Post on 03-Aug-2020
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Multiple Representations with Overrides, Multiple Representations with Overrides, and their relationship toand their relationship to
DLM/DCM GeneralizationDLM/DCM Generalization
Paul HardyPaul HardyDan LeeDan Lee
phardy@esri.comphardy@esri.comdlee@esri.comdlee@esri.com
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ContextContext
•• This is a forwardThis is a forward--looking presentation, looking presentation, and much of the capabilities it describes and much of the capabilities it describes are still under development.are still under development.
•• As such, it is intended to give guidance As such, it is intended to give guidance as to likely future direction and should as to likely future direction and should not be interpreted as a commitment by not be interpreted as a commitment by ESRI to provide precise capabilities in ESRI to provide precise capabilities in specific releases.specific releases.
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Representations and Representations and OverridesOverrides
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Five Stages of Symbolization ControlFive Stages of Symbolization ControlStage 1 -Linear Features
(Tracks)
5 - FreeRepresentation
Stage 2 -GIS Dash symbol
Bad joinsand bends
4 - ManualOverride
3 - AutomaticRepresentation
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Solution ConceptsSolution Concepts•• One environment through GIS to finishingOne environment through GIS to finishing•• Cartographic RepresentationsCartographic Representations
–– HighHigh--quality rules for visualizationquality rules for visualization•• Stored in the databaseStored in the database
•• OverridesOverrides–– Exceptions to the rulesExceptions to the rules
•• Human knows better than machineHuman knows better than machine•• Can sometimes automate (culCan sometimes automate (cul--dede--sac roads)sac roads)•• Stored in the databaseStored in the database
•• Representation editing toolsRepresentation editing tools–– Intuitive, similar to IllustratorIntuitive, similar to Illustrator
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Screen or Print
Shape
GIS Feature
Symbol
Representation PipelineRepresentation Pipeline
Geometric Effect
Basic Symbol
RepresentationRule ID
Overrides(if any)
Rule Geometric Effect
Geometric Effect
Basic Symbol
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DemonstrationDemonstration
Representations & OverridesRepresentations & Overrides
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CulCul--dede--sac Processingsac Processing
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Free Representation Free Representation --editing of dashes for clarityediting of dashes for clarity
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Cartographic EditingCartographic Editing
•• See [Eicher & Briat 2005] ICA paperSee [Eicher & Briat 2005] ICA paper–– ““Supporting Interactive, Manual Editing of Supporting Interactive, Manual Editing of
Cartographic Representations in GIS Cartographic Representations in GIS SoftwareSoftware””
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Road crossingsRoad crossings
Road intersections ambiguousRoad intersections ambiguous
Use crossing areas as maskUse crossing areas as maskAutomatically calculate crossingsAutomatically calculate crossings
Can add parapets automaticallyCan add parapets automatically
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Escarpment Escarpment –– Stages of ControlStages of Control
2GIS symbol
3Representation
4Manual Override
1Line features
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Swiss topographic map Swiss topographic map representationrepresentation
Data copyrightswisstopo
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DatabaseDatabase--centered Workflowscentered Workflows
ViewsViews
AnalysisAnalysis
Mission CriticalMission CriticalApplicationsApplications
UpdatesUpdatesMapsMaps
EnterpriseEnterpriseGeodatabaseGeodatabase
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Simple case Simple case –– existing featuresexisting features
CartographicRepresentation(Clearer roads)
Town Plan Map
Feature Class
(Roads)
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CartographicRepresentation(Clearer roads)
Feature Class
(Roads)
Multiple RepresentationsMultiple Representations
Town Plan map
AnotherRepresentation(Special roads)
Leisure map
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Enterprise (DLM) CaseEnterprise (DLM) Case
DLMFeature Class
(Detailed Roads)
CartographicRepresentation(Better roads)
Town Plan map
AnotherRepresentation(Special roads)
Leisure map
Feature Class
(Roads)
Extract via Geoprocessing:•Copy•Select Subset•Generalize
Cartographic Database
Landscape Database
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Landscape Models, Cartographic Models, and ProductsLandscape Models, Cartographic Models, and Products
1:200K Atlas
1:50K Topo
1:100K Topo
1:250K Sheet
1:10K Sheet
1:10K PDF
VisualProduct
Cartographic Model
DCM_Small
DCM_Mid
DeriveFeatures
DeriveFeatures
DCM_Basic
Cartographic Generalization
DeriveFeatures
DLM Fine(Master)
Change in Real World
Landscape Model
Fine Routing
DLMMedium
DeriveFeatures
Model Generalization
DLMCoarse
DeriveFeatures
Course Routing
DataProduct
Derive Reps
Derive Reps
Rep250SRep200A
Rep100TRep50T
Derive Reps
Rep10SRep10P
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Geoprocessing and GeneralizationGeoprocessing and Generalization
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GeoprocessingGeoprocessingCore tools
Python Scripts and AMLs
Models (including other tools)
ArcToolbox
Any executable
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GeneralizationGeneralization•• Generalization is about abstractionGeneralization is about abstraction
–– exaggerate the importantexaggerate the important–– subdue or remove irrelevant detailsubdue or remove irrelevant detail–– move reality to make spacemove reality to make space
•• Needs pattern recognitionNeeds pattern recognition–– Humans find hard, while computers find harder!Humans find hard, while computers find harder!
1:10,000 1:50,000 1:250,000
Crow
n Copyright, C
ourtesy OSG
B
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Aggregate polygons
Aggregate buildings avoiding streetsSimplify buildings Displace buildings
from roads
Collapse double-line roads to centerlines Displace linear features
Generalization AlgorithmsGeneralization Algorithms
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Generalization Process ModelsGeneralization Process Models
Data Ordnance Survey GBCrown Copyright
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New Generalization ToolsNew Generalization Tools• Four New tools to Generalize Database Features
– Simplify Polygon - Simplifies a polygon by removing small fluctuations or extraneous bends from its boundary and preserves its essential shape
– Simplify Building - Simplifies the boundary or footprint of a building polygon while maintaining its essential shape and size
– Aggregate Polygon - Combines disjoint and adjacent polygons into new area features based on a distance
– Collapse Dual Lines to Centerlines - Derives centerlines (single lines) from dual-line features
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Simplify PolygonsSimplify Polygons
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Simplify BuildingsSimplify Buildings
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Aggregate PolygonsAggregate Polygons
Non-orthogonal
Orthogonal
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Collapse DualCollapse Dual--Lines To CenterlineLines To Centerline
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Generalization is HardGeneralization is Hard•• CanCan’’t do it a feature at a timet do it a feature at a time
–– Involves relationships with neighboursInvolves relationships with neighbours•• CanCan’’t do it a layer at a timet do it a layer at a time
–– Relationships are with features of many classesRelationships are with features of many classes•• CanCan’’t do uniformlyt do uniformly
–– Even features of one class have different surroundingsEven features of one class have different surroundings•• CanCan’’t do it across whole map at oncet do it across whole map at once
–– Must localize or partitionMust localize or partition•• CanCan’’t do it just on geometryt do it just on geometry
–– Needs understanding of topology and of attributesNeeds understanding of topology and of attributes
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Possible Generalization FlowPossible Generalization Flow
Data Structure
Enrichment
Meso area Classification
Context Analysis
Dispatch to Appropriate Algorithm
PartitioningPattern &
Group Detection
Reclassify, Aggregate Exaggerate, Simplify, Displace, Typify, …
Loop until Done
Check
If worse, undo
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UpdateUpdate
•• Change at largest scale then propagate Change at largest scale then propagate incremental differencesincremental differences
•• See [Briat, Monnot, Kressmann 2005] See [Briat, Monnot, Kressmann 2005] ICA paper:ICA paper:–– ““Incremental Update of Cartographic Data Incremental Update of Cartographic Data
in a Versioned Environmentin a Versioned Environment””
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SummarySummary
•• Advanced cartographic representation mechanisms Advanced cartographic representation mechanisms and cartographic editing tools will soon become and cartographic editing tools will soon become available in a commodity GIS. available in a commodity GIS.
•• Together with production automation and graphics Together with production automation and graphics capabilities they will dramatically change the scope of capabilities they will dramatically change the scope of automated cartography, facilitating the generation of automated cartography, facilitating the generation of multiple products from a central database. multiple products from a central database.
•• The human freedom enabled by the override system, The human freedom enabled by the override system, combined with the symbolization rule pipeline, will combined with the symbolization rule pipeline, will permit highpermit high--quality attractive cartography within a quality attractive cartography within a databasedatabase--centered environment.centered environment.
•• The representation and override mechanisms, together The representation and override mechanisms, together with the geoprocessing framework also form the with the geoprocessing framework also form the foundation for generalization processes and foundation for generalization processes and incremental update propagationincremental update propagation
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Questions and Comments?Questions and Comments?
phardy@esri.comphardy@esri.com