Environmental systems and societies

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Candidate session number

23 pages

Monday 2 November 2020 (morning)

2 hours

Environmental systems and societiesStandard levelPaper 2

Instructions to candidates

y Write your session number in the boxes above.y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.y Section A: answer all questions.y Section B: answer two questions.y Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.y A calculator is required for this paper.y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [65 marks].

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Section A

Answer all questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.

Figure 1: Demographic transition model

0

5045403530252015105

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Year

Tota

l pop

ulat

ion

CBR

, CD

R (p

er 1

000)

Key:CBRCDRTotal population

1. (a) Costa Rica has a crude birth rate (CBR) of 15.3 and a crude death rate (CDR) of 4.8.

(i) Identify the stage in which Costa Rica would be placed on the demographic transition model shown in Figure 1. [1]

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(ii) Calculate the natural increase rate (NIR) for Costa Rica. [1]

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(iii) Calculate the doubling time for Costa Rica. [1]

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(b) Outline one strength and one limitation of the demographic transition model. [2]

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(c) Outline the socioeconomic factors that may cause a society to move from Stage 2 to Stage 3 on the demographic transition model. [3]

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Figure 2: Representation of the water cycle

Condensation

Advection

EvaporationEvaporation

Sublimation

Precipitation

Plant uptake Groundwaterflow

Infiltrationand

percolation

Melted snowrunoff

Surface runoff

Transpiration

2. (a) (i) Identify one transfer and one transformation process shown in Figure 2. [2]

Transfer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Transformation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Outline how urbanization might impact two of the storages in Figure 2. [2]

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(b) Runoff from agricultural land can result in excess nutrients entering water bodies.

(i) Outline one indirect measure of organic pollution. [3]

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(ii) State one management strategy that could control the release of agricultural runoff. [1]

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Figure 3: Examples of entanglement of marine species

Plastic bags are the mostcommonly ingested type of debris

among sea turtles.

Most entanglementreports in the United Statesinvolve northern fur seals,Hawaiian monk seals andsea turtles.

From reports in theUnited States, at least115 marine speciesare impacted byentanglement, includingmammals, turtles, birds,fish and crabs. Worldwide,the number tops 200.

Figure 4: Sea turtle species and their status from the IUCN Red List

Species Status

Leatherback Vulnerable

Flatback Data defi cient

Kemp’s ridley Critically endangered

Olive ridley Vulnerable

Green Endangered

Hawksbill Critically endangered

Loggerhead Vulnerable

3. (a) Calculate the percentage of sea turtle species from Figure 4 that are critically endangered. [1]

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(b) State two factors that are used to determine the conservation status of a species. [2]

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(c) Identify two strategies for fisheries management that could improve the conservation status of sea turtles. [2]

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(d) Discuss how solid domestic waste disposal options could be used to reduce the threats to marine organisms. [4]

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Section B

Answer two questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.

4. (a) Distinguish between two named biomes and the factors that cause their distribution. [4]

(b) Evaluate one method for measuring primary productivity in a named ecosystem. [7]

(c) Discuss how human activities impact the flows and stores in the nitrogen cycle. [9]

5. (a) Outline how a positive feedback loop can impact an ecosystem. [4]

(b) Compare and contrast the impact of two named food production systems on climate change. [7]

(c) To what extent does the development of different societies impact their choice of mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change? [9]

6. (a) Outline two factors that enable a human population to increase its local carrying capacity. [4]

(b) Explain how the growth in human population can affect local and regional water resources. [7]

(c) To what extent would different environmental value systems be successful in reducing a society’s ecological footprint? [9]

7. (a) Outline two factors that affect the frequency and severity of photochemical smog in an area. [4]

(b) Evaluate strategies to manage regional acid deposition using the pollution management model. [7]

(c) To what extent have international agreements been successful in solving atmospheric air pollution and climate change? [9]

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References:

Figure 1 CIA, 2018. World Factbook: Costa Rica. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html.

Figure 3 NOAA.

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Environmental systems and societies

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