ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES STANDARD … systems... · ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES...
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8810-6301 13 pages
N10/4/ENVSO/SP1/ENG/TZ0/XX
Tuesday 2 November 2010 (afternoon)
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIESSTANDARD LEVELPAPER 1
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Write your session number in the boxes above.• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.• Answer all of the questions in the spaces provided. You may continue your answers on
answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided.
• At the end of the examination, indicate the number of answer sheets used in the appropriate box on your cover sheet.
1 hour
Candidate session number
0 0
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2010
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1. Figure1belowshowstheglobaldistributionofphysicalandeconomicwaterscarcity(shortage).
Figure 1
Key:PhysicalwaterscarcityMorethan75%ofwaterresourcesarewithdrawnforhumanuses.
ApproachingphysicalwaterscarcityMorethan60%ofwaterresourcesarewithdrawnforhumanuses.
EconomicwaterscarcityWaterresourcesareabundant.Lessthan25%ofwaterresourcesarewithdrawnforhumanusesduetoeconomicconstraints.
LittleornowaterscarcityLessthan25%ofwaterresourcesarewithdrawnforhumanuses.
Nodata
[ComprehensiveAssessmentofWaterManagementinAgriculture.2007.WaterforFood,WaterforLife:AComprehensiveAssessmentofWaterManagementinAgriculture.London:Earthscan,andColombo:InternationalWaterManagementInstitute.]
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(Question 1 continued)
(a) WithreferencetoFigure1,
(i) determinethemeaningofwaterscarcity.
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(ii) describethepatternofglobalwaterscarcity.
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(Question 1 continued)
(b) (i) Constructadiagramtoshowthewatercycle(hydrologicalcycle). Labelstores,flowsandprocesses. [3]
(ii) Annotatethediagraminpart(b)(i)toshowtwoexamplesofhowhumanswithdrawwaterfromthecycle. [1]
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2. Thediagrambelowshowstwobioticcomponentsofthecarboncycle:aplantandabird.
(a) Annotatethediagramtoshowtheinputsandoutputsofcarbonthroughphotosynthesisandrespiration. [2]
(b) Outlinetwoexamplesofatransformationofcarbonandtwoexamplesofatransferofcarbonwhichoccurduringthecarboncycle.
Transformationofcarbon:
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Transferofcarbon:
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3. Figure2belowshows thatsustainabledevelopmentmaydependon the interactionbetweenthreedifferentpriorities.
Figure 2
Social
Sustainabledevelopment
EconomicEnvironment
[Source:adaptedfromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:Sustainable_development.svgAuthor:JohannDréo;date:March92006/translatedJanuary212007.]
(a) Statewhatismeantbythetermenvironmental value system.
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[1]
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(Question 3 continued)
(b) WithreferencetoFigure2opposite,completethetablebelowto
(i) identifythepriorityforeachsectorofsociety. [1]
(ii) describe an example of howaconservationbiologistandabankermaysupportsustainabledevelopment. [2]
Priority Example
Self-reliance soft ecologist ..................Communitycooperativesetuptoselllocalproduceandshareproductioncoststoincreaseprofits.
Conservation biologist ..................
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Banker ..................
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(c) Explainwhysustainableenergysourcesarenotalwaysadoptedbysocieties.
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4. Figure3below is agraph showing thewater contentof threedifferent soils (A,BandC) asrainfallincreases.
Figure 3
SoilA
SoilB
SoilC
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0Rainfall/cm3
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Watercontentofsoil/cm
3cm
–3
(a) DescribethetrendinwatercontentforSoil Aasrainfallincreases.
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(b) IdentifywhichofthethreesoilsA,BorCmatchthesoiltypeslistedinthetablebelow. [1]
Soil type Soil A, Soil B or Soil C
Sandsoil
Claysoil
Loamsoil
(c) Definethetermgross primary productivity.
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(Question 4 continued)
(d) Suggest,giving reasons,whichof the soil types in the tableoppositewill support thehighestprimaryproductivity.
Soilwithhighestprimaryproductivity: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reasons: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5. ThemapinFigure 4 belowshows platemovements and three biodiversity hotspots inAsiaandAustralasia. Hotspotsare regionswithespeciallyhighbiodiversity.
Figure 4
I
II
III
N
Key:
I Himalayas
II Philippines
III South-westAustralia
biodiversityhotspot
plateboundary
platesmovingapart
platesmovingtogether
[Source:adaptedfromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Pacific_centred.svg]
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(Question 5 continued)
(a) Definethetermbiodiversity.
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(b) Explain how theplatemovementsshowninFigure4oppositemayhave contributed tothebiodiversityof thehotspot regions.
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(Question 5 continued)
(c) Figure5below is a photographof aClouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), oneof theHimalayanspeciesthatislistedas“vulnerable”ontheRedList.
Figure 5
[Source:photographtakenbyNancyVandermeyofEFBC’sFelineConservationCenter,RosamondCA.Photographreproducedwithpermission.]
(i) Outline four factors that are used to determine the conservation status of anorganismon theRedList.
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(ii) With reference to the case history of a named critically endangered speciesor endangered species, describe the human factors that have led to itsconservation status.
Nameofspecies: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Descriptionofhumanfactors:
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6. (a) Describeonedirectmethodofmonitoringpollution.
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(b) State,givingareason,whethertroposphericozoneisanexampleofpointsourcepollutionornon-pointsourcepollution.
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[1]
(c) State the name and identify the source of one of the chemicals which causesstratospheric ozone depletion.
Nameofchemical: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sourceofchemical:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[1]
(d) EvaluatethesuccessoftheMontrealProtocolinreducingozone-depletingsubstances.
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[3]
(e) Explainhowdepletionoftheozonelayerisanexampleofpositivefeedback.
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[3]
1313