Post on 06-Jul-2020
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EUT440
ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY
• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence
WEEK 2 19th SEPT 2013
RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk
Risk - a combination of the probability that a particular
outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved.
(Risiko - Kombinasi kemungkinan berlakunya kejadian
berbahaya/kemalangan dan kesan akibatnya)
- Chance or probability of danger, loss or injury occuring
- A measure of economic loss or human injury in terms of both
the accident likelihood and magnitude (consequence) of loss or
injury
- It is a combination of incident, probability and consequences.
Danger – expresses the relative exposure to hazard. A hazard
may presence, but there may be little danger because of the
precaution taken.
Risk management involves the:
identification,
assessment, and prioritization of risks followed
by coordinated and economical application of resources to
minimize, monitor, and control the probability
and/or impact of unfortunate events or to
maximize the realization of opportunities.
Checking and Reviewing the risk control
Controlling the risk • Eliminating the hazard, if possible
• Minimizing, if possible
• Controlling the hazard
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Identifying types of HAZARDS and
Various Route of Entry
Issues in Managing of Health at Workplace
• Difficult to develop strategy due to
- Long latency period
- Individual susceptibility factor
• The difficulties are experienced by
- Designers - difficult in taking account of health risks in their specifications
- Managers - determining the level of health protection that personnel require
- Operatives - being aware of health risks and the systems, whether control or prevention, that are put in place to protect them.
Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards
PHYSICAL
HAZARDS
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Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards eg height, force, noise,
vibration, lighting, etc
- route -> tissue damage, hearing loss, lifting,
manual handling, ergonomic, traffic hazards,
collapse, falling objects
Manual Handling
• The lifting and carrying of loads is a big problem in every industry
• Manual handling injuries contributed about 25% of all work-related injuries
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
How to reduce the effects?
• Bagged materials must be less than 25 kg.
• Apart of the weight factor, other factors also affect
this manual handling related accident
- The individual
• Age
• Gender
• Training
• Experience
• Previous Injury
- The overall operation
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Work Related Upper Limb Disorder
• WRULD is caused by repetitive movements
Diseases associated
- Neck disorder
- Shoulder disorder
- Elbow disorder
- Writs and Hand Lesions (localized area of
diseased or injured tissue)
- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
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Work Related Upper Limb Disorder
• Factors associated with the development of WRULD
- Resisting Excessive Force
- Frequency and Duration of Movement
• Jobs are dictated by machine rather than personnel
- Posture - ERGONOMIC - Work Organization
• Length of work period without rest breaks, lack of training and inadequate supervision
- Psychosomatic Factors (illness due to the interaction of the mind and the body)
• Poor awareness by managers and employees
• Lack of management to detect problems
• Poor ergonomic job design • Lack of training to control WRULD
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Noise
• It can cause hearing loss
• Factors influencing hearing loss
- Intensity of the noise
- Frequency
- Length of exposure
- Individual Tolerance. This factor is also affected by other factors such as
• Age
• Effect of Drugs
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Sound Level in dB (A) Sources
Harmfull 140 Jet Engine
130 Riveting Hammer
Critical 120 Propeller Aircraft
110 Rock Drill
100 Typical outdoor construction, plate fabrication noise
90 Heavy Vehicle
Safe 80 Pile drivers, power lawn mower, very busy traffic
70 Private car
60 Air compressor and concrete mixers
50 Conversation (at 1 m)
40 Average business office
30 Quite Whisper
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
How to control noise hazard?
• Review the design and change if possible
• Change with other processes or equipment •
PPE (Personel Protective Equipment): Earmuff
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
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Vibration
• Result in tissue damage
• Two kinds of vibration
- Whole body vibration: vehicles
-Segmental vibration: pneumatic handheld tools (white knuckles)
• How to control this hazard? - Use of vibration isolator
- Select equipment that produces less vibration
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Electronics assembly worker –
Eye problems from doing close
work, especially in poor light
Long periods with inadequate
seating, can suffer from back and
other musculoskeletal problems.
Solder fumes or solder “flecks”
in the eye when the excess solder is
cut off with pliers.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS - examples
Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)
CHEMICAL
HAZARDS
ii. Chemical Hazards
eg. Gas, Liquid, Vapor, Fumes, Mist, Dust,
Asbestos, Lead
-route -> Inhalation, skin contact with
chemical, ingestion of chemical,
Types of HAZARDS - categories
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Routes of Entry of Toxic Agents
• Respiratory
• Skin and eye contact
• Mouth (Ingestion)
• Injection
CHEMICAL HAZARDS CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Types of Effect
• Acute
- A lot of exposure
- The reaction happen in short period of time
• Chronic
- Repeated small exposure
- Long period of time
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Common Types of Toxic Effect
• Irritations
- Lung
• By inhaling some chemicals, e.g. ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
- Skin: chemical, physical, mechanical and biological
• Central Nervous System (CNS) Depression
- Headache, Drowsiness, Unconsciousness
- Organ affected: brain
- Many solvents (toluene, xylene, ether, acetone) produce this effect if the vapor concentration is high
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
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• Asphyxia
- Interfere with the transfer of oxygen
- Suffocated because the bloodstream cannot supply enough oxygen
- When the oxygen level of 21% drop to 16%
- Sources
• Gas from sewerage
• Argon, propane, methane
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen cyanide
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Cancer
- The effect is about 20-30 years
- Sources
• Benzene Leukemia
• Chromium, Beryllium and Arsenic Trioxide Lung Cancer •
Asbestos Larynx, Lung and Abdomen cancer
• Vynil Chloride Liver Cancer
• Coal Tar Pitch Skin Cancer •
Benzidine Bladder Cancer
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Pneumoconiosis -Dusts retained in the lung
- Reduce the elasticity of the lung
- Sources • Silica, beryllium, asbestos, iron oxide, tin
• Reproductive Effect - Cause the ability to reproduce and fetal development
• Mercury Low birth weight
• PCBs Brown patches
• Lead Miscarriage • X-Rays and Some Pesticides (e.g., DBPC) Decreased sperm
cell and sterility
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Systemic Poisons (effect whole body or at least a multiple of organs
- Affect to more than one organ
- Sources
• Cadmium: - causes lung irritation, - impairs kidney normal function and
- may cause sterility
• Mercury:
- Accumulation in the brain causes tremors and mood changes -
Decreased kidney efficiency - Gum inflammation and excess saliva
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
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Factors Affecting Toxic Effect
• Factors related to the agent
- Chemical Composition - Physical properties
- Solubility in body fluids
• Factors related to the Exposure Situation - Dose: how much and how long?
- Co-factors: Presence of other materials
• Factors related to the individuals - Individual differences: genetic status and allergic status
- Age
- Presence of predisposing disease:
• Angina (Heart Disease) cannot tolerate carbon monoxide •
Emphysema (lung ailment) CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Construction Materials Causing
Occupational Diseases DISEASE
Skin Respiratory Tract Lungs Eyes Nervous System
Construction Material
Form Oils Irritation Irritation
Cement (Chromium) Lesions, Eczema,
Burns
Insulation
Mineral wool Irritation
Glass wool Irritation
Isocyanate Damage Damage Asthma
Asphalt Irritation, Burns Bronchitis,
Increased risk of
cancer
Caulking and Sealants
Polyacrylate Irritation Irritation
Methyl ethyl ketone Irritation Irritation
Methyl isobutyl ketone Irritation Irritation
Isocyanate Eczema Asthma
Adhesive
Acrylic monomers Irritation Irritation
Toluene Irritation Irritation Damage
Xylene Irritation Irritation Damage
Isocyanate Discomfort
Epoxy Resin Irritation
Polyamine Irritation
Plasters, Drywall, Putties Irritation Irritation
Asbestos • It can cause lung cancer
• The disease develops 20-40 years after exposure
• Problems with asbestos in construction
- Many construction contracts are being awarded
without the contractors being informed of the
presence of asbestos materials
Construction Materials Causing Occupational Diseases
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
CHEMICAL Hazard …..cont
- Identification
Hazards related materials - Workplace Hazardous Material
Information System (WHMIS) (Canada’s National Workplace Hazard Communication Std)
The key elements of the system are cautionary
labelling of containers of WHMIS "controlled
products", the provision of Material Safety
Data Sheets (MSDSs) and worker education
and training programs
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Hazard Identification chemical …..cont
Hazards related materials • Hazardous material usually has WHMIS symbols link • Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
link
Class B: Flammable Class A: Compressed Gas & Combustible
WHMIS Symbol
Class C: Oxidizing Material Class D: Poisonous and Infectious Material
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Material Safety Data Sheets - MSDS
A form with data regarding the detailed properties of a particular hazardous material An important component of product stewardship and workplace safety, it is intended to provide workers and emergency personnel with procedures for handling or working with that substance in a safe manner
What is an MSDS?
• A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides detailed information about a specific hazardous material. An MSDS contains the following information:
- Identity (name of substance)
- Physical Hazards (target organ)
- Health Hazards
- Routes of Body Entry
- Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)
- Carcinogenic Factors (cancer causing)
- Safe-Handling Procedures
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What is an MSDS?
- Data of Sheet Preparation
- Control Measures (personal protective equipment)
- Emergency First Aid Procedures (emergency telephone
number)
- Contact Information (for the preparer of the sheet)
- Special Instructions
Sample MSDS Page - Nitric Acid, 70%
• This is a sample page from the MSDS for
Nitric Acid, 70 percent. The product is
made by the ABC Rubber Company,
Science Products Division, P.O. Box M,
Altonia, Illinois 40361. Effective date is 8-
21-85.
Sample MSDS Page - Nitric Acid, 70%
Product identification, synonyms, other names for nitric acid are:
aqua fortis, azotic acid, nitric acid 70 percent. Formula CAS
Number 7697-37-2. Molecular weight 63.00. Hazardous
ingredients, not applicable. Chemical formula, HNO3.
Precautionary measures, danger, strong oxidizer, contact with other
materials may cause fire. Causes sever burns, may be fatal if
swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on
clothing. Avoid breathing mist, use only with adequate ventilation.
Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not store near combustible
materials. Store in a tightly closed container. Remove and wash
contaminated clothing properly.
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When Do You Use an MSDS?
• You should use an MSDS
whenever you need additional information about a hazardous material that is not included on the product label.
• For example, you have spilled nitric acid on the floor, and you need to know how to clean it up safely. You need only refer to the "Safe-Handling Procedures" section of the nitric acid MSDS.
Safe-Handling Procedures Section - Nitric Acid, 70%
Isolate or enclose the area of the leak or spill. Clean-up personnel should wear protective clothing and respiratory equipment suitable for toxic or corrosive fluids or vapors. For small spills:
Flush with water, and neutralize with alkaline material (soda ash, lime, et cetera). Sewer with excess water.
For larger spills and lot sizes:
Neutralize with alkaline, pick up with absorbent material (sand, earth,
vermiculite) and dispose in a RCRA approved waste facility or sewer
the neutralized slurry with excess water if local ordinances allow.
Provide forced ventilation to dissipate fumes.
Reportable Quantity (RQ) (CWA/CERCLA): 1000 pounds
Insure compliance with local, state and federal regulations.
When Do You Use an MSDS?
• Some chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide,
are very dangerous. If you have an accident,
you may not have time to look up the
information you need in an MSDS.
• You should read the MSDSs for the
hazardous materials present in your work area
before you work with them.
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards – living organism or
once-living organism eg. Fungi, Bacteria,
Viruses
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards
Types of HAZARDS - categories
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iii. Biological Hazards
a. Microorganism -Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses
route –in contact with bacteria thro’ improper treated
cooling towers
b. Arthropods – mosquitoes, spiders
route – bitten by infected mosquitoes
c. Animals – crocodiles, snakes
d. Plant allergens and toxins – pollen
e. Protein allergens – food, urine, feces, hair
route – rodent dropping/urine
- route -> infection, needle stick injury, handling of waste
Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards eg current, voltage,
sparks
- route -> direct electrocution, contact with
overhead or underground cables
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards
Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards eg. UV light, lasers etc
- route -> skin contact, eye contact
vi. Psychological Hazards
Types of HAZARDS - categories Ultraviolet • UV can damage eyes and skin
- Skin cancer
- Skin burn
- Eye discomfort
• Where is the exposure of this hazard?
- Outdoor job
- Welding
- Work using high intensity lamp
• How to reduce the hazard?
- Sun block
- UV Protection Sunglasses
- Blue color costume
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i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards eg. workplace,
space, organizational culture, stress
Types of HAZARDS - categories Occupational Stress
• Three types of occupational stress
- Physical
- Mental
- Emotional
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Causes of Occupational Stress
• Uncertainty and lack of control (low job discretion)
• Lack of support from others, including co-workers
• Conflicts
• High demands of working environment, e.g. long hours, high responsibility, commitment • Very low demands: boredom, lack of meaning in work
• Work station: noise, poor lighting, lack of space,
extreme temperatures, poor ergonomics
• Chemical hazards, fumes, passive smoking
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Organizational culture
• Repetitive Tasks
• Low pay leading to overtime and piecework
• Change
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Causes of Occupational Stress …cont
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How do humans react? 3 stages
• Alarm Stage
-Immediate reaction
- Fight or Flight?
- Human body coordinates the readiness of
action, influencing mood, causing heart
palpitation, shallow fast breathing, muscle
tension, dryness of throat, dizziness and light-
headedness, numbness of the limbs, nausea,
anxiety and sweating
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Resistance Stage Alarm stage cannot be maintained indefinitely At one point, resistance stage occurs in which humans develop survival strategies and a way of fighting the stress
Typically, short-term relief is preferable
• Exhaustion Stage
-Stress response is healthy and a motivator - When expectations are not realistic, humans become suffer
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
How do humans react?
can be burnt from the
sparks
the danger of the work
process starting a fire.
the intense light can
cause permanent eye
damage
Heat
HAZARDS – can you identify them?
Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)
PHYSICAL
fumes given off by the
process which can damage
the lungs CHEMICAL
Welder Electronics assembly worker – Eye problems from doing close work, especially in poor light
Long periods with inadequate seating, can suffer from back and other musculoskeletal problems.
Solder fumes or solder “flecks” in the eye when the excess solder is cut off with pliers.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS - examples
Source: International Labor Organization (ILO) Control ????
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TO BE CONTINUED
- RISK ASSESSMENT