Post on 06-Apr-2018
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 1/14
100 GENERAL V O C A В U L A R Y ( а . ) The words and term.s contai.Ded iD. this
vocabulary d е f i л е d and described to р с о vide с о m ш terminology aid in
and understanding Handbook ."d
erations Manuals for the Distribution Ccnter.
V O C A В U L A R Y Absolute pressore - (see Pressure)
Absolute temperature - (see Temperature)
Absolute vapor pressure . (see Pres5ure)
А с с u r э с у - Т Ь е ability mcasuring iDstrument to indicate values closely approximatingthe true value of the quantiry measured.
Accuracy curve volume meter - plot of
meter factor ц . s f u n с Ь о п flow rate used
evaluate the meter's performance.
Air (or gas) eliminator (or separ,tor) -
device used sepa.:rate and remove gases ( з i r , gas У а р о с ) п о ш liquid measuredprevcnt a.n с п о т in liquid measurement from
having gas included in ( Ь е т е з s u r е т е п ! as
liquid.
A l l o ~ . ' a b l e - Т Ъ е а т о м ! ofcrude that с а п taken from an field as s_' rcgulatioD,having effect oflaw.
А т Ы e n ! conditions -
T h е conditioDS (pressure., с т р е с а м е , humidity, _ , с . ) 'he medium
surrounding tbe с з s е of meter, instrument,
transducer, etc.
Ambient p r e s s u r ~ temperature - 1 Ъ е pressure
or temperature of the surrounding roedium,
such as 1iquid in pipeline,atmospbere (see P т e s s u r e ) .
API - A l n е л с a n Petroleuro I п s t i r ш е .
t O O ~
А Р ! gravity - (see Density, absolute)ш е a n s used the petroleum indu::;tty to
press density of petroleum liquids. А Р ! gravity is m e з . s u r е d hydrometer instrumenthaving sca1e gradua'ed in degrees А Р ! . Т Ь е re]ation be.tween А Р ! gravity and re.lative den
sity (formerly called specific gravity) is:
141..5
API G t y @ Ш F . -::---:-:--====ReL dl:us. rnrF / б i 1 '
or:
- 131.5
141.5ReL d,,,,- @ W'F / б i Y ' (F - - = - с = - О = : ' : - = : - : - А Р ! @ 6O"F + 131.5
A S Т М - American Socicty [ о с Testing Materi
Automatic custody transfer system - system
of bandling lease; receiving into tank
age, m е a s u r i ю . g , testing, and turning ш t о pipe
l i n е crude producc:d lease.
Automatie sampler - device w h i щ when
instaUed in pipe flow channel and acmated
au,omatic с о n а о l equipment, enablesrepresentauve sam.plc to obtainc:d of tbe
fluid flowing ' Ь е с е i n .
Automatic tank gauge - An instrumc:nt wblch
automatica1ly measures and displays liquidlevel.s or ullages in О п е or ш о r е tanks eithercontinuoU.31y, periodically demand.
Automatic temperature compensator -Ameteracccssory device which ~ n a ы s s meterwhich is
measuring votume at stream t е m р е r а ш r е to
registerthe е q ш v а 1 е n t v о l u m е ata reference
base tcmperatw'c: and taking into account
fixed relative density of the flowing stream.
Sometimes r е f с п : d to as А Т С ATG.А u х Ш a r y mE!:ter equipment - Equipment sucb
as strainer, air separator or flow conditioner
installed ln conjunctlonwith meter to protect
O ~ H 96S t't!..R. t' t
1
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 2/14
orimprove the р е r f о r ш a n с е ofthe meter. "Does
not include i n s t r u m е n t з . t i о п and accessories
driven the meter's outputrotation puJses.
Average sample - (See sample)
avg average.
Back pressure . 1 Ъ е operating р г е s s ш е level
measured upstream from pressure control
device.
Back pressure valve - (See У а 1 у е )
Barrel- U nit of me<Uure of petroleum which isequal to 42 US gallOD5.
Barrel mile - One Ь а п е of petroleu.m movedо п е ш i l е .
Б а s i с sediment and water ( Б S & W ) - (SeeSediment and water).
Batch (tender) parcel of sing1e petroleum
liquid cOIlSigned separately in pipoJino (so.
Tender).
Batch change - Т п е end of о п е grade. ofpe.tro
leum and tbe g i ш r i n g о ! а new grade.
Б а t с h detector - (See Gravitometer)
Batching operations - Pipeline operation inwbich different grades ofpetroleum segre
gatedand moved oneafter tbe otberin thesame
pipeline,о п е again.st tbe.
otherOr
separatedswabs, spberes. scrapers , poly-pigs, or bufferblock.
Battery or bank of meters - instaJlati.on of
meters having two о г т о г е meters connected i.n
parallel.
Ь а л т е l
Benc.h mark - sharp edge protIUsion ' Ч i t h i n the gauge hatch ta.nk from wbicb measure-
N О ~ S " j 1 0 Н ~ J J У
ments taken. Л l s о gauge ref2rence р о Ш t .
Б l i n d (blanking devlce) - circular meta1 disc
tbat is insta11ed in pipeline f з s t е n i n g itbetween flanges to р т е у е п ! flow in the pipeline.
В o t t o m sample - (See sa.mple)
Bubblepoint - When tbe pressure is lowcrcdon
liquid held at constant temperarore, tbe
pressure which tbe о о Ь Ы е vaporforms is tbe Ь и Ь Ы е point. В и Ь Ы е point pressures а т е higher 3t high temperanues Ш a n atlow.
Calculated i.nnage - An i t ш . a g е gauge obtained
subtr.cting tbe observed ullage from tbegauge height.
Calibrauon table - (Gauge, taak c:apacity,
strapping table) - table с : а р а Ы е 01 indicatingcapacity or volume. of tank for various given
liquid \evels.
Carrter - pipeJin: с о т р a n у furnisbestransportation service under the te.rms of
publisbed !ariff or otber cos! schedule.
Case pressure -Pressure cOD!ained in pump
c э . s е . Normal1y measured between the р u ш р discbarge f1ange and tbe control valve. М а у sometimes referred to <u р u ш р pressure.
Cavitation - Т Ь е formation and collapse of
vapor cavities in liquid that result fromsudden decrea:se а и d increase of pressure.
Collapse of the cavities causes large. impulsive
prcssuresin the vicinityoftbe с а п у у . Cavirauon
с а п о с с и т and с а ш е mechanical damage to
adjacent surfaces i.n meters, valves, pumps and
pipes at locations where fiowiD.g liquid е п с о u n -ters re.5triction or cbange in direct.ion.
cm - centimeters
Centrifugal pump - р u ш р witb blades or
oSH 96!! CH.Q. 8 ; ; : С 1 С ; ; / 6 0
2
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 3/14
impcllers i.n close-fitting с э s е . Т h e liquid is
pusbed forward у Ь е impellers а . \ у Ь е у rotate
blgb speed.
Centrifuge - motor-drivt:n or band-<irivenш а с h i n е in wblch sampl., of crude oiJ а т е rotatcd at high 5peed causing suspc:nded mate-
п a l forced the bottom of graduatedsamplc ш Ь с : 50 tbat tbc: percent.ofimpurities of
foreign matter ш а у mea.sured.
- с и Ы с centimeter5
c:fb - a.J.bic fee t per Ь о ш
cfm - cubic fe et per minute
Check valv. - , е е Valve)
Clingag. - Т Ь е liquid fiim that adheres 10 the
iaside surface of conta.iner after it has been
emptied.
Oose out t i п t е - End of Ь u s ш e s s day for
particular е ш .
Closing gauge - Т Ь е m е a s ш е m е п t in tank
ш е r delivery or receipt completed.
Combined factor - Т Ь е combination of n u ш -Ь е г of correctioD fact.ors into one combined
correction factor. М а у lnclude meter factor,
temperature factor, compressibility factor and
а п у other factors used to c o r т e c ! an indicatedreading to the а с Щ а 1 У а 1 и е
Commingling- Т b e i n t e r i t i o n a 1 r Ш x i n g ofpetro
leu m having similar specifications. In some
i.nstances. products of like 5pecificarion а т е commingled in product р i р е l Ш е Е о г efficient
and conv.Di.nt handling.
Common carrie[' - р е т s o п or с о m р а п у baving
'tale Federal authority 10 perform public
transportatioD for ш т е ; an organization CjJ -
gaged in the movement of pe.troleum its
produC1:.S publicutility and commoncarrier.
О Н - ~ J ) У
С о П Ш l О П stream • Stream in which different
grade, of petroleummay pumped ,trearn
will treated а . \ one grade or ' У Р е о ! petro
leum
Composit. sampl. - ( 5 е . sarnple)
Compressiblliry,apparent - Т Ь е aJgebraic sum
of , Ь . actual с о ш р r . , s i Ь i l i t y liquid and I Ь е volumechange р е г u n i ! volum.e coI1fining
container caused Ь у а unit changeinpressurc at
constant temperature.
Compressibility (1iquid) -Т Ь е
change in volu ш е per u Ш t of vclume liquid caused
u ш t change in pressure at constant tempera
М е .
CondemnalioD - Т Ь е а с ! of talcing of land
р ш с Ь з s с , fair market va1ue, for public use
a n д benefit state or Federal govemment; aswell as certa.iD other agencies and utility
companies having power of е m i . n е п domain.
Consignee - 1 Ъ е р з r t y to whom batch ofpetroleum is being 5hipped to.
С о п t i n п о п s sample - (So. ,ample)
Counter, factoring - electtonic counter (reg
ister) capable ' of expressing П u е tbroughput
volume. " Т Ъ е countc.r includes selective ш с a n s for automaticaJJy applying meter factor.
ControIler - О п е who directs the Ш О У е м е п ! of
р е и о l е u ш in р i р е l Ш е system. Т Ь е с о п ц о l l е г receives repons of pumping rate5, pressurc::s,and monitors movements batcbes of
petroleum; operates remote, unma.nned 5ta
nons.
ControUer,valve -Instrumentationsystem used
to position control У a l у е to regu1ate pressure
andjor flow rate
Controller, Senjor - (See Control1er) Lcad
L
,-
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 4/14
п о п shift.
Crack valve - slight1y о р е п valve to
perm.it small amount of fluid or gas pass
through the valve.
CRT - Cathode < а у tube. Used [ о , visually
displaying data and graphics.
Cup case thennometer - Varnished hardwood
body wrucb an А S Т М thermometer is
clipped. Has cup designed hold 100 ml of
the liquid with t h е r m о ш е t е r Ь Ш Ь irnmersed
in the liquid. Cup ш а у made of corrosion
resistant oro t Ь c r
materia1.
Custody transCer - Location where cu5tody of
petroleum 1S a . n s f е п е d from о п е р а п у to с Ь е other.
С о ! - ' Л l е l i n е of demarcation the ш е a s u r i n е ; sca1e made the material being m е a s ш е d .
Datum plate, tank - level metal plate at
tached 10 the tank sbell bottom whicb is
located directly under gauging reference
р о ш t at Or п е а т the (ank bottom to providefixed contact surfaco [ о ' the innage Ь О Ь .
Datum р о i n ! , [ank - Т Ъ " poin[ а о ш whicb all
measurements for ( Ь е calibrarion of the tank
related..
Deadwood - Any tank fitting, а р р u n е п a n с е structura1 memberwbich affeets the capacity of
thetank. Dea
dwoodis
positivei f it
increasestank capaciry or negative i f it decreases с а р а е -ity.
De1ivery - 1 Ъ е acrual volume delivered through
ameter during proving or meteringoperation.
Delivery point - Location where perroleum is
delivered f r о П 1 pipeline. Usua.lly custody
transfer
Delivery ticket - (See Ticket, mea.surement)
[ , O O
Demurrage - Т h e cbarge i n с u п е d swpper
for detaining vessel, t.a.nk car, truck, or for
leaving quantities of pctrolcum in tank
yond ti.me specified in tariff.
Densjtometer - Device used to ш е з s ш е dcnsity of substance. Outpul ш а у in the
form of an analog Or digital signal or ш а у mecbanically connected to Iecording с Ь a n .
Density - Т Ъ е density of quantity of Ь о ш о -geneous substance is ratio of its mass tO lt5
у о l u ш е . Т h e . denSityvaries as t Ь e temperature
changes andis therefore geaeraliy expressed asthe mass р е ! unit volume at spe::ilied
peraturc:.
Density, absolote - The density of solid or
liquid substance specified temperature isthe mass of the substance о с с и p y i n g unit val
u ш с at ( Ь е specified temperature. Dcnsiry as so
defined is sometimes referred to 'true density'
or as 'density in Vacuo'. \Vben reporting den-
sity, the units of mass and volume used and the
[cmperature of the d е t е П Ш l l а t i о п must
st.t"d, e.g. slugs(ft' , Ы ш l rc).
Density, relative - Т Ь е relative deDSity,t / t2,of
substaDce i5 ( Ь е ratio of the density of the.
substance t e m p ~ r a t u r e , t l . t o the density of
р ш е water temperarure.t.,.. ( Т h i s t е r ш repl.c"s the [ e r т n 'specific gravity'.)
DeviarioD - А л у departure from true value.
Displacement meter - (See Meter, d i s p l a c ~ment)
Displacement pump - reciprocating р u ш р inwhich plUDge.rs moving f o г . v a r d and backward
draw in volume a n д as the р u m . р valves close,
displace the volume into the discharge l i n е .
D i s р ш с е r prover - spbcrical or cylindrical
object wbich i5 component part of pipe
provertha! ш о v е s through the proverpipe . Т Ъ е
О S ' П : ges C!l..g" 6Z =CT [, 6 / C; ; / 60
4
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 5/14
displ.cer Ь " ' an elastic , е з l which COIltaCts
Ш n е r pipe wall of prover to prevent leakage.
Т Ъ е displacer is c.used 10 ш о v е through , Ь е prover pipe flowmg fluid and displ.ces
knO\.VD. measured volume of fluid between twofixed d е ' е c t Ш g devices.
Drag reducing .gent (DRA.) - с Ь е ш i c a l wblcb
when dissolved in solvent and injected ш t о р ф е l i n е will produce smaller pressure dropthan would occur ,.a.rith untreated m.aterial
moving same fl.ow rate.
Drift - д . n observed cbange, usually UIIcon-
trolled.in
meter performance, meter factor.etc. that QCcurs Qver period Qf t:i.me.
Dual meter c:ounter shifter - An arrangement
for connecting two (or ш о r е ) meter CQunters to
enable shifti.ng registration from о п е counter to a.nother.
Elimin.tor (separa'or) - Т Ъ е following lerms
pertain to categories eliminators, separators .
Sepa.raror; gas-vapor - tall, с у l i n d Л с а ! tank inwhich ga.s in solution is separated
from о П . Th.is equipment is used to separate gas f r о ш petroleum liquids ш а ! а т е delivered f r о ш wel1s to storage pipe.
l i n е .
A i г , gas-vapor elimi7lJ2tor (separa1or) -
Device used in pipeline in conjunction
with meter to separate and т е ш о у е у а р о т entrained in liquid 10 prevent its
е n t r y ш t о т Ь е ш е с е т and erroncOus т e ~ -u r е ш е n t as liquid.
Water 5 е р а г ш о г - device used to sepa-
rate and т е ш о у е water from petroleum
liquid.
Equilibrium vapor pressure - Т h e pressuxe
which liquid а n д its vapor а т е in equ.ilibrium
3 given temperaruxe.
Э О О ~
Extem.lIy.ctuated s a м p l . r - Adevice whichis
operated power source otherthan tbe fluidbeing sampled, 1 0 Г example anelectric or Р I l е и -matic motor.
F - degr.es FahrenheiL
Factor, meter - (See Meter factor)
Fast sample loop - secondarypipeline circuit
designedfor transferring product samplewith
sbort t i m е delay. Т b i s arrangement enables
representative sample of praduct, р a s s ш g througb ш a i n pipeline, brougbt
quickly'O' Ь е s а ш р l i n g
equipmen, wblcbш а у
located s о ш е distance Е г о ш main pipe
l i n е .
F1ash • The sudden vaporiz.ation of liquid
caused rapid decrea.se in р г е s s ш е and/or
increase in temperature.
Fl.sh р о i n ! - Т Ъ е lowest ' е ш р е г а t u r е whicb
liquid gives rise 10 flamm.able gaseous ш i x -м е , d е ш о n s t r а b l е f r о ш its explosive quality.
F1ashing - Т Ь е continWng process which
liquid is caused flash vapor.
1'1oa'ing-roof tank - tank in wblch roof
floatsfreely О I l , ш f а с е of liquid conteIlts
е х с е р ! at low levels when weight ofthe roof
is transmitted its ,upporting legs to ( Ь е tank
bottom.
F10w proportional sample sample taken
f r о ш pipeline, during ( Ь е wbol. period of
transfer of batcb, rate which is propor-
tional the ra ' . of flow of liquid in ( Ь е pipeline a n у instant.
1'10'" con'rol - COIltrOlling '"" of flow
ш е a . n s of opening с l о s ш g control valve
р u ш р i n g unit selection or changing р ш n р speed'or combination of these factors.
F10w п ш g e - Т Ь е range between the т a x i ш u m
01;: I : Т l.6/1:(:I60
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 6/14
and tbe m u m flow rates of meter other
dcvicc.
FJow straighlener - l е п g Ш of straigbt pipe,
containing straightening vanes tbe equivalent, which is installed the inlet flowmeter e1imjnate swirl from the liquid from
entering the meter and causing measuremente r т o r s .
Flushing case sampler - sampli.Dg d e v i c ~ С О ! l t a Ш i . n g t h e т m o m e t e r с а р а Ы е of being
closed desired levei and trapping sample
liquid from that level. When l o w e r ~ d , the
1iquid flushes througb the sampler.
Flying switch - Т h e operation where astream is
switched from о п е delivery Р О i n ! 10 another
without shutting 1 Ь е system down stopping
the delivery.
Free water - Т Ь е water р т е 5 е П 1 in contai.ner
wblch i5 in suspension in tbe contained
1iquid (petrolewn) .
Free Waler & Sediment (FW&5) -Т Ъ е а т о u n !
water and sedi.ment measured in bottom
tank.
Full stream delivery - The operation where [ Ь е . en1i.re stream is tumed i n t о delivery location.
Fullers earth - f l n е , clay-like substance u.sed
in certain ! у р е , of р е и о е и ш filters.
Fungibl. - Products with s i m i specifications
ш а ! с а п Ь е commingled for m о v е щ е n t throughpipeline. Products wblch а т е interchange
а Ы е .
Gauge Ь О Ь - gradua,ed cylindrica.l, square or
rectangular weigbt designed to с а п у meas
uring , а р е through the liquid being gauged. An
innage Ь о Ь is pointed its base 10 facilitatepenetration.
Gauge Н п е - т е е ! of steel т е a s u r i n g tape, with
60 0tlJ
Ь о Ь attacbed, be!d in п а т е equipped wii.b
ba"dle and winding craIlk used in gauging the
1iquid level in anks. prevent striking sparks,
Ь о Ь is made of brass or other П - s р а т k i n g material or sheathed durable plastic. Т h e tip ofthe Ь о Ь ispoint zero the gauge column.
Gaging (Ganging) - process ofmeasuring the
height of liquid in storage t.an..!(. т h i s isusually dODe lowering weigbted graduated
steel ' а р е through gauge batcb and noting
the l е у е ! а ! which the oil s ш f a с е ts the ' а р е . wben tbeweight gent1y touches tankbo!tom
(datum plate)
Gauge hatcb - Т Ь е opening in tank roof or
"illing well througb which m = ш е m е n t stemperatures or sa.mples are taken.
Gasoline р а я е (Oil paste) - paste whichwhen applied to measuring device will aid in
[ е а d i n g the product cut.
Grade change - (5oe Batcb change)
Gravitometer -( 5 е е
Densitometer)
Hazardon. liquids - Petroleum produet5 or
anhydrous а ш ш : о n i а .
Header - l a r g е · d i а ш е t е r pipe into which
" ц ш Ь е r smaller pipes are perpendicu1arly
connccted.
Н i g h l y о о ш t i l е liquid. ( Н V L ) - hazardous
liquid whicn will { о r ш а У а р о т cloud when
released tbe atmosphcre and whicb Ь з s vapor pressure exceeding 40 psia 100':' F.
Hydrometer -Anmstrument designed to е а 5 -ure < Ь е relative deusity 1iqui<ls ; g!a.ss tube
with weighted lower tip tha t causes the tube 10
float partially submerged. Т Ь е gravity ( А Р ! or
relative density) 15 read graduated stem ar
tbe р о ш t intersected iiquid_
Н е а д - Т Ь е heigbt column 1iquid mea.s-
OSH 96S ct.!..g.. ot : t t .!. 6 / t(; l 60
t
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 7/14
ured in feet.
HDC • Houston Distribution Center
Hydrostatic testing - Filling pipeline or vesselwith water 1 Ш d е r р r е s s ш е to test for integrity.Under с е n a i n conditions, other test mediums
ш а у used.
Indic3tor p8Ste, gasoIine - viscous material
.pplicd • st.el g.uge line g.uge pole
changes color when it comes in contact withgasoline, making it easy for gauger to read
b.igbt 01 gasoline in ( Ь о t.nk.
Indicator paste, water - paste materia1plie.d to steel gauge l i n е orwoodengauge р о l е that changes color when immersed inwater. lt
is used to detect thepresence ofwater in tank.
Inn.ge gaug. - Т Ь е depth of liquid in 'ank,
measured и о т tbe s ш f а с е of liquid the
tank bottom б х е д д а ш ш p ~ a t e .
I n л а g e tape - gauge tape nutt1erically
ranged 50 as when used witb innageЬ О Ь ,
zero point is 3! tbe tip of the Ь о Ь .
ID • inside diamcter.
Injection • 1 Ъ е insertion of petroleum into
flo'Ni.ng s t r е з . m
In-line - Refers petroleum м t h i n the с о п -f i n с s 01 pipcline.
Interface-The point or a I е з wbere two dissimilar gtad.s of potroleum т о е ! in • pipelino asФ е у з r е pumped, one bebind a n о т е т .
Isokin.tic sampl. - ( 5 е е s a м p l . )
и с г -Lease а ш о т а t i с custodytransfor- ( 5 0 е Automatic custody transfer)
Liquefied petroleum gas - LPG . Componcnts
separated fromga.s crude byfractionation
o T o Г 2 J
or otber processes.
Looping line . Т h e cOnstruCtiOD of pipel.i.r!.e
parallel to an existingpipeline. Т Ь е new line is
ticd into tbc cxisting linc and flow is dividedbctween the two (or ш о r е ) lines.
м о р · М a x i ш u ш operatiDgpressure permitted
lo r pipelines operated under Federal Safety
Regulations (49 CFR 195) lo r the tramporta-
tion bazardous liquids blgbly volatile
liquids.
М А О Р - М a x i ш u ш operating prossure permitted lo r pipelines operated underFedera l 5afety
Regulaticns (49 CFR 192) lo r transporta-
tion 01 natuIal a n д О Ш е г gas pipeline.
M.ss - Т b e m a s s ofa substance is ( Ь е quantity
of т a n e r it COIltalns. Mass is, therefore, inde
pendent of such е ю е r n a l conditions as the
buoya.ncyof the atmospbere or the acceleration
caused gravity.
Master meter - meter that is proved ш Ш g i icertified prcr."ey- and then used to calibrateо Ш е т provers р т о у е other meters.
M e a s u r e m e n t ~ reference conditions Т h e tem·
perature and pre5sure conditions to which
measurcd volume i5 to с о п с c t с d . Т h e temperarore which volume measure
ments are to c o r т e c t e d is 60" F. Т Ъ е ш е т -е п с е pressure should d е s i g п a t е . d а ю . d с а п atmospbericpressure. ( Ь е absolute vaporpres-
sure 01 the liquid Ь е i n g measured at Б О ' Fsome otber pres.sure wbich bas bcen agrecdupon parties involved tbe ш е з s u r е -m е п t
Meniscus - Т Ь е curved surface ( Ь с ( о р 01column of liquid. Т Ъ е c Ш v а r n r е с n n either
с о n с а у е с о п у е х .
Meter а с с п r з с у factor Wben applied 10 v o l ~ и т е meter proving results, this term т е a n s specifically the п u ш Ь с т obtained clividing
о с . ; ; у ; : ; : 9 6 с . ; ; Y!..g.
7
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 8/14
the volume registered Ь у ш е meter t Ь e actua1provingvolume. II is tbus tbe reciprocal ofthemeter factOI.
Meter, displacement - meter ln wmcb themeasuring е l е т е п ! measures volume of liq
uid mecba.nically separating the liquid into
discrete quantities of nxed volume and count
ing tbe quantiries in у о l u ш е units.
Meter, turbine - meter in which the m е в s ш -ing element is mulriblade.d rotor wmch
metered stream imparts rotationa1 vc:locity
tbal is proponional 10 tbe ш е а п velocity of5tream. Measured у о l Ш D е is registered
counting rotor revo[utions.
М е У е с caIibrutionadjuster - device е п а Ы е adjusting у Ь е meter register indicate
volu.me 'Nithin acceptable tolerance.
М е У е с capacity - ш з x i ш u ш , m i n i т u m - Т Ь е ш а Ю ш u ш . minimum т а У е of flow r е с о ш -mendedbythe metermanufacturerto ш a i n t a i n
designated accuracy.
Meter factor - number obtained. dividing
aC!Ual volume of liqu.id passed through
meler d ш i n g proving tbe у о l u ш е regisleredtbe meter. For subsequent metering opera
tiODS, actual throughput gross ш е a s ш е д volume is delermined multiplying indi·cated volume registered meter themeter factor.
Meter proving - Т Ь е procedure required to
determine the relationship between the trueи ш е of liquid measured Ь у а met.r andvolum.e indicated the meter.
М i d d l e sample - See sam.ple.
м р . М Н е POSt tbepipeline; mileage marker.
Nominations - Thc a.mount of pctroleum
Т у р е Or grade that shipper expects 10 shipwithin given period of t i ш е .
П О ~
findingpaste - paste wbich when appliedgauge tape dissolves upon contactwith oil
tbereby, f з . c i l i t a t i n g reading of tbe cut.
Opening gauge - Т h e measurement in tankbefore delivery or receipt.
Operations Р l a n п e r - person wbo р l a n s tbefuture movement ofbatcbes ofpetroleum in
pipelinesystem. Workswith sbippers receive
nominations.
Orifice - restriction placed in line to create
differential pressure from which flow rate
т а у i n f e r т e d . М а у з l s о used to resttictflow rate { о т с е r t з i п applicatioDS sucb as р u ш p s е г . ; с е piping far seal p u ш р flushing and cool
ш g .
0 0 - outsjde diametcr
Outage (ullage) - Т Ь е volume of available
space iD с о п t a i n е т unoccupied contents.
Н е п с е uUagiDg, method of gagi.ng the с о п -tents of tank measuring tbe beight of the
liqu.id surface from т е т е top of the tank.
Petrolenm - used in mese m a n и з l s petrol e u ш i.s defined as crude oil a n д products
tained п о ш crude oil refining, fraetionation,
or о ш е r process.
PI - Inflection р о Ш t . Р о ш ! where direction of
route cbanges.
Pig - с у l i n о о с а ] device insened in pipelinefor tbe р ш р о s е of sweeping l i n е clean ofwater. rost, ar ather foreign matter.
Pig-sig - mechanical device used to indica"te
the a r т i v a l passage of pig or swab. Output
ш а у eitber ш е с Ь a n i с а 1 or electrical ь о ш .
PLOp Order· Pipeline о р е r а t i о п s о г d е Used
controller to issue written instructions to
pipeline operations personnel for all matters
O ~ H 96S С Т . ! . П
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 9/14
Tel.ting 10 pipeline о р е т , n о ш .
Pour point tbe ( е . ш р е т а ш r с wmch liquid
ceases flow; or which it congea1s.
Pour-point depressant • с Ь е ш i с а 1 agent
added to oi1 to keep it fJ.owing low t e m p e r a ~ tures.
Pressnre - Т h e following ' е п n s р е r t a i n ferent categories of pressure.
П О ~
Atmospheric р г е л ш е - Т h e atmosphericpressure or prcssure of о д е atmosphere.
Gage р г е п u г е - Pressure measured т е l а -tive to atmospberic pressure taken aszero.
P r e s s и r e l о " (drop) - Т h e diffeTentialpressure in the flowing liquid s t т e a m (whicb will vary witb flow r.te) between
tbe in1et and outle.t of ш е t е r , flow
straigbtener. valve; strainer. lengthspipe, .tc.
Pressure, panial - Т h e pressure tbat is
exerted Ь у . single gaseous е о т р о п . п ! of
ш i x t u r е of gases.
P r e s . y u г e static - PressUrc in fluid or
system ш а ! is exerted normal to SUI'-
faeeonwbichitact,.lnamovjngfluid, tbe
static pressurc is measu.red right angles
tbe direction of flow.
Reid vaporpressure - Т Ь е vapor pressureof liquid lOOOF as de,ermined
А S Т М D 323-58, Standard Metbod
Test fo r Vapor Prcssure of Petroleum
Product5 (Reid Method).
Vapor p г e . s s u г < , ( t т и e ) - Т h e ( е r ш applied
the true pressure of substance to
distinguish it и о ш partiaJ pressure. gage
pressure , etc. Т h e pressure measuredrelative z;ero р г е s s ш е (vacuum).
: . ю . l S 1 0 Н ~ . l ; ) J V
ProratioD - Т h e а С ! of allocating pipeline
p.city among tbe 5 Ы р р е г , when nominated
volu.me. е х с е е ш pipeline с а . р а С т у .
P r o т e r · device witb knownvolume used
р г о у е meter.
Proverlank -An о р е п or cl05ed у е ' 5 _ of known
capacity designed for accura'e de,ermina
tionaf thevolume ofliquid deli.vered i.nto out
of it during meter proving operati.on.
Proving counter, meter· counter in w ш с h specia1 gati.Dg circuit in the counter is triggered
switches in the proving system to stan and" о р eounter.
psi - lb per sq in.
psia - Ib р е г sq abs
psig - lb per sq i."l. g.ge
Po.lsatiOD d a m р е п е r - device used reduce
pressure pulsationsin
flowingstream.
Pulse generator - displacement me.ter acces
sory coupled to the measwing element and
designed produce а , е л е , ofelectrical р Ш s е > whose number is р с о р о т t i о n a 1 to t Ь e volume
measured and wbose frequency is proportiona1
to flow ratc.
R з , , - щ i x Я r e а т - mixture natural gas
liquid5 Ь е i n g pumped tbrough pipeline;
comm;ng]ed gas liquids.
Receipt ticket - (see Ticket, measurement).
Reference с о п d i t i О П 5 - Т Ъ е conditioDS of tem
perature a.nd р г е s s ш е to whicb measured vol
umes а т е to corret:ted.
R е f e л : n с е deptb - Т h e distance f r о ш refer
ence Р О i n ! bottom of the tank or to
datum pl.te.
О ! : П 96!: C1.!.Q, L6 / CZ / 60
9
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 10/14
Referencepoin!. Т Ь е t i x е д poin! or mark
п е ш the ( о р of (ank from whicb ш е з s ш е · ments а т е т а д е . т h i s р о i n ! ш а у Ь е п с Ь . mark small iixed pl.te inside the g.uginghatch, D . a Л ' О W groove с и ! horizontally ( Ь е inside of tbe batcb, or the edge o f. iixed meta1
arm which projects short Ш s t a n с е а b o v е thegauging batch but is not in contact with it .
ReliefValve - у щ у е ш а ! is se t о р е п when
pressure liquid or gas I щ е reaches p r e d e ~ rermi.ned level; pop-off у Ш у е .
Repeatabllity Т h e closeness the agreement
between ( Ь е results of successive measureш с п t s tbe same quantity carned out ( Ь е same metbod, ( Ь е same person,. with the.
same measuring i n s m u n е п ! at same loca
п о п , over shon period of time. More spccifi
cally, ( Ь е ability of meter and proversystem 10
repeat its registered volume during series of
consecutive provi.ng runs under con.stant oper
aring conditions.
Reproducibility - The closeness of theч r е е -
ment Ь е м е е п results measurements
( Ь е same quantity where the individual meas·
urcmcnts are made different methods, with
different measuring insttUments, different
observers, different locations after longperiod of t i m . е ; where о n l у SOme of the
factors listed d Ш е г е n t . М а г е s p е c i Б . c a l l у , ability meter and prover system to
г е р г о о и с е proviDg results Over longperiod of
time in service wbere the range variation of
pressure, temperature. flow rate а л d pbysicalр г о р е п i . . tbe metered liquid is negligiblysmaIL
Resolution • T h е smallest change in tbe quan·
tity measured to which the instrumentwill г е а а 'Nitb an observable change in an anaJogdigita1 indication.
Right.of.way • leg.l rigbt of p35s.ge о у . г another person's land. 1 Ъ е strip of la.nd for
whicb pennission bas been granted 10 bu.ild
pipeline and forthenormal m a . i n t е l Ш 1 с е ther••
з f t е г .
Rod Sixteen and one-half feet; unit ш е з s -и т е used in Ь u y i п g rigbt·of·w.y.
R Т U . Remote termina1 uni!. Ins tal led . t .
remote locatioD to transmit and status
information to central location a.nd recc::-ive
control commaDds from centrallocation.
Run ticket· ( 5 е е Ticket, measurement).
Rupture disc · pl.te w ш с h will rupture withi:l
given ra.nge pressures relieve prcssure inpipeline orvessel. 1 Ъ е plate is held between
two f1anges Or other similar holder.
Saddle· clamp and U·bolt with • gasket, for
stopping tbe flow of petro)eum f т o т boles in
pipeline. Т Ь е clamp с о n f о r ш s tbe curv.tuIe
of the pipe and beld in pl.ce the U·bol!(s)
that extend around the pipe and tbrougb the
clamp.
Sarnple • Т Ь е fol101'<ing terms .pply to v a n о ш types of samples.-
Spot sample . spot sample is • sample
taken at specific locatioD in tank,
о п е t э k е п from pipeline at specific
t i ш е during pumping operation
Т о р sample • ! о р sample is • SPOt
sa.mple obtained six inches below the top
surface of the liquid.
S ш f а с е sample - surface sam.ple is о п е wbich is skimmed from top surface of
the liquid.
И р р е г sample . An upper sample is • spotsample obtained at the midpoint of ( Ь е и р р е г 1hird of tbe t a л k . с о п t е п t s .
Middle sample. middle sample is .spot
osH 96!> C1/..g, с с : с т 1.6 / C1;/60
)
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 11/14
sample obtained from ш i d d 1 е of the
t Э J . 1 k contents.
Lower sampk - lower sa.mple is spot
sample obtained ш i d р о i n t oflower third of tank cooten!5.
Outlet sample -An out1et sample is SPOI
sample taken leve! oftbe Ь о t t o ш oftank outlet pipe ( е х с е р ! wbere tanks
bave f100r out1ets) Ь и ! п о ! bigber Ш a n three feet above the bonom cf tbe tank..
l e v е ! . s sample - An all-levels samp!e is
obtained submerging stoppered
beaker bottle to р о ш ! п е а ! as
possible 10 draw-off level. Т о е sam
р l е г i.s then opened and raised at r а t l З . sucb ф а ! the container is а Ь о и ! ш е е fourths fu1l ( ш a x i m u т 85%) as it
е ш е r g е s f r о ш liquid.
В о п о т sample - bottom sample is о п е obtained from the material tbe bottomsUIface of ' Ш е tank О Т с о п t a i n е т its
lowes! point.
ultiple tank c o т p o s i t e sample - Consists
of а ш i x t u т е of individual s a ш р ! е . fromseveral compartments ( s ш р s barges,etc.) е а с Ь of which с о n t a Ш s the s a т e grade ofpetroleumproduct. т h i s mixture
is blendedinproportion to volum.e
material in each compartment.
Officia1 , а т р l е (Referee) - An officia1
sa.mple is о п е tak:en at the р о ш ! ofcu.stody
transfer and used fOT custody transferproperties determination.
Single tank. composite sample - single
tank composite sample js blend of { Ь е и р р е г , middle and lower 5 з m р l е s . For
{ а n k of uniform cross secti.on - i.e. an
upright с у м о о с а ! t a л k , blcnd consist5 of equa1 parts of three samples.
C o n t i n sample - pipeline sa.m.ple
which is witbdraWD in uniform c o n t i n u ~ ous rate in о n е mOre increments perminute
I.sokinetic sarnple - sample taken frompipeliDe in which liDearvelo city the
fluid through opeDing of the , а ш р ! е probei5 equaJ 10 liDcarvclo city in the
pipeline, and is in the sam.e direction as
bulk of fluid in the pipeliDeр т о а с h i n g probc.
С о r n Р О Л t е sample - _ а ш р ! е made of
equa1 portions of two ш о г е 5pot
samplesobtaincd f r о ш а tank orpipeliDe.
Т i т e p г o p o r t i o n a 1 .sample - sample
taken f r о ш pipeliDe regular intervals
during wbole period of transfer of
batch through pipeliDe.
Samplecontainer -Receptacle used forstorage
and tra!1Sport of _ а ш р l е .
Sample receiver - Receptacle normally с о п -nected to sampliDg draw-off connecti.on orр i р е 1 Ш е р т о Ь е , used receive the s а ш р l е . When disconnected it т а у used as sa.m.ple
container.
SCADA - Supervisory coatrol and data acqui.si
й о п system. Used to m о ш t о г and control
pipelines п о ш centrallocation.
Scraper - cyliDdricaJ plug-like device
equipped with т и Ь Ь е г disks с и р rubbers and
scrapeT blades and/or wire brushes, and
tootbed rollers used to clean interior of
pipeliDe
Scraper trap - facility pipeliDe fOT
inserti.ng and retrieving scraper "pig" or
swab Or squeege. Т h e trap is essentially' Ъ г е е с Ь 10ading" t u Ь е isolated f r о ш pipe
valves.
Seal -thin
strip ofт е ш
imprinted with
oSH 9650' п . ! . . . g tr:CT L6iC1:/60
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 12/14
number and used "seal" valve Ш a . n о р е п or
c1oseo position. Т Ь с seal ha.s ш с t a l , n a р о п е end into wmch the free end is iDserted. The
seal ш ш ! cut broken to undo it.
Sediment and water (S&W) - matcria1 с о е х -isting with, yet foreignto petro)eumuquid, that
r e q u i r ~ а separate mcasurement for т е з s о n 5 that include sales accounring. Т h i s foreign
material includes free water and sediment
(FW&S) a n о е ш u 1 s i f i е о suspellded water
a n о , е d i ш е n (5W&5). Т Ь е quantity of sus
р е n о е о ш а l е r i a l (SW&5) presen! is Oe!er
mined centrifuge 1abora!0J}' !esting of
sample of petroleum liquid (see Free water).
Shut-in pressUR - Т Ь е pressure m е a s ш е d insegment ofpipeline tha! is bJocked and tbere is
flow in the s е g m е п t .
Sizing pig - pig fi!1ed with circuJarp1atowith
diameter ш а t is slightly less than the inside
diameter of the pipeline. It is used to check the
pipeline for О е n " .
Soflware - collecnon of computer programs
u,ed [ о , particu1ar app1ication.
Stopple - device which ш а у insertcd into
pipeline under р r e s s ш е and ш е d to sea1 the
pipeline. Two stopplcs ш а у set to isolate
seg:nient of pipeline for т е р Ш s .
Spo! < а м р 1 . - (5" sample)
Strainer - device placed upstream of meter
р и ш р or other device to remove foreig.amaterial from the stream. that is likely to dam
age thc meter р u ш р interfere with its
operation.
Strapping, (tanks) - Т Ь е measurement of t Ь e с ю с r n а ! dia.meter of у е П i с Ш or horizontal
cy1inorical tank stretchiI1g steel ! а р е around each course of tbe tank's plates and
recording the measurement.
SYO!ll
Stripping - 1 Ь е ope.ration where delivery is
made f r о ш pipeline taking ponion tbeш a i n stream. passing deJivery lo cation.
Surface sampl. - sample !aken the s щ f а с е liquid iI1 !ank.
Surgt::pressure. Pressure produced а с : h a л . g е iD velocity of t Ь e moving stream that results
f r о ш shnrting down р u ш р statian pumpingunit, closureof v э l v с , a.ny-other blockage of
moving stream.
Surge t a п k - vessel used 10 smooth OUI
flow in flowing stream.
S u s p e п d e d s e d i m . п t а п d W а t e r (SS&W) - ( 5 е е sediment and water)
Swab - cylin<:!rical plug-like device equ1pped
with rubber disks с и р ( у р е < и Ь Ь usc:d 10
clean inte.rior of pipelines. М а у useo
between petroleum batches.
Swir1 pipe, vortex eliminator (breaker) -
baffle insta.lled п е а т outlet о п n е c t i о n 1iquid storage conta!ner (tank) which is
used to р т е у е п ! the formatioD vonex and
air /vapor entrainment in liquid.
Т а n k bottoms . Oil-water emulsion m.ixed
free water and other foreign mattcr ф а t collect
iI1 ! Ь е bot!oms of taIlks.
Т a n k t э Ы . . - PriIlted tabl . !ha! ,haw lank
voiu.me for у ш о ш oil heights.
Т а r Ш ' - document wmch states terms,
conditions, and costs under wblch c a . r r i е r . . . . . ш provide transponation service for the mOve
ment of perroleum.
Temperature averager . meter accessory
used to provide flow weighted average tem
perature of the flowing stream.
Temperature ractor - factor used to с о а с с !
t I : : L6 / C<:l 60
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 13/14
volumes to standard Ъ з s е temperarure.
most commonlyused Ь з s е temperature 15 6<rF.
Test е э s u n . s , voJume- Vessels used a.s secan-
dary standards for volumc measurements .Used in the calibration af meter provers.
Tender - quantity petro!eum dclivered to
pipeline movement. Т h e tariff usually
specifi.es min;mum у о l u ш е for tender .
Т h i e f · ш е t з l cyliD.dcr witb spring actuatcd
closing device that is lowered into tank to
obta.in sample of о а . Т Ь е device is lowcred to
the leve!п о ш
which the, а ш р ! е is
toь е о Ь
tained and then closed with sharp jerk tbe
с Ь a i n attacbe d to the closing device.
1 Ъ . r o t t l e pressure • Т Ь е differential pressure
created restriction in the flowing stream.
The restriction isusually in the form of control
у э l у е о с о М с е .
Throughput, gross, meter • The indicated
throughput corrected о n J у for met.r factor.
T h г o u g h p u t indicated (uncorrected) - Т Ь е difference b e twcen tbe opening meter reading
and the closing meter reading.
Throughpot, net - Т Ь е indica.ted volume
rected for t с r factor. for volume differences
due to me tering pressure and temperature dif-
fering from reference conditions, and fOT sedi
ment and water content, where applicable.
Often е Ч ' r е in standardbarrels net clean
oil or sim.ilar units .
Т i c k e t measu rement . Т h e term used to in-
clude expressions such as run ti.cket, a.nd receipt
and delivery ticke t. 1t is also used to ш е a n the
р а р е г or readouts in meter statioD ш а t isautomated, re motely controlled and/ oi с о т · puterized.
Т о l . е n ш с е · amount о Е т е a s ш е ш е п ! е п о r tbat will a l w e d . 1t is plus or m i n ш value.
9101lJ О l S П О Н : : > : )
, а т р ! е - ( 5 с с sample)
Т r e n d - T h е geDeraJ movement directi.oo.
variable over period t i ш е
U п а t t e n d е d sta tion • station wm ch is eitheJ
o p e r a t ~ d ь у remote contro! from centra
!ocation !ocally installed contro! equil'
т е п ! .
Upper sample - (5•• , а ш р ! е )
U П 1 breaker • de.vice used to р г e v е ш vacuumfrom occurri.ng
in tank,vessel.piping.etc.
VaJve - Т h . following terms р е r t a i n to th,
category of у Ш у е
Valve, Ь ш : k presswe - vaJve u s ~ d to
automatica1ly regulate u n i f о n n p r ~ ssure the Ш 1 е t side of such V ' З l v е .
Valve, blocJc and bleed - high in!egri!)l
vaJvc with duaJ ,eals; also, with provisioDfor detenn;njng i f either sealleaks.
Valve, check .. va1ve used to conttol
selected direction of flow and prevent the
t1:uid f10w from reversing in direction.
Valve, control • valve ш е d to control
pressure flow rate. М а у used a.s
back pressure У з l v е .
Valve, differennal р r e s л и е • valve used
to automatically regulate uDiform С Ш ~ ference in р r е s s ш е between two separate
!ocatiOIJS in pipeline.
Valve. exCe.$s f/ow • valve used to auto
matically prevent the fluid flow rate in
pipeline from exceeding high l i ш i ! .
Valve, gate • valve with slab whicb is
moved from tb e о р е п to the closed posi-
0 9 ' П : 96 9 CH,g, l. 6/ C;;I 60
8/3/2019 Engl Vocabulary
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/engl-vocabulary 14/14
tion tbe actionof а t Ь t e a d e d stem. М а у motor operated. Slab ш а у in
form of split wedge.
Viscosity, absolule - property whichfluid in motion offers resistance to shear andt1ow. Usually expressed as newton-seconds/
meter.
Viscosity, kinematic - Т Ь е ratio absolute
viseosity to denSity.
Viscosity, saybolt furol - 1 Ъ е efflux time in
seeonds of 60 ml sample flowing through
calibrated furo!о м е е
under specified cooditions. Т Ь е furol viscosity is approximately о п е tenth tbe universal viscosity. and is recommended [ о ! those petroleum products having
viscosities grealer than 1000 see (saybolt uni-
versal). , и с Ь as fuel о Ш . and о ш е , residual
materials. Т h e word 'furol' is contraction of
fuel and road о Ш .
Viscosity, saybolt u n i v e r s a 1 - 1 Ъ e cff1ux t i ш е inseconds of 60 ml of sample flowing t Ь t o u g h а ca.librated universal о м с е under speci.fiedconditioDS.
Volume correction factor - Т h e coefficient of
expansion for petroleum liquids given t е ш perature and density. product of petro
leum liquidvolume, and the volume с о п е c t i о п factor, equals petroleum liquid vo!ume
standard lemperature of 60 deg. F.
Volume, gross obserred . Т Ь е total volume
all petroleum liquids and S&W, exe!uding frec
water, observed temperature (total observed
u т e less free water).
Volume, groS5 standard - Т h e total volum.e of
all petroleum liquids and S&W, exe!uding и е е watcr, corrected the appropriate volume
correctionfactor for t Ь e ob:served temperature,
andAP!gravity orrelative densityto astandard
temperature of 60 deg. F. (Gross observed
volume corre cted standard temperature.)
Volume, п e l obsened - Т h e total vo!ume of all
petroleum liquids, excluding S& W and free
waler observed t е ш р е r a t u r е . (Gross
sem::d volume ! е " S& W)
Volume, ne! s!andard - Т h e total vo!ume of alJ
petroleum liquids. е х е l u d Ш g S&W and fre.water, с о п е c t е d the appropriate volume
с о п е c n о n factor for the observed temperature
andAPI gravity orre!ative density to s t a д d a r d temperature of 60 deg. F. (Net observed vo l-
u ш е corrected standard temperature)
Volume, total calculated.. Т h e
tota1 volumc ofall petroleum liquids and S&W, е о п е c t е d С Ь е appropriatc у о 1 u ш е c o r т e c t i o n factor for
( Ь е observed temperature and А Р } g r з . v i t y or
r e ~ a t i v e d е п s i t y t о standard t е ш р е а t u r е of 60
deg. F and all и е е water measured at observed
temperature. (Gross standard volume p!us free
water.)
Volu.me, total observed .. The { О Ш т е ш ш е д volume ofall petroleum liq!lids, S&W, and free
water at observed У е т р е т а t ш е . Water and sediment sample .. sample
tainedfrom1hebottomofthetankto determine
the amount nonmerehantable material pres
en!.
Water bottom .. Water а с с u ш . u l а at (or
о о ш е t i ш е о added to) boltom ofthe oilin
storage tank.
Water nnding pa:ste . paste which wheD.
applied to Ь о Ь , rule ! а р е is " " р а Ы е of
indieating water/product interfaeecbange in color ( Ь е cut.
Water cut . 1 Ъ е demarcation l i n е ! а р е orЬ о Ь where water б . n d i n g paste changes color.