.
The road aheadi s 2006 revso ad e pcogrevew o e We Paper, e Cossoas cear opeed e wa or a ore
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
A coser ook a passeger raspor,rerore, sows a dvda adcoecve raspor oer dere servcesad ereore dere eeds.te are o, as oo oe assed,
cocag vesses. Pc rasporpas wo a do a crcaspporve roe, a o asrearoes. is roe ca e eaced sservce s rer adaped o e eedso s sers (coor, fex, odaegrao, ec.).
A orced oda s poc ased orac resrcos ad creased cossor dvda raspor w ead o a g
oss o weare wo e expecedees or o ad qa o e.Regardg pc raspor, e EropeaCosso sod vesgae e varosarke osaces, prooe ad
ope access o operaors ad press orcopeo e secor.
need For invesTmenTsi addo, e dece vese rasrcre, wc as ae ro1.5% o GDP e 1980s o ess a 1%oda, s e reversed. te ao secorgeeraes ore a 378 o axrevees eac ear. Erope sod e
dg ke raspor projecs a w oo oderse Eropes rasrcre, w aso ep redce egaveevroea pacs ad w creaeos o jos provg exsg addeveopg sarer ew rasrcre,especa roads.
Erope sod o e aggg ed
oer eadg ecooes: eeds oreCo dg or ke rasporprojecs.
proile
o tHe roaD transport sector
580,000 aage copaes 95% w ewer a 10 epoees
Caoage 1.2% o oa aoaroad raspor
280,000 passeger raspor copaes
500 passeger-k sad coac aa
Europe must modernise its inrastructure
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1
CharGinGPar o e Greeg traspor Packagecded a cocao o e Sraegor ierasao o Exera Coss. tsrodced e cocep o cargg asa eecve eas o regag racfow ad fecg oda spread. Aoakers ave qesoed evdece aroad prcg wod prove Eropea
copeveess ad ao akers eevee eodoog sed o cacaecoss a wod app o sers s gsce.
te proposa coes o pace adsproporoae rde o road rasporad does o cde a cos-eeaass coparg erasao o
exera coss w oer sraeges.
te ao secor eeves a, carggs o e cosdered as par o og-ertraspor Poc, s e apped o araspor odes. Doe cargg se avoded. Faress ad rasparec areasc prcpes o e respeced. Carggsses s aso e spe ad reveeera w ds poecaed o redcee exera cos or wc e carge
as ee apped. Cross-ssdsao,were revees ro road raspor aresed o sppor oer raspor odes, saccepae.
2
loGisTiCste deveope o raspor ogscs s
road a aer or dsr wc srveso redce coss ad prove ecec.Coerca, ecca, operaoa adsoa proes s e addressedw e coex o dere arkes.however, ACEA eers argea soe seps ca e ake eCosso o prooe eer ogscsad c ecessar essos, cdg
orog pac assesses o epoea or easres.
Frer prooo o e odar cocep wc wod vove creasg peredgoods vece wegs ad desos -wod ave a edae posve eeco raspor ecec, road sae ade evroe. i wod aso oveErope coser oward er-oda road-ra
raspor soos.
transport eiciencY is also: pickinG tHe most appropriate VeHicle or tHe Job sourCe: VOLVO
Load Fuel l/1000tonnekm l/1000tonnekmGCW/GVW* Capacity Distance Consumption at 100% normal consideringtonne tonne km l/100km tonnekm utilisation utilisation normal utilisation
lonG disTanCe
26 17 100 25 1700 14.7 70% 21.040 25 100 32 2500 12.8 70% 18.3
60 40 100 43 4000 10.8 70% 15.4urban disTribuTion
3.5 1.5 100 12 150 80.0 45% 177.87.5 4 100 15 400 37.5 45% 83.3
12 7.2 100 19 720 26.4 45% 58.6
18 11 100 22 1100 20.0 45% 44.4
*Gross Combination Weight (Long Distance) / G ross Vehicle Weight (Urban Distribution)
in tHe spotliGHt
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3
inTelliGenT TransporT
sysTems (iTs)ACEA eers w acve core oe poc ojecves ed e iegetraspor Sses Aco Pa wc wasapproved e Cosso Deceer2008. i as o acceerae ad coordaee depoe o itS road raspor,cdg eraces w oer rasporodes.
iege iorao ad Cocaotecooges or e ass or oege rasrcre ad egeveces, ad ave e poea o akeroad raspor ceaer, sarer ad saer.A egraed approac, a voves asakeoders, s ke sce coecvw re o eworked sses adparersps.
te itS Aco Pa gged a ero pora appcaos cdg eerrave ad rac orao, opsaoo coerca reg ad eer feeaagee, road sae ad secr,cooperave sses ke vece-o-vecead vece-o-rasrcre. ACEAeers w pa a ajor roe rggsc projecs orward ad parcpag
e itS Advsor Grop.
i eac o ese areas, e dsr wprse asc prcpes o copeveess.Progress w deped po poca wad coecve eor ro a sakeoders.
marke peerao o ew sses s owad qesos, ke vese se-pcoss ad ecoogca depoe acrosse vece fee, w ave o e addressed.lega sses, daa proeco ad pcaccepace s aso e cosdered.
te dsr sppors e EropeaSaee o Prcpes (ESOP) or saeegrao as a voar approac
does o see e eed or a regaorraework o a sae o-oard ha-mace-ierace (hmi). marke drve,ecoog-eadg sses, ke ESC adACC, ave aread ee rodced addever copeve advaage wo eeed or regao.
Eors o as-rack ew regao e
ed o itS are parcar wecoe as caegg e, rasg e specre oecessar coss or dsr ad prcecreases or cosers.
4
urban TransporT
Aswers o ra raspor qesos areoca o aoa resposes, deo e dvers o poc respos,adsrave srcres ad acaresposes. te dsr s o ceara poc ocs a Eropea eve addsvae, ad e Cosso s recogsee sse o ssdar.
We crre awag a Cosso
Aco Pa, ACEA eers arge arac easres ca e apped o ocasses wo resor o copcaed adexpesve access resrco easresad cogeso cargg. tese cadaage sesses ad aec qa oe or resdes. Veces are eas ecewe sck a rac ja or we sadecessar a a red g, ad e pror
sod e e opsao o rac fows.
Fuel consumption (l/100km); 40 tonne truck
traic conGestion increases uel consumption sourCe: VDA
0
20
40
60
80
100
50 km/h non stop
28
50 km/h 1 stop/km
52
50 km/h 2 stops/km
84
48
ChapTer 3
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th v e hghy v,g 12 j, g gy
y. i qy d wdwdd v r&D h y h . s g wh gh h dw, dy dvg gwh.
CompeTiTiveness
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
48
markeT and eConomy
Theautomobileindustrysupports
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53
innovaTion,
researCh & developmenT
TheautomotivesectorisEuropes
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inTernaTional Trade
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markeTand eConomy
a d dw
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
rope rees o a srogaoove secor. Freraca ad ecooc
pressre o e secor w aec eEropea ecoo as a woe; 2.2 opeope are epoed drec aooveaacrg; a addoa 9.8 o reo or er jos cose reaed secors.
te rea per, ers o epoe
e wder ecoo, s s ger. ACEAeers geerae a rover o 551o, ad oa dsr expors are wor77 o. Arod 378 o axescoe ro veces, reorcg e secorsrepao as e ege roo o Erope.
vehiCle produCTioni 2008, 18.4 o veces were ade Erope, 7% ewer a e 19.7 oprodced 2007. O e ve ajorvece prodcg cores, ia reporede wors dece (-20.3%), oowed
in brieFacea d vg 2008 v hvy
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vh d y 50%.
Frace (-14.9%), Spa (-12%),e uK (-5.8%) ad Gera (-2.8%).
Car prodco e 7%, ro 17.1 o15.9 o s. Op Asra eos draaca (-37.3%), oowed ia (-27.6%) ad Fad (-25%). neweer saes, wc acco or 18%o Eu prodco ared eer; Poadad hgar repored op creases o
20.9% ad 18.9% respecve.
Va ad rck prodco refeced a dra-ac dece e ecoo e aqarer. Fro Jaar o Je 2008, gcoerca vece prodco ad rse6.5%; qarer or, crased 7% or138,481 s. heav rck prodco asorose qarer wo 15%, o o a20% ro Sepeer o Deceer. bsad coac prodco repored grow op as ear, rsg 7%, owever arkessowed sgs o aerg Deceer.
E
neW commercial VeHicle reGistrations anD GDp GroWtH in tHe eu | 1998 - 2008
sourCe: Eurostat / ACEA / AAA
1,900,000
2,100,000
2,300,000
2,500,000
2,700,000
2,900,000
1,700,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
New pc registrations (units) GDP Growth (%)
New CV Registrations - EU
EU GDP
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markeT demand
i Weser Erope, o ve coresposed ew car grow, Fad (+11.2%),Porga (+5.7%), beg (+2.1%),lxeorg (+2.0%) ad Swzerad(+1.0%). Aog e ve ajor arkes,Spa repored e seepes a dead s sor (-28.1%), we ia (-13.4%)ad e uK (-11.3%) e ore a10%. Across Erope, ew car deade 7.8% o 14.7 o s. i e a
qarer crased 19.3%.
Coser coces refeced cocersao e ecoo. marke peerao osa cars was e ges ever a 38.8%;SuVs peerao wc ad peaked 2007 a 9.9.% e ack o 9%, w eos draac a Frace ro 7.2 o4.6%. Average ege sze e o 1706cc,ro 1740cc a ear earer, we averagepower op, wc ad rse seadsce 1990, e o 86 ro 87 KW. more
tHe car market in seGments | 2008
a a o a ew cars sod were dese
odes (52.7%).
Coerca vece regsraos weredow 9% across Erope, e sarpesdowr sce 1993. trck regsraos,dow 4% overa, sered os eweer saes (-21.1%). lg coercavece dead (lCVs), p 5.1% eweer saes, was dragged dow perorace Weser Erope (-12%) o
ed 10.4% dow overa. bs ad coacregsraos rose 12.1% over e ear, Deceer e e 7.5%.
b marc 2009, govere fee reewascees ad ee rodced 11cores o oos faggg arkes adep ssa e raso o greeercars. i Gera, ew car saes rose aecoragg 21.5% Ferar. Eecswere aso oae oer arkes, scas Frace, ia ad Sovaka.
New PC Registrations - EU
EU GDP
neW passenGer car reGistrations anD GDp GroWtH in tHe eu | 1990 2008 sourCe: Eurostat / ACEA / AAA
11,500,000
12,000,000
12,500,000
13,000,000
13,500,000
14,000,000
14,500,000
15,000,000
15,500,000
16,000,000
16,500,000
11,000,000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1.5
-2.5
New pc registrations (units) GDP Growth (%)
Small
38.8%
based onGlobal Insight Data
Executive
12.3%
Upper-Medium
17%
Lower-Medium
31.7%
Others
0.1%
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
vehiCles in use
Accordg o e aes AnFAC (Spasaooe assocao) repor, ere were251.5 o veces o e roads eearged Eu a e ed o 2007. O ese,aos 220 o (87%) were cars.ta refeced a 0.5% drop o 2006gres, prar de o a 11.6%decrease e Gera fee ro 46.6o 41.2 o cars.
te Eropea car fee s coceraed ve a arkes (Gera, ia, Frace,uK ad Spa) wc dese peeraos ow arod 30%. Across e eargedEu, ere s a g proporo o oder carso Eropes roads. Accordg o AnFAC,30% o cars are oder a 10 ears. isoe ew eer saes, e average ageo a car s p o 14 ears, epassg eporace - ecooc, evroea adsae o srog easres o ecoragefee reewa.
eConomiC baCkGround
Gdp Gt Fct
2009 2010
erozoe -1.9% 0.4%
Eu27 -1.8% 0.5%
uS -1.8% 2.3%
Japa -1.7% 1.1%
te Erozoe s ow oca recesso
oowg wo sccessve qarers oegave grow. te rade dec s rsgad posve epoe reds are orefeced ao aacrg wcas sared o repor sgca jo osses.te overa sao aca arkesreas cera, despe assvejecos o qd ro goveresad cera aks.
Edorsed noveer, e CossosEropea Ecooc Recover Pa aso preve a dowward spra. however,ecooc orecass or 2009 ave eerevsed dowwards w GDP expeced odrop e Erozoe 1.9% ad eEu27 1.8%. modes grow o 0.4%ad 0.5% s expeced 2010.
Despe eres rae cs, ag o prces
($146 a arre J 2008 o $44.5 Jaar 2009) ower cood prcesad fao wc s ow 1.1% ro ag o 4% J 2008, sess adcoser codece reas ow. Sced-2007, e Cossos sess addsra codece dcaors ave eeag we s Deceer 2008 cosercodece dcaor was e owes adee sce reporg ega 1985.
% cHanGe in VeHicle reGistrations | 2008/2007
-20
-30
-10
0
10
20
30
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Cars Vans Trucks Buses & Coaches
% cHanGe in VeHicle proDuction | 2008/2007 sourCe: ACEA
-40
-50
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
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Automotive industry (production operAtions)
Automobile manuacturing
Equipment and accessories
Bodywork, trailers, caravans
other mAnufActuring Activities
Manuacture, retreading and rebuilding o rubber tyres and tubes
Manuacture o bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements
Manuacture o cooling and ventilation equipment
Manuacture o computers and other inormation processing equipment
Manuacture o electric motors, generators and transormers Manuacture o electrical equipment or engines and vehicles (not elsewhere reported)
Automobile use
Sale and distribution o motor vehicles
Maintenance and repair o motor vehicles
Sale o motor vehicle parts and accessories
Sale o motor uels
Renting o automobiles
trAnsport
Road transport (passengers and reight)
2.2 m J
9.8 m J
12.1 m J
* Indirect employment data does not report employment in raw material sector (e.g. steel, aluminum, glass, etc.),textile, driving schools, licensing activities, vehicle testing, vehicle insurance and nancing, etc.
ForeCasTsProdco ad saes gres ro ea qarer o 2008 revea e scae adspeed w wc e dsr as eeaeced e ecooc dowr.markes across Erope sered, orcg asowdow prodco ad jo osses avece aacrg pas ad across
e copoe spp ca.
Forecass s cera e arever dc, ae o coserad sess codece s ow. mosaacrers do o expec e saoo prove 2010. i reds see ea qarer o 2008 ad o e rs ewos o 2009 coe, passeger carprodco cod dece a qarer ad
coerca vece prodco a eas50%, refecg a draac drop ordersro sess csoers.
834
2 1
LT LV
3
EE
3
EL
3
IE
4
BG
6
DK
7
FI
12
SI
22
NL
23
PT
33
SK
34
AT
45
HU
59
BE
60
RO
86
SE
126
CZ
137
PL
159
ES
168
IT
174
UK
258
FRDE
Direct automotiVe emploYment bY countrY ( hd) | 2007 sourCe: Eurostat / ACEA
800
600
400
200
automobile sector: Direct anD inDirect* emploYment | 2007 sourCe: Eurostat
55
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innovaTion,researCh &developmenT
dg g,d d wd-dg
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56 innoVation, researcH & DeVelopm ent
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raspor ad o are aprereqse or ecoocprosper ad soca acv,
aso pose sgca caeges orssaa. i e decades o coe,aoove researc w ocso areas ke aagg raspor grow,provg road sae ad ocsg oe evroea pac o creasedo eeds.
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T
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
sgca c deas ad jr oEropes roads, despe a crease rac voes.
Coerca veces ad passeger carsare ow cose o eg o race eveso ar poas. A oder rck ses p o30% ess e a oe 30 ears ago, we akes weve o prodce e sae oseeve as oe vece 35 ears ago.
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eee o ssaa s aorda,cdg e coss o vece operaoad aeace.
i a word o ever-creasg goasaoad eraoa copeo, eaoove dsr w work o keepcoss dow, o rea R&D aces adprodco Erope, ad o saegarde qa o s prodcs. i s coex,copeve sreg s ke.
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or roads.
te s a ke acor sccess rggecooges o arke. R&D eors cadever o aer a sce perod odeveope, dsra egrao adcopreesve esg. A percepo orgec or ew egsao a does orespec e-scaes w o acceeraeprogress. Grodreakg ecooges,
parcar -vece itS sses
EU 53,7%Japan 21,1%
US 15,6%
Korea 1,0%
China 0,4%
Other 8,2%
patents ileD bY tHe auto sector | 2007
sourCe: EPO (European Patent Oce)
o h 68,147 e d 2007,
5,881 d h e, 8.6%
innoVation, researcH & DeVelopm ent58
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r&d in saFeTy sysTems
toDaYArags, ar cras, ad arag depoae ro oesiproved ro-ed desg o proec verae road sersESPAcve sea es ad pre-cras proeco sseslae deparre wargsng vso sses
tomorroWi-vece iCt/itS sses, or vece-o-vece ad
vece o rasrcre cocaoAdvaced drver asssace sseSe-aooos vece cos
r&d in enerGy and environmenT
toDaYDese parcae rapsDrec jeco ad exas gas
recrcaoEce geargEecroc oor ad rassso
aageeboe copa veceshrd cars ad rcks
tomorroWF-eecrc drverashdroge ad e ce propso
Advaced drver orao sses
Cooperative systems based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-inrastructure communication
sourCe: FP6 Project PReVENT
Application areas o conventional and uture propulsion systems sourCe: Daimler
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
te Eropea aooe dsrs parcpag a wde rage o
coaorave Eropea researc addeveope projecs. te Eropea
Coc or Aoove R&D (EuCAR)pas a pora roe s coex ad
provdes e aoove aacrersw a paor or deg coo
pre-copeve Eropea R&D.
usg s paor, e dsr asdeed e areas o researc ad
deveope cosders o e o pror, order o dever copeve prodcs
ad servces or poea arke ac 2020, ad eod: traspor ad
mo, Eerg ad Evroe,Sae ad Secr, Aorda ad
Copeveess.
ColleCTive aCTion
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60
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inTernaTionalTradem g
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
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te goa raework wc veceaacrers do sess s creasgpora. Expor grow eergg
arkes ke Ca ad Rssa, vese resorces aroad ad e ecoocdowr a oe reorce e goa orade wo arrers.
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eqvae oppores aroad orEropea aacrers.
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T
eu automotiVe traDe | 2007 ( b) sourCe: ACEA / CCFA
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
JAPAN TURKEY S. KOREA USA MEXICO THAILAND BRAZIL CHINA S.AFRICA INDIA SWITZERLAND
Imports rom | Exports to
62 international traDe
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examples o import Duties (d ) | 2008
sourCe: Market Access Databaselight
pAssenger commerciAl
pArts cArs vehicles trucks
Korea 8% 8% 10% 10%
Thailand 30% 80% 40% 40%(CKD*=30%) (CKD*= 30%)
Malaysia 25% 30% 30% 30%(CKD*=10%) (CKD*= 10%) (CKD*= 10%)
Indonesia 15% 65,7 or 45% 40% 80%(CKD*= 25%) (CKD*= 20%) (CKD*= 40%)
India 13.5% 101% 13.5% 13.5%
Ukraine 0 10% 10% 10%
Russia 0 25% 10% 15%
m 18% 35% 35% 35%
eu bounD taris
Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles 10%
Trucks 22%
Buses 16%
bilaTeral Trade aGreemenTsi e asece o goa rade agreees,
s pora a e Eu prses aeraad regoa agreees. i 2005, ea repor o CARS 21 recoedede Eropea uo o copee saera rade poc w a aeraapproac, epg dever c eededprovees expor oppores oraacrers.
te repor arged e rgec o e case,gve e de o aera agreeesewee oer regos ad growarkes, parcar ose Asa. teseave e poea o excde Eropeaaacrers.
i Apr 2007, e Coc gave a adaeo e Cosso o egoae FtAs(Free trade Agreees) w severa
cores ad regos. te prores or
e Eropea aoove dsr areida ad ASEAn cores, asomERCOSuR or wc egoaossared eg ears ago. low eve o ressad ack o perspecve o cocdeeecve FtAs a oreseeae re are
dsappog.
te dsr w coe o epassee porace o recproca radeadvaages or Eropea aacrers regoa ad aera FtAs. Cosderaos e gve o e sze o e arke,arke access ad eves o ar ado-ar arrers, as we as a orog
assesse o e pac o e Eusecor. tese crera were cded eEropea Cosso e 2006 pocpaper Goa Erope: Copeg Agase Word.
i e crre ecooc cae, sode perave or e Eu o egoaeagreees a do o weake ecopeveess o e Eropea ao
dsr.
The priorities or the European automotive industry are
trade negotiations with ASEAN Countries and MERCOSUR
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EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT
souTh korea a Case sTudy
i 2007, So Korea expored arod700,000 veces o e Eu, ear 20%o a veces pored o Erope.ye, Eu expors were ed o arod28,000 veces a So Korea arkeo 1 o.
ma ee ad ar arke access aveo e e edrock o a aera radeagreee. i s ereore a cocer a
FtA egoaos w So Korea aveo oowed ese prcpes. Ao akersave rged a orog pac assesse.
barrers, ke Korea ecca sadards,cages o res o org ad ddrawack case cocessos, as weas e approprae sor ead-e orar dsag, s e addressed.te dsr s aso cocered a e
ers proposed cod se a desraeprecede re egoaos w oerAsa cores.
EFTA, CIS & Others* 24%
Asia 21%
Others 17%(Arica + Oceania)
NAFTA 36%
South America 2%
eu25 automobile traDe ( m)
Year 2006 Year 2007
trade trade imports exports balance imports exports balance
Passenger Cars 30 021 65 376 35 355 31 612 69 152 37 540
Light Commercial Vehicles 3 615 2 454 -1 161 3 955 3 092 -863
Heavy Commercial Vehicles +Buses & Coaches 1 306 9 500 8 194 1 687 11 953 10 266
ToTal 34 942 77 330 42 388 37 255 84 197 46 942
sourCe: Eurostat / CCFA / OICA*Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia Herzegovina
64
ChapTer 4
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th v dy h gd h eu.
ov-g d vfg g
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reGulaToryFramework 64sTreamlininG reGulaTion
TheautomotiveindustryisoneofthemostregulatedsectorsintheEU,
yg wh h 80 eu Dv d v 115 gd wh
h w unece.
Differentpolicygoalsinareaslikesafetyandenvironmenthavecreatedrules
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h dw.
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69
ConsisTenT TaxaTion
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76
inTelleCTual properTy
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sTreamlininGreGulaTion
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67reGulaTory Framework
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pproacg 2015,aacrers ace aarrage o ew res o
essos ad sae. tese cdeger esso s, ew car CO
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